3 Arithmetic Progression

Let’s study.

· Sequence · nth term of an A.P.

· Arithmetic Progression · Sum of n terms of an A.P.

Let’s learn.

Sequence
We write numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . in an order. In this order we can tell the position
of any number. For example, number 13 is at 13th position. The numbers 1, 4, 9, 16,
25, 36, 49, . . . are also written in a particular order. Here 16 = 42 is at 4th position.
similarly, 25 = 52 is at the 5th position; 49 = 72 is at the 7th position. In this set of
numbers also, place of each number is detremined.
A set of numbers where the numbers are arranged in a definite order, like the
natural numbers, is called a sequence.
In a sequence a particular number is written at a particular position. If the numbers
are written as a1, a2, a3, a4 . . . then a1 is first, a2 is second, . . . and so on. It is clear
that an is at the nth place. A sequence of the numbers is also represented by alphabets
f1, f2, f3, . . . and we find that there is a definite order in which numbers are arranged.
When students stand in a row for drill on the playground they form a sequence.
We have experienced that some sequences have a particular pattern.
Complete the given pattern
Pattern

Number 1 3 5 7
of circles

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Pattern

Number of 5 8 11
triangles
Look at the patterns of the numbers. Try to find a rule to obtain the next number
from its preceding number. This helps us to write all the next numbers.
See the numbers 2, 11, -6, 0, 5, -37, 8, 2, 61 written in this order.
Here a1 = 2, a2 = 11, a3 = -6, . . . This list of numbers is also a sequence. But in
this case we cannot tell why a particular term is at a particular position ; similarly we
cannot tell a definite relation between the consecutive terms.
In general, only those sequences are studied where there is a rule which determines
the next term.
For example (1) 4, 8, 12, 16 . . . (2) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, . . .
1 1 1 1
(3) , , , ...
5 10 15 20

Terms in a sequence
In a sequence, ordered terms are represented as t1, t2, t3, . . . . .tn . . . In general
sequence is written as {tn}. If the sequence is infinite, for every positive integer n,
there is a term tn.
Activity I : Some sequences are given below. Show the positions of the terms
by t1, t2, t3, . . .
(1) 9, 15, 21, 27, . . . Here t1= 9, t2= 15, t3= 21, . . .
(2) 7, 7, 7, 7, . . . Here t1= 7, t2= , t3= ,...
(3) -2, -6, -10, -14, . . . Here t1= -2, t2= , t3= ,...
Activity II : Some sequences are given below. Check whether there is any rule
among the terms. Find the similarity between two sequences.
To check the rule for the terms of the sequence look at the arrangements on the
next page, and fill the empty boxes suitably.
(1) 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, . . . (2) 6, 12, 18, 24, . . .
(3) 3, 3, 3, 3, . . . (4) 4, 16, 64, . . .
(5) -1, -1.5, -2, -2.5, . . . (6) 13, 23, 33, 43, . . .
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 Let’s find the relation in these sequences. Let’s understand the thought behind it.
(1) 1 4 7 10 ,...

1 +3 4 +3 7 +3 10 +3

(2) 6 12 18 24 ,...

6+6 12 + 6 18 + 6

(3) 3 3 3 3 ...

3+0 3+0 3+0

(4) 4 16 64 ,...

4´4 16 ´ 4 64 ´ 4 ´4 ´4

(5) -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 ...

(-1)+(-0.5) -1.5 +(-0.5) -2 + (-0.5) -2.5 + (-0.5)

(6) 13, 23, 33, . . .

Here in the sequences (1), (2), (3), (5), the similarity is that next term is obtained
by adding a particular number to the previous number. Each ot these sequences is
called an Arithmetic Progression.
Sequence (4) is not an arithmetic progression. In this sequence the next term
is obtained by mutliplying the previous term by a particular number. This type of
sequences is called a Geometric Progression.
Sequence (6) is neither arithmetic progression nor geometric progression.
This year we are going to study arithmetic progression.

Arithmetic Progression

Some sequences are given below. For every sequence write the next three terms.
(1) 100, 70, 40, 10, . . . (2) -7, -4, -1, 2, . . . (3) 4, 4, 4, . . .

57
 In the given sequences, observe how the next term is obtained.
1st term 2nd term 3rd term
(1) 100 70 40 10 -20 -50

100+(-30) 70+(-30) 40+(-30) 10+(-30) (-20)+(-30)

(2) -7 -4 -1 2 5 8

-7+3 -4+3 -1+3 2+3 5+3

(3) 4 4 4 4 4... .

4 + 0 4+0 4+0 4+0
In each sequence above, every term is obtained by adding a particular number in
the previous term. The difference between two consecutive terms is constant.
The diference in ex. (i) is negative, in ex. (ii) it is positive and in ex. (iii) it is zero.
If the difference between two consecutive terms is constant then it is called the
common difference and is generally denoted by letter d.
In the given sequence if the difference between two consecutive terms (tn +1- tn) is
constant then the sequence is called Arithmetic Progression (A.P.). In this sequence
tn +1- tn = d is the common difference.
In an A.P. if first term is denoted by a and common difference is d then,
t1 = a , t2= a + d
t3= (a + d) + d = a + 2d
A.P. having first term as a and common difference d is
a, (a + d), (a + 2d), (a + 3d), . . . . . .
Let’s see some examples of A.P.
Ex.(1) Arifa saved ` 100 every month. In one year the total amount saved after every
month is as given below.
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Saving (’) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
The numbers showing the total saving after every month are in A.P.
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Ex. (2) Pranav borrowed ` 10000 from his friend and agreed to repay ` 1000 per month. So
the remaining amount to be paid in every month will be as follows.
No. of month 1 2 3 4 5 ... ... ...
Amount to be 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 ... 2,000 1,000 0
paid (`)
Ex. (3) Consider the table of 5, that is numbers divisible by 5.
5, 10, 15, 20, . . . 50, 55, 60, . . . . . is an inifinite A.P.
Ex (1) and (2) are finite A.P. while (3) is an infinite A.P.

Let’s remember!

(1) In a sequence if difference (tn +1- tn) is constant then the sequence
is called an arithmetic progression.
(2) In an A.P. the difference between two consecutive terms is constant
and is denoted by d.
(3) Difference d can be positive, negative or zero.
(4) In an A.P. if the first term is a, and common difference is d then the
terms in the sequence are a, (a + d), (a + 2d), . . .

Activity : Write one example of finite and infinite A.P. each.

ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Which of the following sequences are A.P ? If it is an A.P, find next two terms.
(i) 5, 12, 19, 26, . . . (ii) 2, -2, -6, -10, . . .
3 1 1
(iii) 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, . . . (iv) , , - , . . .
2 2 2
Solution : (i) In this sequence 5, 12, 19, 26, . . . ,
First term = t1= 5, t2= 12, t3= 19, . . .
t2- t1= 12 - 5 = 7
t3- t2= 19 - 12 = 7
Here first term is 5 and common difference which is constant is d = 7
\ This sequence is an A.P.
Next two terms in this A.P. are 26 + 7 = 33 and 33 + 7 = 40.
Next two terms in given A.P. are 33 and 40
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 (ii) In the sequence 2, -2, -6, -10, . . . ,
t1= 2, t2= -2, t3= -6, t4= -10 . . .
t2- t1= -2 - 2 = -4
t3- t2= -6 - (-2) = -6 + 2 = -4
t4- t3= -10 - (-6) = -10 + 6 = -4
From this difference between two consecutive terms that is tn - tn -1 = -4
\ d = -4, which is constant. \ It is an A.P.
Next two terms in this A.P. are (-10) + (-4) = -14 and (-14) + (-4) = -18
(iii) In the sequence 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, . . . ,
t1= 1, t2= 1, t3= 2, t4= 2, t5= 3, t6= 3 . . .
t2- t1= 1 - 1 = 0 t3- t2= 2 - 1 = 1
t4- t3= 2 - 2 = 0 t3- t2 ¹ t2- t1
In this sequence difference between two consecutive terms is not constant.
\ This sequence is not an A.P.
3 1 1 3
(iv) In the sequence 2 , , - 2 , - 2 , . . . ,
2
3 1 1 3
t1= , t2= , t3= - , t4= - ...
2 2 2 2
1 3 2
t2- t1= - = - 2 = -1
2 2
1 1 2
t3- t2= - 2 - 2 = - 2 = -1
3 1 3 1 2
t4- t3= - - (- ) = - + = - 2 = -1
2 2 2 2
Here the common difference d = -1 which is constant.
\ Given sequence is an A.P. Let’s find next two terms of this A.P.
3 5 5 7
- - 1 = - 2 , 2 -1=-2
2
5 7
\ Next two terms are - 2 and - 2

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Ex. (2) The first term a and common difference d are given. Find first four terms of A.P.
(i) a = -3, d = 4 (ii) a = 200, d = 7
1
(iii) a = -1, d = - 2 (iv) a = 8, d = -5
Solution : (i) Given a = -3, d = 4 (ii) Given a = 200, d = 7
t1= -3 a = t1= 200

t2= t1+ d = -3 + 4 = 1 t2= t1+ d = 200 + 7 = 207

t3= t2+ d = 1 + 4 = 5 t3= t2+ d = 207 + 7 = 214

t4= t3+ d = 5 + 4 = 9 t4= t3+ d = 214 + 7 = 221

\ A.P. is = -3, 1, 5, 9, . . . \ A.P. is = 200, 207, 214, 221, . .
1 (iv) a = 8, d = -5
(iii) a = -1, d = -
2
a = t1= 8
a = t1= -1
1 3 t2= t1+ d = 8 + (-5 ) = 3
t2= t1+ d = -1 + (- ) = -
2 2
3 1 4 t3= t2+ d = 3 + (-5 ) = -2
t3= t2+ d = - + (- ) = - 2 = -2
2 2
1 t4= t3+ d = -2 + (-5 ) = -7
t4= t3+ d = -2+ (- )
2
1 5 8, 3, -2, -7, . . .
= -2 - = - 2
2
3 5 \A.P. is = 8, 3, -2, -7, . . .
\A.P. is = -1, - 2 , -2, - 2 , . . .
Practice Set 3.1
1. Which of the following sequences are A.P. ? If they are A.P. find the common
difference .
5 7
(1) 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . (2) 2, 2 , 3, , . . . (3) -10, -6, -2, 2, . . .
3 1 1 1
(4) 0.3, 0.33, .0333, . . . (5) 0, -4, -8, -12, . . . (6) - 5 , - 5 , - 5 , . . .
(7) 3, 3 + 2 , 3 + 2 2 , 3 + 3 2 , . . . (8) 127, 132, 137, . . .
2. Write an A.P. whose first term is a and common difference is d in each of the
following.
1
(1) a = 10, d = 5 (2) a = -3, d = 0 (3) a = -7, d =
2
(4) a = -1.25, d = 3 (5) a = 6, d = -3 (6) a = -19, d = -4
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3. Find the first term and common difference for each of the A.P.
(1) 5, 1, -3, -7, . . . (2) 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, . . .
1 3 5 7
(3) 127, 135, 143, 151, . . . (4) , 4 , , 4 , . . .
4 4

Let’s think.

· Is 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . an A.P. ? If so then what will be the 100th term?

Check whether 92 is in this A.P.? Is number 61 in this A.P.?

Let’s learn.

nth term of an A. P.
In the sequence 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . the difference between two consecutive terms is 3.
Hence, this sequence is an A.P.
Here the first term is 5. If 3 is added to 5 we get the second term 8. Similarly to
find 100th term what should be done?
First term Second term Third term . . .
Number 5, 5+3=8 8 + 3 = 11 . . .
In this way reaching upto 100th term will be time consuming. Let’s see if we
can find any formula for it.
5 8 11 14 ... ... ... ...
5 5+1´3 5+2´3 5+3´3 ... 5 + (n - 1) ´ 3 5+n´3 ...
1st 2nd 3rd 4th ... nth (n + 1)th ...
term term term term term term
t1 t2 t3 t4 tn tn+1

Generally in the A.P. t1, t2, t3, . . . If first term is a and common difference is d,
t1= a
t2= t1+ d = a + d = a + (2 - 1) d
t3= t2+ d = a + d + d = a + 2d = a + (3 - 1)d
t4= t3+ d = a + 2d + d = a + 3d = a +(4 - 1)d
We get tn= a +(n - 1) d.
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 Using the above formula we can find the 100th term of the A.P. 5, 8, 11, 14, . . .
Here a = 5 d = 3
tn = a +(n - 1)d
\ t100= 5 +(100 - 1) ´ 3
= 5 + 99 ´ 3
= 5 + 297
t100 = 302
100th tem of this A.P. is 302.
Let’s check whether 61 is in this A.P. To find the answer we use the same formula.
tn= a +(n - 1)d
tn= 5 +(n - 1) ´ 3
If 61 is nth term means tn, then
\ 61 = 5 + 3n - 3
= 3n + 2
\ 3n = 59
59
\ n=
3
But then, n is not a natural number.
\ 61 is not in this A.P.

Let’s think.

Kabir’s mother keeps a record of his height on each birthday. When he was one
year old, his height was 70 cm, at 2 years he was 80 cm tall and 3 years he was
90 cm tall. His aunt Meera was studying in the 10th class. She said, ‘‘it seems like
Kabir’s height grows in Arithmetic Progression’’. Assuming this, she calculated
how tall Kabir will be at the age of 15 years when he is in the 10th ! She was
shocked to find it. You too assume that Kabir grows in A.P. and find out his
height at the age of 15 years.

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 ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Find tnfor following A.P. and then Ex. (2) Which term of the following A.P.
find 30th term of A.P. is 560?
3, 8, 13, 18, . . . 2, 11, 20, 29, . . .
Solution :Given A.P. 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . Solution : Given A.P. 2, 11, 20, 29, . .
Here t1= 3, t2= 8, t3= 13, t4=18, . . . Here a = 2, d = 11 - 2 = 9
d = t2- t1= 8 - 3 = 5 nth term of this A.P. is 560.
We know that tn= a +(n - 1)d tn= a +(n- 1)d
\ tn= 3 +(n - 1) ´ 5 \ a = 3, d = 5 \ 560 = 2 +(n - 1) ´ 9
\ tn= 3 +5n - 5 = 2 + 9n - 9
\ tn= 5n - 2 \ 9n = 567
567
\ 30th term = t30= 5 ´ 30 - 2 \ n= = 63
9
= 150 - 2 = 148 \ 63rd term of given A.P. is 560.

Ex. (3) Check whether 301 is in the sequence Ex. (4) How many two digit numbers are
5, 11, 17, 23, . . . ? divisible by 4?
Solution : In the sequence 5, 11, 17, 23,. . . Solution : List of two digit numbers
divisible by 4 is
t1= 5, t2= 11, t3= 17, t4= 23, . . .
12, 16, 20, 24, . . . , 96.
t2- t1= 11 - 5 = 6
Let’s find how many such numbers
t3- t2= 17 - 11 = 6
are there.
\ This sequence is an A.P.
tn= 96, a = 12, d = 4
First term a = 5 and d = 6 From this we will find the value of n.
If 301 is n term, then.
th
tn= 96, \ By formula,
tn= a +(n - 1)d = 301 96 = 12 +(n - 1) ´ 4
\ 301 = 5 +(n - 1) ´ 6 = 12 + 4n - 4
= 5 +6n - 6 \ 4n = 88
\ 6n = 301 + 1 = 302 \ n = 22
\ n = 6 . But it is not an integer. \ There are 22 two digit numbers
302

\301 is not in the given sequence. divisible by 4.
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Ex. (5) - The 10th term and the 18th term of an A.P. are 25 and 41 respectively then
find 38th term of that A.P., similarly if nth term is 99. Find the value of n.
Solution : In the given A.P. t10= 25 and t18= 41.
We know that, tn= a +(n - 1)d
\ t10= a + (10 - 1) d
\ 25 = a + 9d . . . (I)
Similarly t18= a + (18 - 1) d
\ 41 = a + 17d . . . (II)
25 = a + 9d . . . From (I) .
a = 25 - 9d.
Substituting this value in equation II.
\ Equation (II) a + 17d = 41
\ 25 - 9d + 17d = 41
8d = 41 - 25 = 16
d = 2 Now, tn= a +(n - 1)d
Substituting d = 2 in equation I.
\ t38= 7 + (38 - 1) ´ 2
t38= 7 + 37 ´ 2
a + 9d = 25
t38= 7 + 74
\ a + 9 ´ 2 = 25
t38= 81
\ a + 18 = 25
\ a= 7

If nth term is 99, then to find value of n.

tn= a +(n - 1)d
99 = 7 + (n - 1) ´ 2
99 = 7 + 2n - 2
99 = 5 + 2n
\ 2n = 94
\ n = 47
\ In the given progression 38th term is 81 and 99 is the 47th term.

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 Practice Set 3.2
1. Write the correct number in the given boxes from the following A. P.
(i) 1, 8, 15, 22, . . .
Here a = , t1= , t2= , t3= ,
t2- t1= - =
t3- t2= - = \d=
(ii) 3, 6, 9, 12, . . .
Here t1= , t2= , t3= , t4= ,
t2- t1= , t3- t2= \d=
(iii) -3, -8, -13, -18, . . .
Here t3= , t2= , t4= , t1= ,
t2- t1= , t3- t2= \a= ,d=
(iv) 70, 60, 50, 40, . . .
Here t1= , t2= , t3= ,...
\ a = ,d=
2. Decide whether following sequence is an A.P., if so find the 20th term of the
progression.
-12, -5, 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, . . .
3. Given Arithmetic Progression 12, 16, 20, 24, . . . Find the 24th term of this
progression.
4. Find the 19th term of the following A.P.
7, 13, 19, 25, . . .
5. Find the 27th term of the following A.P.
9, 4, -1, -6, -11, . . .
6. Find how many three digit natural numbers are divisible by 5.
7. The 11th term and the 21st term of an A.P. are 16 and 29 respectively, then find the
41th term of that A.P.
8. 11, 8, 5, 2, . . . In this A.P. which term is number -151?
9. In the natural numbers from 10 to 250, how many are divisible by 4?
10. In an A.P. 17th term is 7 more than its 10th term. Find the common difference.

66
 The Wise Teacher
Once upon a time, there lived a king. He appointed two teachers Tara and Meera
to teach horse riding for one year to his children Yashwantraje and Geetadevi. He
asked both of them how much salary they wanted.
Tara said, ’’Give me 100 gold coins in first month and every month increase the
amount by 100 gold coins.’’ Meera said, ’’Give me 10 gold coins in the first month and
every month just double the amount of the previous month.’’
The king agreed. After three months Yashwantraje said to his sister, ’’My teacher is
smarter than your teacher as she had asked for more money.’’ Geetadevi said, ’’I also
thought the same, I asked Meeratai about it. She only smiled and said compare the
salaries after 8 months. I calculated their 9 months salaries. You can also check.’’
Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tara’s 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - - -
salary
Meera’s 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 1280 2560 - - -
salary
Complete the above table.
Tara’s salary 100, 200, 300, 400, . . . is in A.P.
t1= 100, t2= 200, t3= 300,. . . t2- t1= 100 = d
Common difference is 100.
Meera’s salary 10, 20, 40, 80, . . . is not an A.P. Reason is
20 - 10 = 10, 40 - 20 = 20, 80 - 40 = 40 So the common difference is not constant.
But here each term is double the preceding term.
t2 20 t3 40 t4 80
Here = = 2, = 20
= 2, = 40
=2
t1 10 t2 t3
t n 1
\ The ratio of a term and its preceding term is constant. This type of
tn t
progression is called a geometric progression. Notice that if ratio n +1 is greater than
tn
1, then geometric progression will increase faster than arithmetic progression.
If the ratio is smaller than 1, note how the geometric progression changes.
This year we are going to study Arithmetic Progression only. We have seen how
to find the nth term of an A.P. Now we are going to see how to find the sum of the first
n terms.

67
 Quick Addition
Three hundred years ago there was a single teacher school in Germany. The
teacher was Buttner and he had an assistant Johann Martin Bortels. He used to teach
alphabets to the children and sharpen their pencils. Buttner was a strict teacher. One
day he wanted to do some work and wanted peace in the class, so he tried to occupy
all students with a lengthy addition. They were asked to add all intergers from 1 to
100. In few minutes one slate was slammed on the floor. He looked at Carl Gauss
and asked, ’’I asked you to add all integers from 1 to 100. Why did you keep the slate
down? Don’t you want to do it ?’’
Carl Gauss said, ’’I have done the addition.’’
The teacher asked, ’’How did you do it so quickly? You wouldn’t have written all the
numbers ! What is the answer ?’’
Carl Gauss said, ’’Five thousand fifty’’
Teacher was so surprised and asked him, ’How do you find the answer?’’
Carl Gauss explained his quick addition method:
Nos. in increasing order 1 2 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
+ + + + +
Nos. in decreasing order 100 99 98 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Sum 101 101 101 101 101
The sum of each pair is 101. This sum occurs 100 times so 101 ´ 100 is the
product needed. It is 10100. In this 1 to 100 are counted two times. Therefore, half of
10100 is 5050 and sum of 1 to 100 is 5050. The teacher appreciated his work.
Now using this method of Gauss, let’s find sum of n terms of an A.P.
Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss
30th April 1777 - 23rd February 1855.
Carl Gauss was a great German mathematician,
He was born in Braunschweig, he was the only son
of uneducated parents. He showed a glimpse of his
intelligence in Buttner’s school. After some years,
Buttner’s helper, Johann Martin Bartels and Gauss
became friends. Together, they published a book on
Algebra. Bartels made the other people realise the extra
ordinary intelligence of Gauss.
68
 Let’s learn.

Sum of first n terms of an A. P.

Arithmetic Progression a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . a +(n - 1)d
In this progression a is the first term and d is the common difference. Let’s write the
sum of first n terms as Sn.
Sn = [a] + [a + d] + . . . + [a+(n-2)d] + [a+(n-1)d]
Reversing the terms and rewritting the expression again,
Sn = [a+(n-1)d] + [a+(n-2)d] + . . . + [a + d ] + [a]
On adding,
2Sn = [a+a+(n-1)d] + [a + d+a+(n-2)d]+ . . . + [a+(n-2)d+ a + d]+ [a+(n-1)d+a]

2Sn = [2a+(n-1)d] + [2a+(n-1)d] + . . . + [2a+(n-1)d] . . . n times.

\ 2Sn = n [2a+(n-1)d]
n n(n −1)
\ Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d] or Sn = na+ 2
d

Ex. Let’s find the sum of first 100 terms of A.P. 14, 16, 18, . . . .
Here a = 14, d = 2, n = 100
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
100
\ S100 = 2
[2 ´ 14+(100-1) ´ 2]
= 50 [28 + 198]
= 50 ´ 226 = 11300
\ Sum of first 100 terms of given A.P. is 11,300

Let’s remember!
For the given Arithmetic Progression, if first term is a and common
diffrence is d then
tn = [a+(n-1)d]
n n(n −1)
Sn = [2a+(n-1)d]= na + 2 d
2

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 Let’s find one more formula for sum of first n terms.
In the A.P. a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . a +(n - 1)d
First term = t1 = a and nth term is [a +(n - 1)d ]
n
Now Sn = 2 [a+a+(n-1)d]
n n
\ Sn = 2 [t1 + tn] = 2 [First term+ last term]

ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ

Ex. (1) Find the sum of first n natural numbers.
Solution : First n natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.
Here a = 1, d = 1, nth term = n
\ Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n

n

Sn = 2 [First term+ last term] . . . . . (by the formula)
n
= 2 [1 + n]
n(n +1)
= 2
n(n +1)
\ Sum of first n natural number is 2
.
Ex. (2) Find the sum of first n even natural numbers.
Solution : First n even natural numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . , 2n.
t1 = First term = 2 , tn = last term = 2n
Method I Method II Method III
n
n Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
= 2 [t1 + tn] Sn= 2 + 4 + 6 . . . + 2n n
n = 2 [2 ´ 2+(n-1)2]
= 2 [2 + 2n] = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + . . . . + n) n
n 2[n(n + 1)]
= 2 [4+2n-2]
= 2 ´ 2 (1+ n) = 2 n
= 2 [2 + 2n]
= n (1+ n) = n (1+ n) n
= 2 ´ 2 (1+ n)
= n (1+ n)
\ Sum of first n even natural numbers is n (1+ n).
70
Ex. (3) Find the sum of first n odd natural numbers.
Solution : First n natural numbers
1, 3, 5, 7, . . . , (2n - 1).
a = t1 = 1 and tn = (2n - 1), d = 2
Method I Method II Method III
n n
Sn = 2 [t1 + tn] Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d] 1 + 3 + . . . 2n-1
n n
= 2 [1 + (2n - 1)] = 2 [2 ´ 1 +(n-1) ´ 2] = (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 2n)
n n
= 2 [1 + 2n - 1] = 2 [2 + 2n - 2] - (2 + 4 + 6 + . . . + 2n)
n n 2n(2n + 1) 2n(n + 1)
= 2 ´ 2n = 2 ´ 2n = -
2 2
= n2 = n2 = (2n2+ n) - (n2+ n)

= n2

Ex. (4) Find the sum of all odd numbers from 1 to 150.
Solution : 1 to 150 all odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . , 149.
Which is an A.P.
Here a = 1 and d = 2. First let’s find how many odd numbers are there
from 1 to 150, so find the value of n, if tn= 149
tn= a +(n - 1)d
149 = 1 +(n - 1)2 \ 149 = 1 + 2n - 2
\ n = 75
Now let’s find the sum of these 75 numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + 149.
a = 1 and d = 2, n = 75
n n
Method I Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d] Method II Sn = 2 [t1 + tn]
75
Sn = Sn = [1 + 149]
2
Sn = ´ Sn = ´

Sn = Sn =
71
 Practice Set 3.3

1. First term and common difference of an A.P. are 6 and 3 respectively ; find S27.

a = 6, d = 3, S27 = ?
n
Sn = 2 [ + (n-1) d]
27
S27 = [12 + (27-1) ]
2
27
= ´
2
= 27 ´ 45 =
2. Find the sum of first 123 even natural numbers.
3. Find the sum of all even numbers between 1 and 350.
4. In an A.P. 19th term is 52 and 38th term is 128, find sum of first 56 terms.
5. Complete the following activity to find the sum of natural numbers between 1 and 140
which are divisible by 4.

Between 1 and 140, natural numbers divisible by 4

4, 8, . . . . . . . . , 136

How many numbers ?\ n =

n= ,a= ,d=

tn= a+(n-1)d

136 = + (n - 1) ´
n
n= Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
S = [ ] =
2
Sum of numbers from 1 to 140, which are divisible by 4 =
ê
6. Sum of first 55 terms in an A.P. is 3300, find its 28th term.

72
7.ê In an A.P. sum of three consecutive terms is 27 and their product is 504, find the terms.
(Assume that three consecutive terms in A.P. are a - d , a, a + d.)
ê
8. Find four consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 12 and sum of 3rd and 4th term
is 14.
(Assume the four consecutive terms in A.P. are a - d , a, a + d, a + 2d.)
ê
9. If the 9th term of an A.P. is zero then show that the 29th term is twice the 19th term.
Let’s learn.

Application of A.P.
Ex. (1) A mixer manufacturing company manufactured 600 mixers in 3rd year and in
7th year they manufactured 700 mixers. If every year there is same growth in the
production of mixers then find (i) Production in the first year (ii) Production in
10th year (iii) Total production in first seven years.
Solution : Addition in the number of mixers manufactured by the company per year
is constant therefore the number of production in successive years is in A.P.
(i) Let’s assume that company manufactured tn mixers in the nth year then as per
given information,
t3 = 600, t7 = 700
We know that tn= a+(n-1)d
t3= a+(3-1)d
a + 2d = 600. . . (I)
t7= a+(7-1)d
t7= a+6d = 700
a+2d = 600 \ Substituting a = 600 - 2d in equation (II),
600 - 2d + 6d = 700
4d = 100 \ d = 25
a+2d = 600 \ a + 2 ´ 25 = 600
a + 50 = 600 \ a = 550
\ Production in first year was 550.
(ii) tn= a+(n-1)d
t10= 550+(10-1) ´ 25
= 550 + 225
Production in 10th year was 775.

73
(iii) For finding total production in first 7 years let’s use formula for Sn.
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
7 7
Sn = 2
[1100 + 150] = 2
[1250] = 7 ´ 625 = 4375
Total production in first 7 years is 4375 mixers.

Ex. (2) Ajay sharma repays the borrowed amount of ` 3,25,000 by paying ` 30500
in the first month and then decreases the payment by ` 1500 every month. How
long will it take to clear his amount?

Solution : Let the time required to clear the amount be n months. The monthly payment
decreases by ` 1500. Therefore the payments are in A.P.
First term = a = 30500, d = -1500

Amount = Sn = 3,25,000
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
n
3,25,000 = 2 [2 ´ 30500+(n-1)d]
n
= 2 [2 ´ 30500 - 1500n + 1500]
3,25,000 = 30500n - 750n2 +750n
\750n2 -31250n + 325000 = 0
divide both sides by 250.
\3n2 -125n + 1300 = 0
\3n2 -60n - 65n + 1300 = 0
\3n(n-20) -65 (n-20) = 0
\(n - 20) (3n - 65) = 0
\n - 20 = 0 , 3n - 65 = 0
65 2
\n = 20 or n = 3
= 21 3
In an A.P. n is a natural number.
65
\ n ¹ \ n = 20
3
(Or, after 20 months, S20 = 3,25,000 then the total amount will be repaid. It is not
required to think about further period of time.)
\ To clear the amount 20 months are needed.
74
Ex. (3) Anvar saves some amount every month. In first three months he saves
` 200, . 250 and ` 300 respectively. In which month will he save
. 1000?

Solution: Saving in first month ` 200; Saving in second month ` 250; .....
200, 250, 300, . . . this is an A.P.
Here a = 200, d = 50, Let’s find n using tn formula and then find Sn.

tn = a+(n-1)d
= 200 +(n-1)50

= 200 + 50n - 50
1000 = 150 + 50n
150 + 50n = 1000
50n = 1000 - 150
50n = 850
\ n = 17
In the 17th month he will save ` 1000.
Let’s find that in 17 months how much total amount is saved.
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
17

= 2
[2 ´ 200+(17-1) ´ 50]
17
= 2
[400 + 800]
17
= 2
[1200]

= 17 ´ 600

= 10200

In 17 months total saving is ` 10200.

75
Ex. (4) As shown in the figure, take point A on the line and draw a half circle P1 of
radius 0.5 with A as centre. It intersects given
P3
line in point B. Now taking B as centre draw
a half circle P2 of radius 1 cm which is on the
P1
other side of the line.
Now again taking A as centre draw a half circle
A B
P3 of radius 1.5 cm. If we draw half
circles like this having radius 0.5 cm, 1 cm,
P2 1.5 cm, 2 cm, we get a figure of spiral shape.
Find the length of such spiral shaped figure
22
formed by 13 such half circles. (p = )
7

Solution : Semi circumferences P1, P2, P3, . . . are drawn by taking centres A, B, A,
B,... It is given that radius of the first circle is 0.5 cm. The radius of the second
circle is 1.0 cm,... From this information we will find P1, P2, P3, . . . P3.
1 p
Length of the first semi circumference = P1 = p r1 = p ´ 2 = 2

P2 = p r2 = p ´ 1 = p
3
P3 = p r3 = p ´ 1.5 = p
2
1 3
The lengths are P1, P2, P3, . . ., and the numbers
2
p, 1 p, p, . . . are in A.P.
2
1 1
Here a =
2
p, d = 2
p, From this let’s find S13.
n
Sn =2 [2a+(n-1)d]
13 p 1
S13 = 2 [2 ´ 2 +(13-1) ´ 2 p]
13
= 2 [p + 6 p]
13
= 2 ´ 7 p =
13 22
= 2 ´ 7 ´ 7

= 143 cm.
\The total length of spiral shape formed by 13 semicircles is 143 cm.
76
Ex. (5) In the year 2010 in the village there were 4000 people who were literate. Every
year the number of literate people increases by 400. How many people will be
literate in the year 2020?
Solution :
Year 2010 2011 2012 ... 2020
Literate People 4000 4400 4800 ...
a = 4000, d = 400 n = 11
tn= a+(n-1)d
= 4000 + (11-1)400

= 4000 + 4000

= 8000
In year 2020, 8000 people will be literate.
Ex. (6) In year 2015, Mrs. Shaikh got a job with salary ` 1,80,000 per year. Her
employer agreed to give ` 10,000 per year as increment. Then in how many years
will her annual salary be ` 2,50,000?
Solution :
Year First Year Second Year Third Year ...
(2015) (2016) (2017)
Salary (`) [1,80,000] [1,80,000 + 10,000] ...
a = 1,80,000 d = 10,000 n = ? tn= 2,50,000 `
tn= a+(n-1)d
2,50,000 = 1,80,000 + (n-1) ´ 10,000
(n-1) ´ 10000 = 70,000
(n-1) = 7
n = 8
In the 8th year her annual salary will be ` 2,50,000.

77
 Practice Set 3.4
1. On 1st Jan 2016, Sanika decides to save ` 10, ` 11 on second day, ` 12 on third
day. If she decides to save like this, then on 31st Dec 2016 what would be her total
saving?
2. A man borrows ` 8000 and agrees to repay with a total interest of ` 1360 in 12
monthly instalments. Each instalment being less than the preceding one by ` 40.
Find the amount of the first and last instalment.
3. Sachin invested in a national saving certificate scheme. In the first year he invested
` 5000, in the second year ` 7000, in the third year ` 9000 and so on. Find the
total amount that he invested in 12 years.
4. There is an auditorium with 27 rows of seats. There are 20 seats in the first row,
22 seats in the second row, 24 seats in the third row and so on. Find the number of
seats in the 15th row and also find how many total seats are there in the
auditorium?
5. Kargil’s temperature was recorded in a week from Monday to Saturday. All
readings were in A.P.The sum of temperatures of Monday and Saturday was
5° C more than sum of temperatures of Tuesday and Saturday. If temperature of
Wednesday was -30° celsius then find the temperature on the other five days.
6. On the world environment day tree plantation programme was arranged on a land
which is triangular in shape. Trees are planted such that in the first row there is
one tree, in the second row there are two trees, in the third row three trees and so
on. Find the total number of trees in the 25 rows.
Problem Set - 3
1. Choose the correct alternative answer for each of the following sub questions.
(1) The sequence -10, -6, -2, 2, . . .
(A) is an A.P., Reason d = -16 (B) is an A.P., Reason d = 4
(C) is an A.P., Reason d = -4 (D) is not an A.P.
(2) First four terms of an A.P. are ....., whose first term is -2 and common
difference is -2.
(A) -2, 0, 2, 4 (B) -2, 4, -8, 16
(C) -2, -4, -6, -8 (D) -2, -4, -8, -16
(3) What is the sum of the first 30 natural numbers ?
(A) 464 (B) 465 (C) 462 (D) 461
78
 (4) For an given A.P. t7 = 4, d = -4 then a = . . .
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 20 (D) 28
(5) For an given A.P. a = 3.5, d = 0, n = 101, then tn = . . .
(A) 0 (B) 3.5 (C) 103.5 (D) 104.5
(6) In an A.P. first two terms are -3, 4 then 21st term is . . .
(A) -143 (B) 143 (C) 137 (D) 17
(7) If for any A.P. d = 5 then t18 - t13 = . . .
(A) 5 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30
(8) Sum of first five multuiples of 3 is. . .
(A) 45 (B) 55 (C) 15 (D) 75
(9) 15, 10, 5, . . . In this A.P. sum of first 10 terms is . . .
(A) -75 (B) -125 (C) 75 (D) 125
(10) In an A.P. 1st term is 1 and the last term is 20. The sum of all terms is = 399
then n = . . .
(A) 42 (B) 38 (C) 21 (D) 19
2. Find the fourth term from the end in an A.P. -11, -8, -5, . . . , 49.
3. In an A.P. the 10th term is 46, sum of the 5th and 7th term is 52. Find the A.P.
4. The A.P. in which 4th term is -15 and 9th term is -30. Find the sum of the first 10
numbers.
5. Two A.P.’s are given 9, 7, 5, . . . and 24, 21, 18, . . . . If nth term of both the
progressions are equal then find the value of n and nth term.

6. If sum of 3rd and 8th terms of an A.P. is 7 and sum of 7th and 14th terms is -3 then
find the 10th term.

7. In an A.P. the first term is -5 and last term is 45. If sum of all numbers in the A.P.
is 120, then how many terms are there? What is the common difference?

8. Sum of 1 to n natural numbers is 36, then find the value of n.

79
9. Divide 207 in three parts, such that all parts are in A.P. and product of two smaller
parts will be 4623.

10. There are 37 terms in an A.P., the sum of three terms placed exactly at the middle
is 225 and the sum of last three terms is 429. Write the A.P.

11.ê If first term of an A.P. is a, second term is b and last term is c, then show that sum
of all terms is (a + c)(b + c - 2a) .
2(b - a)
12.ê If the sum of first p terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of first q terms then show
that the sum of its first (p + q) terms is zero. (p ¹ q)

13.ê If m times the mth term of an A.P. is eqaul to n times nth term then show that the
(m + n)th term of the A.P. is zero.
14. ` 1000 is invested at 10 percent simple interest. Check at the end of every year if
the total interest amount is in A.P. If this is an A.P. then find interest amount after
20 years. For this complete the following activity.
P´ R´ N
Simple interest =
100
1000 ´10 ´1
Simple interest after 1 year = =
100
1000 ´10 ´ 2
Simple interest after 2 year = =
100
´ ´
Simple interest after 3 year = 100 = 300

According to this the simple interest for 4, 5, 6 years will be 400, ,

respectively.

From this d = , and a =

Amount of simple interest after 20 years
tn= a+(n-1)d
t20= +(20-1)
t20=
Amount of simple interest after 20 years is =

rrr
80