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Sustained uses of land without compatible techno

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Sustained uses of land without compatible techno

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geetsinha.133
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‘Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the

pace of agricultural development.’ Justify.

 Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have


hindered the pace of agricultural development. Inspite of development of
sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still
depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture.

 For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which


provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population, needs some
serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation,
consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were
given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after
Independence. ‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan.

 The right of inheritance had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings


necessitating consolidation of holdings. The laws of land reforms were
enacted but the laws of implementation was lacking or lukewarm. The
Government of India embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to
improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s. The Green Revolution
based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution (Operation
Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian
agriculture. But, this too led to the concentration of development in few
selected areas.

 Therefore, in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development


programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical
reforms. Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and
disease, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for
providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some
important steps in this direction.

 Kissan Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are
some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of
the farmers. Moreover, special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes
for farmers were introduced on the radio and television. The government also
announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and
middlemen.
6. Write a short note on the impact of ‘globalization’ on agriculture.

 The impact of globalization on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times.

 Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India.

 In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place
of food grains, in order to supply dye to Britain's flourishing textile industry. Thus,
globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture.

 Post liberalization, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition
from highly subsidized agriculture of developed nations.

 This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by
improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of
Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming,

Explain any four features of comprehensive land development programme initiated during
1980s and 1990s.
Ans. Comprehensive land development programme included both institutional and technical
reforms. Following reforms were introduced: -
• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease,
• Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan
facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this
direction.
• Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy availability of inputs.
• Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the
Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on
the radio and television.
• The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and
procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by
speculators and middlemen.

How did print help connect communities and people in different parts of India? Explain with
examples.

Print connected communities and people in different parts of India through newspapers, by
encouraging public debates on important issues. New ideas emerged in Sambad Kaumadi
published by Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s from 1821, which provoked debate on widow
immolation, Brahmanical priesthood, idolatry, by printing ideas in every language spoken by
ordinary
people.
In retalitation, Hindu orthrodoxy started Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.
In north India, ulamas fearing colonial rulers will change Muslim personal laws, published
Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures and printed religious newspapers and tracts.

The Deoband Seminary published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to
conduct themselves in their everyday life and explaining Islamic doctrines.
Hindus also published religious texts in Vernacular languages.

Ramcharit Manas of Tulsidas came out in Calcutta in 1810. Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow
and Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in Vernacular
languages.

The religious texts reached a very wide circle of people encouraging discussions, debates
and controversies within and among different religions. Newspapers conveyed news from
one place to another, creating pan-Indian identities.

Thus, print not only stimulated publication of conflicting opinions, it also connected
communities and people in different parts of India.

How did religious communities in India make use of printing technology to spread their
ideas?

Printing helped in spreading the religious texts by different communities in India. From the
early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious issues. In north India,
the ulama were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties. They feared that
colonial rulers would encourage conversion, change the Muslim personal laws.

Hence, the Deoband Seminary, founded in 1867, published thousands of fatwas telling
Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and expained the
doctrines of Islam.

Similarly, among Hindus, too, print encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially in
the vernacular languages.

The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a sixteenth-century text, came
out from Calcutta in 1810. From the 1880s, the Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri
Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernacular languages.

Write in detail about the impact of print culture on Indian women.


(i) Women education : Writers started writing about the lives and feelings of women, and
this increased the number of women readers. Women got interested in education, and many
women schools and colleges were set up. Many journals started emphasising the
importance of women education.
(ii) Women writers : In East Bengal, in the early nineteenth century, Rashsundari Debi, a
young married girl wrote her autobiography, Amar Jiban (means ‘my life’) which was
published in 1876. From the 1860s, many Bengali women writers like Kailashbashini Debi
wrote books highlighting the experiences of women, about how women were imprisoned at
home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labour, and treated unjustly by the
menfolk, they served. In the 1880s, in the present-day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and
Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of the upper-caste
Hindu women, especially the widows. The poor status of women was also expressed by the
Tamil writers.

(iii) Hindu writing and women : While Urdu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi print culture had
developed earlier, Hindu printing began seriously only from the 1870s. Soon, a large section
of it was devoted to the education of women.

(iv) New journals : In the early 20th century, the journals written by women, became very
popular in which women’s education, widowhood, widow remarriage, etc., were discussed.
Some of them offered fashion lessons for women.

(v) Teachings for women : Ram Chaddha published Istri Dharam Vi char to teach women how
to be obedient wives. The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar
message. Many of these were in the form of dialogues about the qualities of a good woman.

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