THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

THREE TYPES OF AUTONOMIC

TWO TYPES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 1.) Parasympathetic - rest and digest
- Netflix and chill
1.) Central Nervous System - process sensory
- Decrease PR and RR
input. - Increase in bowel movement
2.) Sympathetic - fight or flight
BODY PARTS UNDER CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Increase PR and RR
a.) Spinal Cord - has 160 million neuron - Decrease in bowel movement
b.) Brain- has 88 million neurons 3.) Enteric Nervous System - Occurs in the Gl
● Foramen Magnum - connects the brain tract
and the spinal cord. - unique subdivision of PNS that has both
2.) Peripheral Nervous System - Cranial and sensory and motor neurons contained
Spinal nerves, Autonomic Nervous System within the digestive tract.
BODY PARTS UNDER PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS
a.) Cranial nerve - have 12 pairs SYSTEM:
b.) Spinal Nerve - have 31 pairs.
1.) SENSORY INPUT - detects the stimuli
(internal and external) - triggers
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TYPES: Note: Stimuli - internal and external triggers.
- changes in environment
1.) Sensory Division - Afferent - triggers (internal and external)
- Process sensory input towards the - Example: hunger, urination
Central nervous system. 2.) INTEGRATION - processes stimuli
- Conducts action potentials from - detects response
sensory receptors.
3.) MOTOR - action
2.) Motor Division - Efferent
- Process sensory input away from
the Central nervous system. CELLS OF NERVOUS SYTEM:
- Conducts action potentials from under:
the CNS to effector organs, such as 1.) Neurons - the reason why we are able to
muscle and glands by motor think, memorize
neurons. - receive stimuli, conduct action
potentials, and transmit signals to
TWO TYPES OF MOTOR DIVISION other neuron or effector organs; has
1.) Somatic - skeletal muscle three parts.
- process electrical excitability
- Response are controlled
⤷ ability to response to a
- Voluntary
stimuli and convert it to action
2.) Autonomic - Cardiac muscle and smooth
potential
muscle
⤷ - nerve impulses.
- Response are uncontrolled
- electrical signal that
- Involuntary
travels around your
neuron.
 process.
PARTS OF NEURON - called pseudounipolar because it
starts as a bipolar.

2.) FUNCTIONAL
under:
● Sensory - Afferent
- picks up the stimuli
- towards the CNS
- Unipolar
● Motor - Efferent
● Dendrites - responsible for receiving - away from CNS
stimuli from other neurons./from neurons - multipolar
tor sensory receptors ● Interneurons - in between sensory and
- extensions of the neuron cell body motor.
- sensory input - multipolar.
● Cell body - process stimuli. NEUROGLIA - serve as glue of nervous system
- integration - supportive cells of CNS and PNS; do not
- contains stimulus and processes conduct action potentials; carry out different
stimulus functions that enhance neuron function and
● Axon - transmit the stimuli to maintain normal conditions.
glands/muscle organs. - When there's a disease or injury, neuroglia
- contains a nucleus that is multiply to fill in the gaps affected by the
responsible for information of gene disease.
expression. - Neuroglia are responsible for how our
systems work together.
2.) Trigger zone
3.) Synaptic and bulbs - contains synaptic SIX TYPES OF NEUROGLIA
vesicles
⤷ this is where neurotransmitters. Four neuroglia in CNS:
4.) Synapse - site of communication between 1.) Astrocytes - star shaped
two neurons. - largest and most numerous
5.) Nerve impulses - ATP (action potential) - Have microfilaments
6.) Neuroglia - supports, nourishes, contains ⤷ provides strength to support
fluid of the nervous system. neurons.
- Forms BBB (Blood, Brain, Barrier)
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NEURONS ⤷ important because it serves as
gatekeeper.
1.) STRUCTURAL (form)
under: - It serves as a protection from the
● MULTIPOLAR - many dendrites and one pathogens➝ microorganism that
axon can harm the brain.
- mostly found in brain and spinal
cord - It filters things going to the brain.
● BIPOLAR - one dendrites and one axon
- Found in retina of eyes, 2.) Oligodendrocytes - produce the myelin
inner ear, olfactory area sheath in CNS. ➝ protective wrapped around
(brain) your axons
⤷ nose ➝ transmit your stimulus
● UNIPOLAR - have dendrites and one axon ➝ increases speed of nerve impulses.
fused together to form a continuous
 3.) Microglia ➔ Depolarization - tumataas ang voltage
- it function as phagocyte ➝ helps remove because of sodium
bacteria and cell debris from CNS ➔ Hypolarization - pababa nang pababa ang
voltage
4.) Ependymal Cells - produce and circulate ➔ Repolarization - at rest because of
your CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) potassium.
⤷ it serves as cushion
⤷ protects your brain and spinal cord from Note:
sudden impact or injury Excitatory - sodium will open (+)
- stimulate
Inhibitory - chloride will open (-)
- will rest
PNS Neuroglia: - stops

1.) Schwann cells - like oligodendrocytes

- It produces myelin sheath around the NEUROTRANSMITTER
axons in your PNS ● Acetylcholine - Inhibitory and Excitatory
- one Schwann cell can myelinate one axon. ● Norepinephrine - Inhibitory and Excitatory
● Serotonin - Inhibitory
2.) Satellites cells - it provides structural
● Dopamine - Inhibitory and Excitatory
support
- It regulates the exchange of material ● Gamma Aminobutyric - Inhibitory
between cell bodies and interstitial fluid. ● Glycine - Inhibitory and Excitatory
Nodes of Ranvier - these are gaps in between ● Endorphins - Inhibitory
myelin sheaths. ● Glutamine - Excitatory

SPINAL CORD - extends from foramen magnum to

2nd Lumbar vertebra
FOUR TYPES OF ION GATED CHANNELS - Meninges: protective layer
1.) Leak Channels - always open
2.) Mechanical Ion Channels - open when PROTECTIVE LAYERS
there is mechanical stimuli (touch, pain,
● Dura Mater - outside and thick layer
pressure)
3.) Chemical Ion Channels - open when there ● Arachnoid - Middle
are chemical stimuli (neurotransmitters - Subarachnoid space - CSF
(hormones). ● Pia Mater - inner layer.
4.) Voltage Ion Channels - voltage stimuli
NORMAL RESTING MEMBRANE - Potassium In 31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES
Sodium Out (PISO - mnemonics).
● 8 Cervical (C1-C8) - connected in diaphragm.
● Negative ang neurons sa loob ng
● Positive outside ● 12 Thoracic Nerve (T1-T12) - Chest muscle
and abdominal muscle
DIFFUSION - high concentration to low ● 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) - connected in leg
concentration ● 5 Sacral (S1-S5) - bowel, bladder, sexual
DIFFUSION GRADIENT - it forces K+ out of the function.
cell/neuron. ● 1 Coccygeal (Co)
VOLTAGE CHANNEL
● -70: normal resting/mini voltes.

● Threshold potential: -50 to -55 mini voltes BRAIN

 FOUR PARTS OF BRAIN FOUR LOBES
1.) Brainstem - has three sub parts 1.) Frontal Lobe - controls voluntary motor
1. Midbrain - responsible for eye functions
movement - memory, emotions, language, problem
- Pupil dilation and constriction solving
- Responsible sa paglingon. 2.) Parietal Lobe - sensation
- Location: above pons - body positioning
2. Pons - importance because it is 3.) Occipital Lobe - same level with the eyes
responsible for BREATHING (and - Visual interpretation and memory
medulla) 4.) Temporal Lobe - responsible for hearing and
- salivation, chewing, and smell.
swallowing
- connect (bridge) between
cerebrum and cerebellum. CRANIAL NERVES
3. Medulla Oblongata - involuntary
movement (heart rate, bp).
- Responsible for BREATHING
CNS Sensory, Motor, Mix
and HEART RATE
- Responsible also for coughing, 1.) Olfactory Sensory
sneezing, swallowing, and
vomiting. 2.) Optic Sensory

3.) Oculomotor Motor

2.) Diencephalon - has two types:
1.) Thalamus - largest portion of 4.) Trochlear Motor
diencephalon
5.) Trigeminal Mix
- Important responsibility:
detects pain 6.) Abducens Motor
- Relay sensory and motor signal.
7.) Facial Mix
2.) Hypothalamus - also known as the
Thermoregulatory center of the brain. 8.) Acoustic Sensory
- Regulate temperature
- Controls hunger, thirst, sexual 9.) Glossopharyngeal Mix
emotions. 10.) Vagus Mix

3.) Cerebrum - balance, fine movement,and body 11.) Accessory Motor

positioning.
12.) Hypoglossal Motor
- has a left hemisphere and right
hemisphere.
- Corpus callosum: connects the right
and left hemisphere.
- Left hemisphere controls the right side
of our body.
- Right hemisphere - controls the left
side of our body.