biobased product

The term "biobased product" means a products are commercial or industrial product (other than
food or feed). Biobased Products are derived from raw materials such as plants and other
renewable agricultural, marine, and forestry materials. Biobased products generally provide an
alternative to conventional petroleum derived products and include a diverse range of offerings
such as lubricants, detergents, inks, fertilizers, and bioplastics. Biobased products do not include
food, feed, or fuel.
Out of any some of the biobased products are discussed below;

Bio-based polymers
Biopolymers are produced by animals, plants, and microorganisms. The most common are
composed of carbohydrates, such as cellulose. Microorganisms such as algae, bacteria,
filamentous fungi, and yeasts can produce different biopolymers, which may vary according to
anomeric configurations, branching points, and molecule backbone. The macromolecular nature
of lignocellulosic byproducts may be explored for the development of biorefineries. The biomass
fractions like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin can be chemically modified for the generation
of several bioproducts. As a result, cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose,
and furfural and phenol resins can be obtained. The ethanol produced in both first- and second-
generation platforms can be dehydrated and polymerized to produce green plastic as an
alternative to petroleum-based products. Moreover, residual starch present in seed materials like
bran-like residues (corn, rice, soybean, and wheat) can be readily hydrolyzed for sugar and
protein, which can further utilized in fermentation processes.

There is a widespread utilization of biopolymers, which permits its application in several sectors,
such as food/feed, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries, for the development of different
high-value products used for cosmetics, buildings, pavement, packing films, and medical, dental,
and drug delivery systems. The biopolymers may also be modified for specific applications.
Processes such as acetylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, and sulfonation can be
effectively used to enhance the properties and bioactivities of biopolymers such as antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiviral properties as well as anticoagulant and
antithrombotic activities Recently, biomedical applications of biopolymers like mushroom
Lentinus edodes glucan (lentinan) have been studied, and the results obtained revealed that these
polymers can act as a cytoprotective agent against the coronavirus disease (COVID- 19),
presenting reduced cytokine-induced NF-κB activation in humanalveolarepithelialA549 cells.. T

Polymers synthetized from biomass, bio-based polymers, are a more sustainable alternative to
conventional polymers traditionally prepared from petroleum, and they constitute a permanent
growing market. Biorefineries are adapted to directly produce such polymers or to provide the
starting monomers for their preparation using traditional routes. Most of the biopolymers are
biodegradable, and in many cases biocompatible, which makes them to be considered as green
polymers.

The microbial biopolymers at the industrial level are produced majorly by bacteria and fungi and
can be obtained in different forms, such as (i) inside the cell, acting as a carbohydrate storage;
(ii) on to the cell wall, acting as a structural and protective layer; and (iii) as an
exopolysaccharide, in capsule, slime, or biofilm. Several factors can influence the production of
biopolymer in a biorefinery: besides the chosen microorganism, physical parameters such as pH,
temperature,
aeration, and fermentation time must be controlled to achieve good production yields. The
medium composition especially carbon and nitrogen sources, as well as micronutrients,
additives, and vitamins, must be judiciously selected to reach maximum productivity. Most of
the production of the industrial biopolymers is elaborated by utilizing glucose or other simple
carbohydrates for fermentation. The agroindustrial biomass is mainly used in the production of
bacterial biopolymers like dextran, curdlan, gellan, and xanthan.

Chitin is a biopolymer that occurs naturally in fungal cell walls and exoskeleton of arthropods.
It is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine. The production of chitin by yeast
Komagataella pastoris was reported by Araújo et al. (2017). In this work, glucose/xylose
mixtures were elaborated, suggesting the utilization of xylose-rich lignocellulosic wastes for the
production of this biopolymer in biorefineries for cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical products.
Chitosan is a modified biopolymer that can be obtained from chitin by the alkali process.
Chitosan is produced from treating chitin with an alkaline compound such as sodium hydroxide.
It contains randomly distributed beta 1-4 bonds between D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-
glucosamine. The production of chitosan by Mucorales fungi was evaluated in a study by Berger
et al. (2018), in which the biopolymer was produced using cornsteep liquor and papaya peel juice
mixtures, achieving maximum concentration of 37.25 mg/g.

The bacterial biopolymers such as PHA polymers can be produced using different bacteria. The
environment-friendly nature of these biopolymers suggests the substitution of conventional
petroleum plastics for the elaboration of several products such as bottles, drug delivery carriers,
films, and medical devices. The PHA polymer can be produced by utilizing the agroindustrial
feedstock aslow-cost fermentation media. Among the various agroindustrial byproducts,
sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, orange peel, and cassava wastewater have been the most
preferably usedSeveral bacterial strains, for example, Bacillus subtilis, Cupriavidus necator,
Haloferax mediterranei, Haloferax halophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas
putida have the ability to produce different types of PHA from a variety of feedstocks .

Nutritional Yeast
Yeasts are generally used in animal feed as nutritional supplements. These microorganisms can
be grown directly for nutrition purposes or as a byproduct of fermentative processes, such as in
ethanol production, which allows their integrated production in biorefineries. The yeast biomass
recovered from bioethanol factories is usually used in several countries as a protein source for
cattle.
For health and nutritional use, such strains must be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under
the conditions of their specific purposes (FDA, 2019). Therefore, yeast strains used in animal
nutrition and the derivate products can be divided into (i)probiotic (live microorganisms) and (ii)
prebiotic (dead or inactivated yeasts, cell wall fragments, cytoplasmic content of autolyzed
yeasts, and also mineral-enriched yeasts). These types of yeasts are briefly discussed below

Single-Cell Protein
Single-cell protein (SCP) includes dried cells of yeast, fungi, algae, and bacteria, which are used
as a protein supplement for both human food and animal feed and can act as an alternative to
conventional protein sources. Each group of microorganisms has specific characteristics, but
yeasts have attracted a considerable attention owing to their certain advantages, for example,
their long history of use in traditional fermentations processes by humanity. Inactivated yeasts
are a valuable source of vitamins and minerals, presenting high protein content, which is about
37–42% of cell dry weight.
The expensive costs of cereals and other supplements, in addition to the high protein
requirements in animal feed, increase the interest in alternative and inexpensive new protein
sources. Microbial protein production is considered a promising method because microorganisms
have fast growth and can use locally agroindustrial byproducts as substrate. However, the
conversion of these feedstock into substrates for fermentative processes requires a previous
biomass pretreatment, necessary to release sugars, proteins, and other compounds required for
yeast growth.

Sugarcane bagasse is a waste of great importance in biorefineries approaches, because their

hemicellulosic and cellulosic hydrolysates, obtained after a pretreatment, are rich in pentose and
hexoses sugars, respectively, which can be fermented by specific microorganisms. In a study of
Candida tropicalis, Magalhães et al. (2018) evaluated the use of sugarcane bagasse
hemicellulosic hydrolysate and obtained 16.97 g/L of yeast biomass containing 60.05% protein.
Similarly, bran (a starchy byproduct generated during grains processing) can be also applied for
SCP production. Xu et al. (2019) compared the use of wheat gluten and soybean protein
enzymatic hydrolysates
for the growth of Saccharomyces pastorianus, achieving cell growth of 9.23 and 9.85 g/L,
respectively. Gaboardi et al. (2018) studied the use of parboiled rice effluent from maceration
tanks for the growth of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii, producing 3.8 g/L of biomass.
Likewise, the production of SCP by solid-state fermentation might be an alternative, conciliating
cell growth with a protein enrichment of some agroindustrial byproducts that are currently used
in animal feed, such as bran and sugarcane bagasse. Wheat bran was used by Yunus et al. (2015)
for the production of Candida utilis and Rhizopus oligosporus biomass under solidstate
fermentation, obtaining a biomass (fermented wheat bran) with high crude protein (41%, dry
weight) and high amino acid content Waste water from the pulping process is another residue
that can be used for the production of SCP by yeasts. Hu et al. (2015) evaluated the use of black
liquor (a lignin fraction obtained from alkali pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass after the
pulping process) for the production of SCP of C. utilis, obtaining 12.6 g/L of biomass and
39.82% total amino acid content.

Mineral-Enriched Yeasts
Mineral enrichment of yeast biomass is a new concept; moreover, the interest in the use of
agroindustrial byproducts as feedstock is increasing along with recent advances in biorefineries.
Yeasts are capable of incorporating high concentrations of minerals into biomolecules and,
therefore, can be applied as carriers for minerals and other compounds essential for health. In
general, minerals consumed from enriched yeasts are more bioavailable and have a low risk of
toxicity besides, their consumption is associated with the benefits of consuming yeast biomass, a
source naturally rich in proteins and biologically active compounds.
Yeasts can be enriched with selenium, iron, copper, and so forth by adding mineral respective
salts into the culture medium, although high concentrations of these compounds can inhibit cell
growth. Selenium is a non-metal with an important antioxidant role, protecting against free
radicals and several diseases. The consumption of Se-enriched yeast biomass has demonstrated
better results in animal health when compared with the consumption of inorganic selenium.

Oleaginous Yeasts
Oleaginous yeasts belong to a group of microorganisms that contain lipid content greater than
20% (dry weight), although some can produce over 60% of their dry mass, primarily in
triglyceride forms. The lipid accumulation by yeasts is directly dependent on medium
composition, requiring nitrogen limitation and generally starting after the end of cell growth until
the depletion of carbon sources,resulting in the conversion of substrate into oils.In general,
unsaturated fatty acids correspond to over 40% of lipid content in yeasts.The common and
abundant fatty acids in oleaginous yeasts are oleic (18:1), stearic (18:0), palmitic (16:0), and
linoleic (18:2) acids, although their concentrations vary according to each substrate and yeast
strain. Owing to their high content and composition, microbial oils are considered good
alternative sources of triglycerides for biodiesel production. Microorganisms have the ability to
accumulate high concentrations of oil and to grow fast and do not require much space to grow;
moreover, they are more resistant to weather changes, when compared with plants. Oleaginous
yeasts also have the ability to grow in various carbon sources, including wastes (Papanikolaou
and Aggelis, 2011), which enables the use of different agroindustrial substrates, such as
lignocellulosic biomass, starchy byproducts. urban wastes, and waste oils. Moreover, the use of
wastes as feedstock does not directly compete with food production and also might be an
alternative treatment for these residues.

Biopigments
Historically, the first substances that were used by humankind with the specific purpose of
giving color to a material (i.e., colorants) were provided by natural sources, such as roots,
berries, and flowers. However, this scenario completely changed at the end of the 19th century,
when the first artificial dye, mauveine, was synthesized. With the development of organic
chemistry, a variety of synthetic dyes have been produced, and the cost of production of such
molecules was greatly reduced, decreasing the need for natural dyes (biopigments) and limiting
their availability on the market. From an economic perspective, biopigments are still less
competitive than synthetic pigments. As an example, the synthetic form of astaxanthin, one of
the most valued carotenoids, is sold for USD 2,500/kg, whereas its natural source costs USD
7,000/kg. The current scenario presents two features that indicate that achieving high levels of
biopigment production associated with lower market costs is imperative: consumer’s demand for
biopigments has been increasing, and in the last decades, a considerable number of synthetic
colorants have been banned as a result of their hazardous effects.
Comparisons between natural pigments and their synthetic counterparts should not only be
limited to their economic aspects, but their biological activities and nutraceutical facets should
also be compared. It is well known that biopigments present a better performance regarding
health properties than their synthetic versions, for example, antioxidant activity and radical
trapping. Biopigments are produced by a variety of plants, but there is also a great number of
microbial species that produce these compounds, such as fungi, yeasts, algae, and bacteria.
Generally, it is considered that microbial synthesis of biopigments is more feasible as compared
with plant especially because of the possibility to achieve high yields in a reduced space and its
independence from seasonal factors. Agroindustrial byproducts have been employed for the
production of biopigments. Byproducts from the coffee industry were successfully applied for
the production of biopigments. Moreira et al. (2018) evaluated the use of coffee husk and pulp
extract as nutrient sources for the production of biopigments using yeast R. mucilaginosa.
Further, it was verified that the produced pigment is carotenoids and that it presented antioxidant
and antimicrobial activities cultural byproducts.
Some carotenigenic yeasts are also remarkable oil producers; therefore, agroindustrial
byproducts can be employed as substrates for the generation of both biopigments and microbial
oil. For instance, microbial oil and carotenoids were obtained simultaneously by oleaginous
yeast.Along with the environmental and economic benefits of biopigment production from
agroindustrial byproducts, it must be highlighted that many of these valuable molecules not only
have coloring property but also present crucial bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, and antitumor activities; free radical scavenging; and antioxidant activity.
Moreover, specific biopigment such as carotenoids can also be used as provitamin A. The
filamentous fungi Monascus has been extensively cultivated both in solid state and in submerged
cultivation systems for the production of biopigments like rubropunctatin and monascorubrin,
which have potential antimicrobial activity, whereas other pigments from this fungus have
displayed anticholesterolemic effects and antitumor activity.

Biosurfactant
BSs are molecules produced by animals (pulmonary surfactants and bile salts), plants
(saponins),and microorganisms that present tensoactive and/or emulsifier properties (Shekhar et
al., 2015). Besides, some studies reported antimicrobial, antitumor, algicidal, larvicidal, and
insecticidal activities for these compounds.Among the natural surfactants, most of the studies are
developed with the microbial BSs, because microorganisms present faster and greater
productivity than do plants. The members of genus such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus have been
recognized as good BS producers, however, owing to their non GRAS status, the BSs produced
by those bacteria have restricted applications, especially in the food and pharmaceutical
industries. On the other hand, yeasts used for BS production have GRAS status and present cell
structures that are more resistant to the secreted BSs in the culture medium when compared with
bacteria, making them more attractive for the industrial production of these metabolites.
Microbial BSs are classified in glycolipids, lipopeptides/lipoproteins, polymerics, phospholipids,
neutral fat acids, and complexes. the most common and applied microbial BSs, mainly in the
food chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, are glycolipids and
lipopeptides/lipoproteins, such as rhamnolipids. The physical, chemical, and biological
properties of BSs facilitate their use in several sectors for different applications. BSs like
glycolipids are usually used as feed additives, food emulsifiers (to replace lecithins, which cause
allergies in many people), drug delivery nanosystems for the treatment of various diseases,
formulations of oral care products, adjuvant agents in vaccines, and biopesticides; for seed
treatment and coating; and in the development of polymers aiming for paint formulations for 3D
printing.
The BS fermentation process generally uses oils and oily byproducts from the food industries
and glycerin from the biodiesel industry as raw materials (Table 5), but byproducts rich in
carbohydrates, such as molasses, are also used in BS production. Generally, the BS fermentation
uses oily (hydrophobic) byproducts combined with sugars or sugary (hydrophilic) byproducts as
carbon sources, as a strategy to increase the yield.