The Variants of the Points

of Articulation Joannes Richter

Fig. 1: Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY) – Theuth

Abstract
There are five independently controlled sources in the vocal tract: the throat, the palate, the tongue,
the teeth and the lips. These sources are discrete in that they can act independently of each other,
and two or more may work together in what is called coarticulation.[1]: 10-11
Mankind should be equipped with a standard, optimized place of articulation for all alphabets.
However the main languages are equipped with optimized places of articulation, which share a few
common compositions and a standard core. The principal sources for the human voice are the
tongue and the Lárynx.
The places of articulation should be a standard composition for a homogeneous mankind, but
variants may be based on phonetic differences of the local phonetic substrates or additional
linguistic traditional habits (such as click consonants1) in the global population. Also variants may
be based on traditional choices of importance in the phonetic sources.
The alphabets of all principal languages (Egyptian, Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Old Persian and their
derivatives) may be split up in three families2:
1. The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets (Egyptian 3, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, …),
which start most of the alphabets with an initial set of letters from 5 phonetic categories:
gutturals, labials, palates, linguals and dentals. The initial set is A, B, C, D, Z.
2. The “runic ABC” to display “father” (FAþIR) and “mother” (MÓÐIR) in the 2-dimensional
structure. The words “father” (FAþIR) and “mother” (MÓÐIR) are probably inherited from
Greek and Latin alphabets.
3. The Sanskrit, Old-Persian and their derivative alphabets, in which the letters are ordered
accord the positions of the 5-7 points of articulation (gutturals, palates, linguals, dentals, and
labials).
The first alphabet may have been invented by “Theut” in Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Greek name
Theut may be spelled in Egyptian symbols as Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY).
This essay is a concept, which needs to be checked and completed....

1 click consonants, or clicks, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in
three languages of East Africa.
2 The formation of the alphabet : Petrie, W. M. Flinders
3 Ägyptische Alphabetische Schreibweise - Egyptian Wisdom Center
The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets
The first alphabet may have been invented by “Theut” in Egyptian hieroglyphs 4. The Greek name
“Theut” may be spelled in Egyptian symbols as Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY).
The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets (Egyptian 5, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, …), which start
most of the alphabets with an initial set of letters from 5 phonetic categories: gutturals, labials,
palates, linguals and dentals. In Hebrew and Greek the initial set is A, B, G, D and Z.

The Hebrew alphabet

The four versions (“Saadia”, “short”, “long”, “Gra”) of the Sepher Yetzirah are translated in Sefer
Yetzirah: The Book of Creation in Theory and Practice – author: Aryeh Kaplan.
These 4 variants6 ordered their letters according to their categorization in the columns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Aryeh Kaplan simplified the English names for the alphabetic symbols, which are garbled in the
alphabet:
A1- B2- G3- D4- H5- V6- Z7- Ch8- T9- Y10- K11- L12- M13- N14- S15- O16- P17- Tz18- Q19- R20- Sh21- Th22

The Ugaritic, Hebrew, Greek and Latin alphabet

The following mapping table allows to the corresponding correlations between the letters of the the
Ugaritic, Hebrew, various Greek and Latin alphabets. The (presumably) 5 symbols of the word-
composition Djehuty, ḎḤWTY are listed in the columns of the Ugaritic alphabet.

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30 ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l mḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet

Ḫ W Y Ṣ T
Ḏ,Ḥ,W,T,Y

Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hebrew 22
‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫מל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
Alphabēton
ἀλφάβητον
23 A B Γ Δ Ε F Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΞΟΠ S K Ρ Σ Τ Y

Old-Greek 21 A B Γ Δ Ε Υ Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ s q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic
21 A B Γ Δ Ε Ζ ΗΘ Ι Κ ΛΜ Ν ΟΠ Ρ Σ Τ YXΩ
Greek
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26
C Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 26 A B DE Z H Þ K LM N O P s QR S T
G V J X,Y, Z
Table 1 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's commentary)

4 Source: A Reconstruction of the Invention and Introduction of the Alphabet

5 Ägyptische Alphabetische Schreibweise - Egyptian Wisdom Center
6 The Gra-version in the main text and and the other versions in appendix I
The Arabic alphabet
The derivation of the Arabic alphabet from the Ugaritic alphabet is listed in the following extended
list, in which the palate and dental symbols had been integrated in the lingual category7:

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Transcript
of Ugaritic ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Hebrew
alphabet ‫ג ב א‬ ‫כ י ט ח ז ו ה ד‬ ‫מ ל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫פ ע ס‬ ‫צ‬ ‫ש ר ק‬ ‫ת‬

Arabic 1 ‫ج ب ا‬ ‫ك ي ط ح ز و ه د‬ ‫م ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش ر ق ص ف ع س‬ ‫خ ث ت‬ ‫ظ ض ذ‬ ‫غ‬

Arabic 2 ‫ج ب ا‬ ‫ك ي ط ح ز و ه د‬ ‫م ل‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ش ر ق ص ف ع س‬ ‫خ ث ت‬ ‫ظ ض ذ‬ ‫غ‬
Transcript ʾ B J D H WZ Ḥ Ṭ Y K L M N S ʻ F Ṣ Q R Sh T Th Kh Dh Ḍ Ẓ Gh
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Table 2 The location of the center L in the elder Arabic alphabet - Common Abjad sequence[3]

7 Source: The Arabic Points of Articulation

The Runa ABC (1611) of Johannes Bureus (1568–1652)
The Runa ABC (1611) of Johannes Bureus (1568–1652) was the first Swedish alphabet book and its
purpose was to teach the runic alphabet in 17th century Sweden.
The runic alphabet seems to be composed to display “father” (FAþIR) and “mother” (MÓÐIR) in the
2-dimensional structure:

Section 1 (ϝYᚦOR or ϝYᚦÅR) 2 (CHNJE) 3 (STBLM)

## 1 2/2/2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Younger
Futhark ᚠ ᚡᚢᚤᚣ - ᚦ ᚧ ᚭ - - ᚱ - ᚴ - - ᚼ ᚾ ᛁ ᛂ ᛅ - ᛋ- ᛐ ᛏ - ᛒ ᚭ ᛚ ᚫ ᛘ
Final
symbol ᛦ ᚿ
Vowels U YÅ OÅĄ I E A
F V V Y Å Þ Ð ðð O Å Ą R R R C G Q H N N J E A S ss ſ T tt D B P L ll M
Trans-
literation Gh D P mm
Ch

Table 3 Table of Runes for the first runic signary

as published in "Runa ABC" by the essay of Johannes Bureus

The digital facsimile Runa ABC does not describes a 15-symbols alphabet, but lists a number of
variants for several runes. Especially the second rune “Ur” ᚢ, ᚤ, ᚣ represents a universal “joker”,
which represents 3 categories (U, Y, Å). In the British Futhorc the rune is named “Ȳr” (Y).
A second rune symbol “Ȳr” (Y) allows us to interpret the first 5 runes in the Futhorc signary as
ϝYᚦOR or ϝYᚦÅR (labial, palatal, lingual, guttural and dental).
In the younger or medieval Futhark a trailing rune (ᛦ, stupmadr, R) is added8.
Transformng the Runa ABC and the stupmadr ᛦ into the corresponding 2-dimensional table we may
identify:
• in the 1st row the word “father” (ϝYÞĄR) and
• in the 3rd row the word “Mother” (MITAR )
Labial Palatal Lingual Guttural Dental Runes Latinized Old Norse English
4 ᛚ (L) ᛚ
3 ᛘ (M) ᛁ (I) ᛐ (T) ᛅ (A) ᛦ (R) ᛘᛁᛐᛅᛦ MITAR móðir - MÓÐIR Mother
2 ᛒ (B) ᚴ (C) ᚾ (N) ᚼ (H) ᛋ (S) ᛒᚴᚾᚼᛋ BCNHS
1 ᚠ (ϝ) ᚤ (Y) ᚦ (Th) ᚭ (O) ᚱ (R) ᚠᚤᚦᚭᚱ ϝYÞĄR ᚠᛅᚦᛁᛦ (faþiʀ) FAþIR Father
Table 4 2-dimensional table for the “Runa ABC"
in the essay (1611) of Johannes Bureus

8 (PDF) The 2-Dimensional Younger ϝYÞARc | Joannes Richter

The 2-dimensional alphabets

The Hebrew alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet may be composed as a 2-dimensional alphabet, in which the 2 nd row a
theonym T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 is displayed.
row lingual palatal guttural labial dental
5 Taw T22 Shin S21
4 Nun N14 Qoph K19 Ayin Gh16 Pe Ph17 Resh R20
3 Lamedh L12 Kaph Ch11 Heth H8 Mem M13 Tsade Ts18
2 Teth T9 Yodh I10 He Ε5 Waw V6 Samekh S15
1 Dalet D4 Gimel G3 Aleph Æ1 Bet B2 Zayin Z7

Table 5 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Hebrew alphabet

The ἀλφάβητον Greek alphabet

The ἀλφάβητον Greek alphabet may be composed as a 2-dimensional alphabet, in which the 2 nd row
a theonym T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 is displayed.

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 Tau T22 Upsilon U/Y23 Sigma S21 3
4 Nu N14 Qoppa K19 Omicron O16 Pi Π17 Rho R20 5
3 Lambda Λ12 Kappa Ch11 Eta H8 Mu M13 San S18 5
2 Theta Θ9 Iota I10 Epsilon Ε5 Digamma Ϝ/V6 Xi Ξ15 5
1 Delta Δ4 Gamma Γ3 Alpha A1 Beta B2 Zeta Z7 5
sum 5 4 4 5 5 23
Table 6 The display of the theonym Θ9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the ἀλφάβητον alphabet

The Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet as a 2-dimensional alphabet is listed as follows:

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 T20 X24 Y25 U21, V22, W23 S19 7
4 N14 Q17 O15 P16 R18 5
3 L12 K11 H8 M13 (Ts) 4
2 (Þ) I9, J10 Ε5 F6, (V6→ 21) (S) 4
1 D4 C3, G3→ 7 A1 B2 (Z7→ 26) 6
sum 4 7 5 7 3 26
Table 7 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and Þ9-I10-Ε5-V6-(S) in the Latin alphabet
The Runic alphabet
The “runic ABC” to display “father” (FAþIR) and “mother” (MÓÐIR) in the 2-dimensional
structure:
Labial Palatal Lingual Guttural Dental Runes Latinized Old Norse English
4 ᛚ (L) ᛚ
3 ᛘ (M) ᛁ (I) ᛐ (T) ᛅ (A) ᛦ (R) ᛘᛁᛐᛅᛦ MITAR móðir - MÓÐIR Mother
2 ᛒ (B) ᚴ (C) ᚾ (N) ᚼ (H) ᛋ (S) ᛒᚴᚾᚼᛋ BCNHS
1 ᚠ (ϝ) ᚤ (Y) ᚦ (Th) ᚭ (O) ᚱ (R) ᚠᚤᚦᚭᚱ ϝYÞĄR ᚠᛅᚦᛁᛦ (faþiʀ) FAþIR Father
Table 8 2-dimensional table for the “Runa ABC"
in the essay (1611) of Johannes Bureus

The Arabic alphabet

The derivation of the Arabic alphabet from the Ugaritic alphabet is listed in the following extended
list, in which the palate and dental symbols had been integrated in the lingual category9.
The columns of the 2-dimensional Arabic Abjad-alphabet may also be ordered from guttural →
palatal → lingual → dental → labial. In fact the passive symbols palatal (palate) and dental (teeth)
seem to be interpreted as parts of the active linguals (tongue).

row guttural palatal lingual dental labial ##

7 ‫( غ‬ġain)·Gh28 ‫( ض‬ḍād)·D26 ‫( ظ‬ẓāʾ)·Ẓ27 3
6 ‫( خ‬ḫāʾ)·Kh24 ‫( ذ‬ḏāl)·Dh25 ‫( ث‬ṯāʾ)·T23 3

5 ‫( ش‬šīn)·Sh21 ‫( ت‬tāʾ)·T22 2
4 ‫( ع‬ʿain)·ʻ16 ‫( ق‬qāf)·Q19 ‫( ن‬nūn)·N14 ‫( ر‬rāʾ)·R20 ‫( ف‬fāʾ)·F17 5
3 ‫( س‬ḥāʾ)·Ḥ8 ‫( ك‬kāf)·K11 ‫( ل‬lām)·L12 ‫( ص‬ṣād)·Ṣ18 ‫( م‬mīm)·M13 5
2 ‫( ه‬hāʾ)·H5 ‫( ي‬yāʾ)·Y10 ‫( ط‬ṭāʾ)·T9 ‫ س‬sīn)·S15 ‫( و‬wāw)·W6 5
1 ‫( ا‬alif)·A1 ‫( ج‬ǧīm)·J3 ‫( د‬dāl)·D4 ‫( ز‬zāy)·Z7 ‫( ب‬bāʾ)·B2 5
## 6 5 7 6 4 28

Table 9 The 5 initial symbols in the elder 2-dimensional Arabic Abjad-alphabet are A1-B2-J3-D4-Z7

family places of articulation for initial symbols

# initial set Language # 1 2 3
1 1 A1, B2 , J3, D4, …. Arabic 3 guttural labial linguals

Table 10 The places of articulation of the Arabic alphabet

9 Source: The Arabic Points of Articulation

The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets
The linguistic distributions are listed as follows:
family places of articulation for initial symbols
# initial set theonym Language # 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 Ḏ,Ḥ,W,T,Y Egyptian 5 dental guttural labial linguals palates
DjEhUTY
Ḏ,Ḥ,W,T,Y
1 2 Æ,B,G,D,Z T-I-Ε-V-S Hebrew 5 guttural labial palates linguals dental
1 3 A,B,Γ,Δ,Z Θ-I-Ε-V-S Greek 5 guttural labial palates linguals dental
1 4 A,B,C,D,Z Þ-I-Ε-V-(S) Latin 5 guttural labial palates linguals dental

2 1 ᚠ,ᚤ,ᚦ,ᚭ,ᚱ FaþIR
MÓÐIR
Runes-
alphabets
5 Labial Palatal Lingual Guttural Dental

Table 11 The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets (Egyptian10, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, …)
The Runa ABC (1611) of Johannes Bureus joined the Young and Elder Futhark signaries, which
may have been derived from a Greek or Latin alphabets. The order of the symbols may have been
derived from the display of the words for “father” and “mother”. Maybe the parents FaþIR and
MÓÐIR were interpreted as “joined theonyms”.

10 Ägyptische Alphabetische Schreibweise - Egyptian Wisdom Center

The Sanskrit and Old-Persian alphabets

The Sanskrit alphabet

The Sanskrit alphabet may have been founded on Panini's Order of the Sanskrit Alphabet, which
partially is documented in the following tabular serpentine chart. The head of the serpent documents
the vowels, followed by the half vowels and the 5x5-block with the 25 consonants and the sibulants
and the glottal H:

3 Detail of the 5 x 5 square array

2 Tabular serpentine chart
Source: Ganesha Vidya (1968) by L.S.
Source: Ganesha Vidya (1968) by L.S. Wakankar
Wakankar

Fig. 4 The Sanskrit letters for the 5 categories (AD992)

from Brahmi_script_consonants_according_to_James Prinsep_(March_1838).

Panini's description may ordered the 43 letters (9-14 vowels and 33 consonants) of the main
Sanskrit alphabet as inscribed in the ancient serpentine on the Dhar iron pillar.
The alphabet in one single line would maybe:
A-I-U-Ṛ-Ḷ-E-O-Ai-Au-H-Y-V-R-L-Ñ-Ṅ-Ṇ-N-M-Gh-Jh-Ḍh-Dh-Bh-G-J-Ḍ-D-B-Kh-Ch-Ṭh-Th-Ph-K-C-Ṭ-T-P-Ś-Ṣ-S-H.
The memorization of the correct sequence is rather difficult and therefore needs lots of repetition of
the hymns.
The remarkable Vedic theonym is the name of the paternal sky-god Dyáuṣ Pitṛṛ (DYAUS – PITAR).
family places of articulation for initial symbols
# initial set theonym Language # 1 2 3 4 5
3 1 A-I-U-Ṛ-Ḷ DYAUS – Sanskrit 5 guttural palates labial linguals dental
PITAR
Table 12 The Sanskrit alphabet according to Panini's description
Panini's description for the alphabetical order
The fourteen verses of Panini's hymn are a recitation of the Sanskrit alphabet (47 letters:
14 vowels and 33 consonants). It is known as the Akshara-samamnaya, “recitation of
phonemes”, and popularly as the Shiva Sutras, because they are said to have been
revealed to Panini by Shiva. Maheshvara, “the Great Lord”, is an epithet of Shiva11.

In fact the Panini's distribution of the alphabets is reduced to 43 letters: 9 vowels and 34
consonants.
Both the short and long vowels are represented by A, I, U, Ṛ and Ḷ. One consonant (H, with a
symbol ह) is found twice: at the beginning of the lines 5 and 14.
The 14 lines describe the alphabetical sequence. The order of the vowels, the semi-vowels and the
thermals (sibilants and uvula) are ordered according to their Place of articulation, which are colored
guttural, palatal, labial, cerebral and dental. The role of the markers is described in P. Pikarski's
essay “Pāṇinian Linguistics”12.
All cerebral and dental letters are ordered correctly, but for the 25 consonants some guttural, palatal
and labials may have switched their locations.
Panini's specification Sanskrit alphabet
of the alphabets
Sanskrit Guttural, Palatal, Labial Cerebral Dental Marker Type
1 1. अ इ उ ण | A I U Ṇ
2 2. ऋ ऌ क | Ṛ Ḷ K Vowels
(9)
3 3. ए ओ ङ | E O Ň
4 4. ऐ औ च | Ai Au C
5 5. ह य व र ट H Y V R Ṭ Semi-vowels
6 6. ल ण | L Ṇ (5)
7 7. ञ म ङ ण न म | Ñ M Ṅ Ṇ N M
8 8. झ भ ञ | Jh Bh Ñ
9 9. घ ढ ध ष | Gh Ḍh Dh Ṣ Consonants
10 10. ज ब ग ड द श | J B G Ḍ D Ṡ (25)
11 11. ख फ छ ठ थ च ट त व | Kh Ph Ch Ṭh Th
C Ṭ T V
12 12. क प य | K P Y
13 13.श ष स र | Ś Ṣ S R Thermal
14 14. ह ल | H L (4)
Σ 8 10 9 8 8 Total (43)
Table 13 Panini distribution of alphabets
Source: Sanskrit Alphabet Shiva Sutras (Maheshvara Sutrani)

11 Source: Sanskrit Alphabet Shiva Sutras (Maheshvara Sutrani)

12 Source: Pāṇinian Linguistics by P. Pikarski
The alphabetical segment of the tabular serpentine chart
The alphabetical segment of the tabular serpentine chart may be interpreted as follow13:
A-I-U-Ṛ-Ḷ-
E-O-Ai-Au-
H-Y-V-R-L-
Ñ-Ṅ-Ṇ-N-M-
Gh-Jh-Ḍh-Dh-Bh-
G-J-Ḍ-D-B-
Kh-Ch-Ṭh-Th-Ph-
K-C-Ṭ-T-P-
Ś-Ṣ-S-
H.
The pattern (H-Y-V-R-L-) of third line correlates with the pattern (A-I-U-Ṛ-Ḷ-) of the first line. The
order of the lines in the 5x5-block do not share the patterns of the vowels (A-I-U-Ṛ-Ḷ-) and semi-
vowels (H-Y-V-R-L-)
Patterns of the of the 5x5-block (such as Ñ-Ṅ-Ṇ-N-M-) do not match to the documentation of Panini :

Fig. 5: Tabular serpentine chart

Source: Ganesha Vidya (1968) by L.S. Wakankar

13 Source: Panini's distribution of the alphabets

The Old-Persian alphabet
The Old-Persian alphabet is based on 7 triads:
The archaic vowels (Ā), Ī, Ū, the nasals N & M, the semi-vowels Y, V, R, sibilants S, Z, Ś, the special
L and glottal H are found in the old-Persian alphabet.
The categorization of the Old-Persian symbols (especially S, Z, Ś, N, R and L) may deviate from
other languages.
Triad 1 Triad 2 Triad 3 Triad 4 Triad 5 Triad 6 Triad 7
Velar Semi-
Vowels Palatal Alveolar Labial Nasal Sibilant Glottal
Guttural vowels L
(Ā), Ī, Ū C, Ç, J T, Θ, D P, F, B N&M S, Z, Ś H
K, X, G Y, V, R
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Table 14 The categorization in the Old Persian cuneiform alphabet
Source: A Pedigree for Alphabets (Scribd)

Velar palatal Alveolar labial dental ##

Guttural lingual
6 - Ś Z V - 3
5 H Y L M - 4
4 G J N B - 4
3 X Ç D F - 4
2 K C Θ P S 5
1 A I Ṭ U R 5

Table 15 A 2-dimensional Old-Persian alphabet (25 letters)

A few details may be shared by the simplified version of the Sanskrit alphabet:
Old-Persian Simplified Addition in Additional in
Sanskrit Old-Persian Simplified
Sanskrit
archaic vowels (Ā), Ī, Ū (Ā), Ī, Ū
Guttural consonants K, X, G K, G X
Palatal consonants C, Ç, J Ć, J Ç
Alveolar consonants T, Θ, D Ṭ, Ḍ, R Θ R
Labial consonants P, F, B P, B F
Nasal, consonants N&M Ñ, Ṇ, Ṅ, M, N Ñ, Ṅ, N
Semi-vowels Y, V, R, L Y, V, R, L R, L
Sibilants S, Z, Ś Ś, S, Sh Z Sh
Glottal H H
Table 16 The correlation between the simplified Sanskrit and the Old-Persian alphabet
The alphabet is listed: (Ā), Ī, Ū, K, X, G, C, Ç, J, T, Θ, D, P, F, B, N, M, Y, S, Z, Ś, H.
A theonym Darius
The name Darius correlates to Diaus.
An Old-Persian theonym may be identified in the name Darius I of the prominent king, in which the
core Ra-Ya-Va of the name represents the triad of the semi-vowels Ra-Ya-Va.

Fig. 6 Inscription at the tomb: D-Ā-Ra-Ya-Va-U-Š

( Author: Diego Delso , in Darius I licensed: CC BY-SA 4.0 )

Corresponding the correlation between the Old-Persian and Sanskrit alphabet the initial set of the
Old-Persian alphabet may be reconstructed as follows:
family places of articulation
# initial set theonym Language # 1 2 3 4 5
3 1 A-I-U D-Ā-Ra-Ya-Va-U-Š Old-Persian 5 guttural palates labial Alveolar dentals

Table 17 Reconstructed concept of the Old-Persian alphabet

Summary
There are five independently controlled sources in the vocal tract: the throat, the palate, the tongue,
the teeth and the lips. These sources are discrete in that they can act independently of each other,
and two or more may work together in what is called coarticulation.[1]: 10-11
Mankind should be equipped with a standard, optimized place of articulation for all alphabets.
However the main languages are equipped with optimized places of articulation, which share a few
common compositions and a standard core. The principal sources for the human voice are the
tongue and the Lárynx.
The places of articulation should be a standard composition for a homogeneous mankind, but
variants may be based on phonetic differences of the local phonetic substrates or additional
linguistic traditional habits (such as click consonants14) in the global population. Also variants may
be based on traditional choices of importance in the phonetic sources.
The alphabets of all principal languages (Egyptian, Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Old Persian and their
derivatives) may be split up in three families15:
4. The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets (Egyptian 16, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, …),
which start most of the alphabets with an initial set of letters from 5 phonetic categories:
gutturals, labials, palates, linguals and dentals. The initial set is A, B, C, D, Z.
5. The “runic ABC” to display “father” (FAþIR) and “mother” (MÓÐIR) in the 2-dimensional
structure. The words “father” (FAþIR) and “mother” (MÓÐIR) are probably inherited from
Greek and Latin alphabets.
6. The Sanskrit, Old-Persian and their derivative alphabets, in which the letters are ordered
accord the positions of the 5-7 points of articulation (gutturals, palates, linguals, dentals, and
labials).
The first alphabet may have been invented by “Theut” in Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Greek name
Theut may be spelled in Egyptian symbols as Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY).
This essay is a concept, which needs to be checked and completed....

14 click consonants, or clicks, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in
three languages of East Africa.
15 The formation of the alphabet : Petrie, W. M. Flinders
16 Ägyptische Alphabetische Schreibweise - Egyptian Wisdom Center
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets ...........................................................................................2
The Hebrew alphabet.......................................................................................................................2
The Ugaritic, Hebrew, Greek and Latin alphabet............................................................................2
The Arabic alphabet ........................................................................................................................3
The Runa ABC (1611) of Johannes Bureus (1568–1652)...............................................................4
The 2-dimensional alphabets................................................................................................................5
The Hebrew alphabet.......................................................................................................................5
The ἀλφάβητον Greek alphabet.......................................................................................................5
The Latin alphabet...........................................................................................................................5
The Runic alphabet .........................................................................................................................6
The Arabic alphabet ........................................................................................................................6
The Ugaritic & their derivative alphabets............................................................................................7
The Sanskrit and Old-Persian alphabets...............................................................................................8
The Sanskrit alphabet.......................................................................................................................8
Panini's description for the alphabetical order............................................................................9
The alphabetical segment of the tabular serpentine chart.........................................................10
The Old-Persian alphabet...............................................................................................................11
A theonym Darius.....................................................................................................................12
Summary.............................................................................................................................................13