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11 Crystal Physics-Lecture 3

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3 views

11 Crystal Physics-Lecture 3

Uploaded by

avinavsah2612
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 3

Crystal Structure

Solid State Physics By S.O. Pillai


Chapter 4
OR Solid state physics, Kittel (Wiley)
Crystal Planes

 Within a crystal lattice it is possible to identify sets of equally


spaced parallel planes. These are called lattice planes.

The set of
planes in b b
2D lattice.
a a

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THE SET OF PLANES İN 3D LATTİCE

It is useful for crystal structure analysis to specify orientation of a plane by a


set of three numbers called Miller indices.
Miller Indices
Miller Indices are a symbolic vector representation for the orientation of
an atomic plane in a crystal lattice and are defined as the reciprocals of
the fractional intercepts which the plane makes with the crystallographic
axes.

To determine Miller indices of a plane, take the following steps;

1) Determine the intercepts of the plane along each of the three


crystallographic directions

2) Take the reciprocals of the intercepts

3) If fractions result, multiply each by the denominator of the smallest


fraction

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Example-1

Axis X Y Z
Intercept
points 1 ∞ ∞
Reciprocals 1/1 1/ ∞ 1/ ∞
Smallest
Ratio 1 0 0

Miller İndices (100)


(1,0,0)

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Example-2

Axis X Y Z
Intercept
points 1 1 ∞
Reciprocals 1/1 1/ 1 1/ ∞
Smallest
Ratio 1 1 0
(0,1,0)
Miller İndices (110)
(1,0,0)

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Example-3

Axis X Y Z
(0,0,1)
Intercept
points 1 1 1
Reciprocals 1/1 1/ 1 1/ 1
Smallest
(0,1,0) Ratio 1 1 1

(1,0,0) Miller İndices (111)

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Example-4

Axis X Y Z
Intercept
points 1/2 1 ∞
Reciprocals 1/(½) 1/ 1 1/ ∞
Smallest
(0,1,0) Ratio 2 1 0
(1/2, 0, 0)
Miller İndices (210)

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Example-5

Axis a b c
Intercept
points 2 ∞ 1
Reciprocals 1/2 1/ ∞ 1
Smallest
Ratio 1 0 2

Miller İndices (102)

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Example-6

Axis a b c
Intercept
points -1 ∞ ½
Reciprocals 1/-1 1/ ∞ 1/(½)
Smallest
Ratio -1 0 2

Miller İndices (102)

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Miller Indices
[2,3,3] Plane intercepts axes at3a , 2b , 2c
2 1 1 1
Reciprocal numbers are: , ,
3 2 2
c
b Indices of the plane (Miller): (2,3,3)
2
a Indices of the direction: [2,3,3]
3

(200)
(111)
(110) (100)

(100) 11
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Indices of a Family or Form

 Sometimes when the unit cell has rotational symmetry,


several nonparallel planes may be equivalent by virtue of this
symmetry, in which case it is convenient to lump all these
planes in the same Miller Indices, but with curly brackets.

{100}  (100), (010), (001), (0 1 0), (00 1 ), ( 1 00)


{111}  (111), (11 1 ), (1 1 1), ( 1 11), ( 1 1 1 ), ( 1 1 1), ( 1 1 1 ), (1 1 1 )

Thus indices {h,k,l} represent all the planes equivalent to the


plane (hkl) through rotational symmetry.
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(hkl)

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16
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