BASIC LEGAL ENGLISH 2

- CONTRACT LAW
- TORT LAW
- CRIMINAL LAW
- COMPANY LAW
UNIT 1. CAREER IN LAW
 Discuss these questions
1. How long does it take to complete a law degree in your country?
- Normally 4yrs.
2. What are the core (compulsory) subjects which all students must take?
- Constitutional, criminal, civil, philosophy, administrative
3. Which subjects would be part of the core course in every country?
- Constitutional, criminal, civil, administrative
4. What are the job opportunities available for law graduates?
- Lawyer, judge, clerk in court (court registrar), legal advisor, politician, procurator, notary
public (công chứng viên), legal executive, civil servant (công chức), arbitrator (hòa giải
viên), in-house council (pháp chế doanh nghiệp,…
 Reading 1. A career in law
I. Read the text and answer the questions?
1. Criminal law, contract law, tort law, land law, equity and trusts, administrative law,
constitutional law
*equity=fairness
*equity and trusts law: luật công bằng và tín thác

trustor

beneficiary trustee

2. Company law, commercial law, litigation, arbitration

II. T/F
Legal practice (thực hành luật/hành nghề Law practice (practice=firm): công ty/hãng
luật) luật
1. F: family law is an optional course
2. T: paragraph 2
3. F: day-to-day work of a lawyer
4. F: good command of English
III. Collocations
1. Legal: legal writing, legal research, legal practice, legal assistance/legal aid, legal
community; legal document, legal normative document, legal code, legal capacity (năng
lực pháp luật)
2. Law: law degree, law students, law practice, law clinic, law firms; law enforcement, law
faculty, Law Lord, law maker = legislator
IV. Find more collocations
Types of Example from Reading 1
collocations
Adv - Adj Intellectually stimulating and challenging
V – Prep Decide to; work in; decide on; find out; get involved with; go on; lead to
Prep – N In addition
V–N Take courses; become lawyers; take subjects; give opportunities
V- V Go on to become
Adj – N Interesting careers; administrative law; constitutional law; legal writing;
legal research; optional (elective) courses; small partnership; sole
practitioner; small town; housing law; legal practice; voluntary advice
centre; legal assistance; local community; useful introduction; day-to-day
work
N–N Law degree programmes; criminal law; contract law; tort law; land law;
law students; future careers; family law; employment law; law practice;
company law; commercial law; law clinic; commercial practice; law firms

 Reading 2. Course descriptions

- Positive or negative meaning of a word  connotation: sắc thái nghĩa của từ
V. Discuss questions
1. What is the best way to deal with unfamiliar words in a text?
 Try to guess the meaning of the unfamiliar word in the context
2. Which factors might affect the strategy you use:
 Reading purpose
 Intensive or extensive reading
VI. Quickly read, fill in the gaps.
1. Contract law
2. Tort law
3. Criminal law
4. Constitutional law
5. Legal research and writing
VII. Answer questions
1. Introduction to law
 2. Legal research and writing
3. Evidence

 Strict liability: trách nhiệm tuyệt đối  chỉ cần có hành vi như vậy thì chắc chắn sẽ phải
chịu trách nhiệm, không cần biết có lỗi hay không.
 Lying under oath: khai man trước tòa
 Cross-examine: đối chất
 Terminology: ~ legal words
 Legalese: những từ chỉ người trong giới sử dụng
Listening 1: Law courses
1. P
2. P
3. H/P
4. H/P
5. H/P
6. P
Speaking 2: Learning approaches
1. Which of the four skills – reading, writing, listening or speaking – do you find the most
difficult?
 They are all quite hard to me but writing challenges me the most because in legal field, I
need to learn a number of terminology and how to write such as legal consulting letter in the
right formal form.
2. When it comes to learning legal English, which of the two courses discussed by Heidi and
Pavel do you think offers the better approach? Explain the reasons for your choice, using
comparatives and superlatives if possible.
 In my opinion, Pavel’s course gives me a much easier approach to legal English. It provides
many classes covering 4 essential skills reading, writing, listening and speaking. And I can
learn about legal systems not only in Vietnam but also in other countries and it gives me an
opportunity to have a better comparison between those, about their similarities and
differences, the weak and strong points of each. However, as Pavel’s course covers too
much fields that may overwhelm law students, which makes it harder for them to find what
is most important and useful to adapt.
Reading 3: Graduate recruitment programme
1. No, you do not need a law degree but a 2.1 degree in any subject. (minumum qualifications)
2. Pay the full course fees for both GDL and LPC, plus maintenance of… (Sponsorship)
Decide if these students suitable for the Barker Rose Graduate Recuitment Programme
1. Andrea: no because she’s interested in criminal law
 2. Sandip: yeh
3. Meral: no
4. Oren: yes (apply two years before the start of the training course)
Listening 2: Graduate recruitment programme
1.1. T/F/NC
1. F: they will take mid-term soon
2. NC: graduated 8 years ago but not mention degree in what
3. F: other law firms; have yet become partners
4. T: only at the end but feel free to interrupt anytime
5. F: 7 in 1979 to over 60 today; fast growth: commit to offer highest coures…
6. T: compatible with her or his interest
1.2. Answer
1. Rise from 29 -> 36000pounds in second year
2. Firm’s profitibility; hours billed; seniority (thâm niên làm việc))
3. Medical package;Life insurance; retirement plan; voluntary dental insurance
Net income: thu nhập ròng
Gross income: thu nhập thuần
4. 1800 – 2000
5. 7 years
Build rapport: ~ make connection with audience
Text analysis: Structuring a presentation
Speaking 3: Presentation
What your university has to offer potential new undergraduates?
 Hanoi Law Unversity is one of best universities in Vietnam in terms of law. Firstly, Hanoi
Law University has qualified teaching staff with many experienced masters, doctors and
professors. Secondly, it not only offers a variety of courses and programs leading to
offically recognized higher education degrees such as bachelor’s degrees in law field but
also hold moot court as a place for students to experience how it is to be in real court in the
future. Thirdly, students in HLU also have access to a variety of academic and non-
academic facilities and services, including a library and administrative services. It also
provides canteen in case students might get tired during shifts between different classes.
UNIT 2. CONTRACT LAW
- Parties to a/the contract
- Rights and obligations
- Employment/sales/tenancy(thuê)/oral(bằng lời nói)/written + contract
- Contract implied by conduct: hợp đồng hành vi
- Conveyancing contract: hợp đồng chuyển nhượng (land,…)
- Lease: thuê dài hạn (trên 12 tháng) – license: thuê ngắn hạn (dưới 12 tháng)
- Trade union: Tổ chức Công đoàn
Contract: is a voluntary arrangement between two or more parties that is enforceable at law as a
binding legal agreement
- Enforceable ~ recognized by law
- Subject matter: đối tượng (của hợp đồng)
- Legal capacity to contract: năng lực để giao kết hợp đồng (statutory age, sound mind,…)
- The content of contract must comply with the law
Contract law: a body of law which regulates the formation and enforcement of contracts.
- Formation of contract: giao kết hợp đồng
- Form a contract ~ enter into a contract
Reading 1: Contract law
2. An offer must be made and be accepted
In some legal systems, the parties must give (or promise to give) each other something of
value.
3. Get a court to award damages for the breach; specific performance
- Damages = financial compensation: tiền bồi thường hợp đồng
- Specific performance: bắt buộc tiếp tục thực hiện hợp đồng
4. T/F
i. F  in some legal systems
- Consideration: normally in the form of money ~ giá trị trao đổi
- Simple contract: hợp đồng thông thường
- Contract by deed: hợp đồng bằng khế ước
ii. F  an offer must be met with acceptance
- Offeror: who makes an offer
- Offeree: who receives an offer
iii. T  in some jurisdictions, certain types of contracts must be in writing or they are not valid
iv. F 
v. T 
- Assignment = transference: sự chuyển giao
5. Complete sentences
i. Formation
ii. Counter-offer
 iii. Terms
iv. Oral
v. Obligations
vi. Breach
vii. damages
6. Match
i. Make/Accept/Reject + an offer
ii. Breach/Form/Enforce/Negotiate/Make/Perform + a contract
iii. Award/Accept + damages
- Award damages to non-breaching party: phán quyết bồi thường cho bên bị thiệt hại hợp
đồng
iv. File + a lawsuit: khởi kiện
- Take legal action/proceeding:
7. Collocations
8.
Reading 2: Remedies for breach of contract
9. Remedy: the means to achieve justice in any matter in which legal rights are involved
- Civil remedies: compensation + injunction (court order)
- Rescission = cancellation: hủy bỏ hợp đồng
- Damages: bồi thường thiệt hại
- Restitution ~ To have what they gave returned to them: hoàn trả lại
10.
Listening 1:
11. damages vs damage
12. 3/5/6
13. .
- Damages: type of remedies >< Damage: harm or loss
- Liabilities: nợ phải trả >< (legal) liability: năng lực pháp luật (?)
14. .
15. 1/5/6
16. .
17. .
Listening 2:
18.
19. Contract law: formation of contract
i. Agreement/consideration/negotiation/offer/acceptance
ii. Rules of consideration
20.
i. Agreement
 ii. Consideration
iii. Legal
iv. Negotiation
v. Accepted
vi. Price
vii. Communicated
viii. Silence
ix. Price
x. Binding
xi. Consideration
Offer (lời đề nghị giao kết hợp Invitation to treat (lời đề nghị giao
đồng) dịch)
Intent To make other party to accept to invite other party to make an offer
Accepted An agreement is made (legally an offer is made (not legally
binding) binding)
- Postal acceptance rule (indirect communication ~ delay between the time when the offeree
answer the offer and the time when the offeror receives the answer):
- Reception rule (direct communication):
- Repudiation:
- Frustration:
- Arbitration
- Representation:
- Settle dispute: solve problems
21. .
videovocab.tv
 We wanted to settle the dispute out of court to save money.
 I decided to refuse the offer because the price wasn’t right.
 A contract becomes legal immediately after acceptance.
 We celebrated when the judge decided to award us damages.

Reading 3: Contract clause

22. Answer
i. Vessel
ii. Amount of notice needed to be given to the delivery of goods by ship
iii. The buyer – the seller
iv. Probable readiness: the date in which the goods may be possible to transport
v. must
23. buyer must
i. decide the date for the delivery of goods
 ii. notify the seller about the date the goods likely to be available at least two weeks in advance
iii. notify/inform/tell the seller about the approximate quantity to be loaded
seller must:
iv. arrange a port at which the goods is loaded
24. .
Listening 3: Conditions and warrenties (Điều kiện (để hợp đồng có hiệu lực) và Bảo đảm/bảo
hành)
- Strong case: likely-to-win case
- Groung: căn cứ, cơ sở
25. .
i. Drexler.
ii. Drexler breached one the terms: failed to inform ET the date of shipment as agreed so ET
couldn’t place a port for loading goods.
iii. No.
iv. Yes.
v. If the term breached by Drexler was a condition, ET could end the contract.
26. .
i. I don’t understand.  I don’t see how…/I’m sorry, I don’t follow you. What exactlly are
you saying?
ii. Giving an explanation  It’s like this…/in other words…/I’ll try to be a little clearer
27. .
a. 1.c; 2.b; 3.a
b.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
UNIT 3. TORT LAW
Definition of tort  Tort: a wrongful act which causes harm to another person for which the
injured party may request damages. Tort is a civil wrong.
- Tort law: luật bồi thường thiệt hại ngoài hợp đồng. (vì thiệt hại liên quan đến hợp đồng đã
có contract law bao hàm nên tort law không can thiệp)
- System of relief:
1. .
a. 1-b; 2-c; 3-a
b. the injured parties all suffered from physical or emotional loss caused by other party.
2. .
Reading 1: Tort law
https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/books/holmes/claw05.htm
3. Answer the questions
i. What are 2 main objectives of tort law?
 The two main objectives of tort law are to provide relief for the loss or harm
suffered and deter others from committing the same harms.  6th paragraph
ii. What types of loss can be compensated by an award for damages?
 Damage to property, loss of earnings capacity, pain and suffering, and reasonable
medical expenses.  last paragraph.
- Tortfeasor: người gây thiệt hại
- Tortious:
iii. Injunction’s meaning? Use the Glossary if needed.
 Court order which force someone to stop or continue doing something.
iv. A manufacturer produces a dangerous toy train. What category of tort is this?
 Strict liability tort
- Neligence: gây thiệt hại do cẩu thả, không cẩn thận
- Strict liability:
4. 1b: civil wrong;
2e: contractual relations;
3d: injured party; 
4c: fraudulent misrepresentation;  a situation in which someone gives information without
knowing or caring whether or not it is true to deceive others
5f: medical expenses;
6a: monetary damages.
5. .
i. Civil wrong
ii. Injured party
iii. Monetary damages
iv. Medical expenses
 v. Fradulent misrepresentation
vi. Contractual relations
6.
 Assault ≠ Battery
Assault: đe dọa hành hung (có thể đã tác động vật lý hoặc không)
Battery: (đã có) hành hung
 Trespass: direct and possible interference with somebody’s property
To property: to lands – to goods
To the person: assault – battery – false imprisonment (giam giữ trái phép)
Lawful justification = lawful reason
- Three types of torts:
 Intentional torts: when an individual purposely engaged in conduct that causes injury or
damage to another  lỗi cố ý. Eg: trespass; fraudulent mispresentation; defamation (xúc
phạm danh dự, nhân phẩm người khác); nuisance (interfere with others’ rightful
enjoyment of land, không khí?…) ;…
 Negligence: there is a specific code of conduct which every person is expected to follow
and a legal duty of the public to act in a certain way in order to reduce the risk or harm to
others  lỗi vô ý do bất cẩn, cẩu thả. Eg: medical malpractice; traffic accidents; slip and
fall;…
 Strict liability: applies to cases where responsibility for an injury can be imposed on the
wrongdoer without proof of negligence or direct fault  trách nhiệm tuyệt đối (dù lỗi cố
ý hay vô ý vẫn phải chịu trách nhiệm). Eg: product liability (lỗi do sản xuất); animal
attacks; abnormally dangerous activities;…
Tort law Criminal law
Parties involved People vs. defendant Prosecutor (state) vs. defendant
Possible Liable or not Guilty or not
outcomes Liability on the part of the defendant Conviction and punishment
and damages awarded to the
claimant
Standard of proof Preponderance of evidence: chiếm Beyond reasonable doubt
ưu thế về chứng cứ (hơn 50%)
Consequences for Damages Penalty
defendants
Procedural rules Cỉvil Criminal
applied Judgemade – take the legislative
announcement into account
Civil -> common law (tort or contract) + statutory law
Contracting around the
Balance of probabilities:
Reading 2: A case note
7. .
i. CASE – b: information about the parties and the case
ii. FACTS – d: what happened
iii. PROCEDURAL HISTORY – f: how the lower court decided
iv. LEGAL ISSUE – a: relevant point of law
v. RULING – c: what the court decided
vi. REASONING – e: why the court came to that decision
8. .
i. The name of the case is Palsgraf v. The Long Island Railroad Company
ii. The Long Island Railroad Company
iii. Palsgraf
iv. The defendant is alleged to have directly caused the injury suffered by the plaintiff.
Vicarious liability: trách nhiệm thay thế
9. .
i. The lower court found for the plaintiff.
- Find for = make a judgement in favor of
ii. The appellete court affirmed the judgement of the lower court.
iii. The explosion of the fireworks – an act which could not have been foreseen.
- Proximate = direct = immediate: trực tiếp
To hold a party or parties liable for injuries, 4 things must be proven:
 The party had a duty to act reasonably according to the circumstances.
 The party breached the duty.
 The party’s breach of duty caused you to be harmed.
 You suffered harm when the party breached its duty of care.
10. .
11. .
i. The person who brings an action in a court of law is called the plaintiff/claimant.
ii. The person against whom an action is brought in a court of law is known as the
defendant.
iii. When a case is decided in favour of a certain party, the court finds for that party.
iv. To bring a case before a higher court so that it can review the decision of a lower court
is to appeal a case.
v. A court which hears appeals from lower courts is called an Appellete Court or a Court
of Appeal.
vi. When a court states that a judgement of a lower court is true, it affirms that judgement.
vii. When a court changes the judgement of a lower court to its opposite, it reverses that
judgement.
 12..
13. .
Listening 1: Frivolous lawsuits
- Frivolous: not having a serious purpose  hão huyền, viển vông, không có gì nghiêm túc
- Frivolous lawsuits: lawsuits or cases having no chance of wining – a dispute in court that
has little chance of success as it lacks merit in law and fact.
Compensatory damages Punitive damages
The amount of money awarded to the injured The amount of money awarded to an injured
party in an amount equivalent to the financial person, over and above the measurable value
value of his injury. of the injury, in order to punish the tortfeasor.
Eg. Pay for medical bills or lost wages Eg. In the case of fraud.
Awarded to compensate the injured party Awarded to punish the wrongdoer

14. .
- Gross negligence = serious lack of care
15. .
i. .
ii. Bought – very bad burn – third-degree burns from spilled coffee – treatment 2 years –
20000 but only 800
iii. Because they most likely thought that the claimant could not win the case, as in other
cases the courts had ruled that coffee burns were an open and obvious danger.
iv. Compensatory damages:
16. .
i. Settlement
ii.
iii. Found for
iv. Damages
v. Punitive
vi.
17. .
LAW IN PRACTICE
Reading 3: The Kent Law Clinic
- Curriculum: chương trình giảng dạy
- Law clinic: Trung tâm tư vấn pháp luật
18. .
i. Undergraduate law students and qualified lawyers  “…all legal work done being
done by law students under the supervision of qualified lawyers.”
ii. No  “The clinic offers free legal advice to its clients…”
 iii. Interviewing, negotiating and advocacy  “such as interviewing, negotiating and
advocacy.”
19. .
i. A court or assemly with judicial (or quasi-judicial) functions  Tribunal
- Quasi-judicial = semi-judicial: bán/nửa …
ii. Someone who represents himself or herself without a lawyer in court  Litigant(s)-
in-person or pro se (US)
iii. When a lawyer acts on someone’s behalf during proceedings  Advocacy
20. .
Listening 2: Student lawyer – client intervie
21. .
i. Laptop
ii. One of the pixel burned out on screen – Annoying red dot on the screen
iii. Under guarantee, 7 pixels need to be burned out before the laptop would be replaced
iv. …
22. .
i. Threaten to write as many mailing lists as possible to tell people not to buy any
product from their store
ii. Stood outside the shop – told exactly what happended – told everyone not to buy –
“their products are rubbish”
iii. Threaten to sue Charles for defamation that he was trying to ruin their business or he
had to sign a retraction
- Retraction = withdraw of a statement: rút lại lời đã nói
23. .
24. .
25. .
26. .
27. .
28. .
Reading 4: Letter threatening legal action
- In a state of some excitement: trong tình trạng bị kích động
29. .
i. Defamatory  damaging someone’s reputation by saying or writing bad things
about them that are not true
ii. Sign and return the enclosed retraction by 15 December 2008.
30. .
-
31. .
32.
i. Tort
ii. Statement
iii. Libel: the publication of false and malicious statements or pictures that cause injury
to another person (permanent)
iv. Slander: the use of spoken words to harm someone’s reputation
UNIT 4. CRIMINAL LAW
1. .
- Crime: a crime is any act, or omission of an act, in violation of a public law
- White-collar crime: crimes committed by the office employees, salaried professionals
- Armed robbery: taking the property of another with the intent to permanently deprive the
person of that property, by means of force or fear  cướp có vũ trang
o Deprive sb of sth: tước đoạt, cướp đoạt cái gì từ ai
- Battery: occurs when one person intentionally hurt body…  hành hung gây hại sức khỏe
người khác
- Bribery: to make other do smth for you by giving them money, presents,…  hối lộ
- Arson: start a fire to destroy smth, ussually building  phóng hỏa
- Domestic violence: violence takes place within a household  bạo lực gia đình
- Intimate partner viollence: between romatic
- Burglary: break and enter  đột nhập và cướp của
- Drug trafficking: a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution
and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws  mua bán, sản xuất ma
túy
o Trafficker:
- Drunking driving: the act of driving a vehicle under the influence of alcohol
- Embezzlement: fraudulent taking of personal property by someone to whom it was
entrusted. The person who embezzles is in lawful possession of the money or property… 
tham ô, biển thủ
- Extortion: the gaining of money or property by almost any kind of force or threat of
violence,…
o Blackmailing: a special type of extortion
- Murder: intentional killing that unlawful and committed with “malice aforethought”  giết
người
- Insider trading/dealing: purchasing or selling a security while in possession of material,
non-public information concerning that security, where the information is obtained from a
breach of fiduciary duty, or a duty arising from a relationship of trust or confidence  giao
dịch nội gián (thường liên quan đến giao dịch chứng khoán)
o Fiduciary duty: trách nhiệm của người được ủy thác (trách nhiệm cao nhất)
- Joyriding:
- Kidnapping: taking of a person against his/her will from one ot another place under
circumstances in which the person so taken does not have freedom of movement, will, or
decision through violence, force, threat or intimidation  bắt cóc
- Shoplifting:
 - Tax evasion: using illegal means to avoid paying taxes; tax evasion schemes involve an
individual or corporation misrepresenting their income to the Internal Revenue Service.
Misrepresentation may take the form editor from…  trốn thuế, lậu thuế
o But tax avoidance is legal.  tax avoidance: tránh thuế
- Stalking: wilfully and repeatedly engages in a knowing course of harassing…  theo dõi
- Money landering: the process of disguising the proceeds of crime and integrating it into the
legitimate financial system  rửa tiền; các giai đoạn rửa tiền: placement  laudering…
o Proceeds of crime: tiền kiếm được bằng cách phạm pháp
- Forgery:  làm giả, giả mạo
- Fraud: wilfull deception of comeone for the purpose of mone…  lừa đảo
2. White-collar crimes: embezzlement, fraud, insider dealing, money laudering, tax evasion
Reading 1: Criminal law
3. .
i. Criminal law involves the state and a person, and prosecution is initiated by the state
while civil law involves private individuals and organisations and the victim is the
one who brings the suit.
ii. Offences against the person; offences against property, public-order crimes and
business/corporate crimes.
Offences against the Offences against Public-order Business crimes
person property crimes
- Assault - Vandalism - Drug - Fraud
- Battery - Burgalary trafficking - Forgery
- Domestic - Larceny - Prostitution - Bribery
violence - Theft - Adultery: - Embezzlement
- Manslaughter - Arson having an - Money
- Homicide - Joyriding afair (ngoại laudering
- Rape - Shoplifting tình) - Insider dealing
- Stalking - Pornography
- Drunk driving

iii. The burden of proof is often on the prosecutor to persuade the trier that the accused is
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of every element of the crime charged. If the
prosecutor fails to prove this, a verdict of not guilty is rendered.
In civil cases, the claimant generally needs to show a defendant is liable on the
balance of probabilities.
Beyond reasonable doubt: (chứng minh có tội) vuợt qua mọi nghi ngờ có căn cứ
Balance of probabilities/preponderance of the evidence: sự chiếm ưu thế về chứng
cứ
iv. Felonies are more serious offences, and misdemeanours are less serious offences.
 Yes, it divides criminal offences into 4 levels based on their gravity, from least to
most dangerous one are less serious crimes, serious crimes, very serious crimes and
extremely serious crimes.
Gravity = seriousness: mức độ nghiêm trọng.
4. 1-d: commit a crime;
2-f: resolve a dispute
3-a: bring a suit
4-c: render a verdict
5-b: sentence an offender
6-e: suspend a sentence 
Suspend a sentene: án treo (thường đối với án tù)
Convict = find sb guilty of a crime
5. .
- An offender: commits a crime.
- A victim: brings a suit.
- A lawyer: resolves a dispute, brings a suit
- The court: resolves a dispute, renders a verdict, sentences an offender, suspends a
sentence
- A judge: resolves a dispute, renders a verdict, sentences an offender, suspends a
sentence
6. A crime is a wrong committed against society and requires criminal act (actus reus) and
criminal intent (mens rea); a tort is a wrong committed against an individual and does not
require criminal intent.
7. .
i. Is committed
ii. Is punished
iii. Is put
iv. Is fined
v. Is commited
vi. Was caused
vii. Are tried
viii. Is brought
ix. Is resolved
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
Key terms 1: Punishments
12. .
 1-d: execution  being killed
2-f: community service order  performing unpaid work
3-a: imprisonment  being put in prison
4-e: put on parole  being released before their prison sentence is finished: thả trước thời
hạn
5-b: put on probation  behaving well and not committing any more crimes in order not to
be sent in prison
6-c: fine  paying an amount of money as a punishment.
13. .
Listening 1: White-collar crime in the 21st century
14. He thinks that the white-collar crime is more serious than violent street crime (armed
robbery, battery, homicide,…).  “white-collar crimes in terms of its victims and
devastating effects on victims rank righ up there among those most heinous street crimes.
15. .
i. New technology has led to a decrease in white-collar crime.  F: gives white-collar
crime opportunity to increase greatly
Cybercrime is catogorized as white-collar crime.
ii. Street crime is generally punished more harshly than white-collar crime.  F: it used
to be but as street criminals became white-collar criminals to have less risk.
iii. Increasingly, white-collar crime is committed by employess high up in the corporate
hierarchy.  T
High up in: hold high position
iv. The number of people who are victims of white-collar crime is significant.  T
v. White-collar crime has had little effect on the US economy.  F: investing and slow
recovery of the economy.
16. .
i. The internationalisation of the economy has led to more opportunities for white-collar
crime.
ii. While violent crime frequently
17. .
18. .
Reading 2: White-collar crime: insider dealing and market abuse
- Securities: công cụ mà các công ty doanh nghiệp sử dụng để thu hút vốn đầu tư 
chứng khoán
- Insider dealing: the act of tradinng in securities by people who have confidential
information about a company’s finances or operations.
19. .
i. A former Pricewaterhouse audit manager
Audit manager: trưởng phòng kiểm toán
 ii. Committing market abuse
iii. The company intended to sell its electrical division
iv. 3,750 euros.
20. .
i. F  it was heard before the Financial Services and Markets Tribunal
ii. F  he was fined E10,000 for his crime
iii. F  the defendant was partially responsible for the audit of the company. In
particular, he remained responsible for planning staff to work on Delta.
iv. T  had reason to know about the sale’s process because of ít impact on resource
planning. At the end of November 2002, Mr Mohammed was aware that the sale
process was ongoing and was getting close to agreement.
21. .
i. Secret information  confidential
ii. To buy shares  purchase/merge and acquisition
iii. Suggested deal  proposed
iv. The tribunal decided  upheld
v. Marker abuse laws  provisions
22. .
LAW IN PRACTICE
23.
 How would you define identity theft?  A crime in which an imposter obtains key
pieces of personal identifying information (PII), e.g: social security number, driver’s
license numbers, and use them for their own gain.
 What are some examples of identity theft?  Credit – card fraud, baking and financial
fraud, government documents fraud.
 How can ID theft start?  it can start with lost or stolen wallets, stolen mail, a data
breach,…
24. .
i. Bin raiding  f: looking through rubbish for bills or other paper containing detailed
information
ii. Skimming (lấy cắp dữ liệu thông qua máy quẹt thẻ hoặc công cụ tương tự)  a:
stealing credit/debit card numbers by using a special storage device when processing
cards (often in order to make illegal copies)
iii. Phishing  d: pretending to be a financial institution or company and sending spam or
pop-up messages to get people to reveal personal information
iv. Changing addresses  e: sending someone’s billing statements to another location by
completing a change of address form
v. Stealing  c: taking wallets, mail and other items containing personal information
without permission
 vi. Pretexting  b: fraudulently gaining access to personal information from financial
institutions, telephone companies and other sources
25.
Listening 2: Podcasts.
- Vigilant (adj): 1-b: be very careful and alert to potential problems occuring
- Fraudster (N): 2-h: a person who commits fraud
- Credit report (np): 3-e: a document produced by bank or credit rating agency
- Dupe sb into doing sth (vp): 4-g: use sb in a way that makes them look stupid/to
deceive sb to doing sth
- Con sb out of money (vp): 5-f: use tricks to get sb to give you the money
- Social security number (np): 6-i: a number which identifies you when you pay social
security (a type of tax) annd claim social security benefits
- Credit reference agency (np): tổ chức đánh giá tín dụng 7-d: an organization which
provides an individual or business’ credit-worthiness
- Commission sb to do sth (vp): 8-c: pay sb to do sth on your behalf
- Sort code (np): mã chi nhánh (ngân hàng) 9-a: a number identifying the bank and
branch where your account is held
- Encryption key (np): bộ mã hóa 10-j: a random string of bits created explicitly for
scrambling and unscrambling data
26. .
i. The first clip: changing address
ii. The second clip: phishing
iii. The third clip: stealing
iv. The fourth clip: bin raiding
27. .
i. Cause criminals may have bills and bank statements are sent to an address other
than the victim’s.
ii. Verify your identity before issuing credit in your name.
iii. Creating look-alike websites of banks or other financial institutions as duping
people to visit them and provide information
iv. If customer’s negligence were a contributory factor
v. The banks say they will never send email asked for confidential information but
some just do that.
28.
UNIT 5. COMPANY LAW
- Business: a legally recognized organizational entity designed to provide goods and/or
services to consumers.
- Company: the general word for a business with a number of employees and managers
- Firm: the general word for a business that provides a professional service. The word is
often combined with other words.
- Enterprise: the same as company or firm
- Sole trader/proprietor: a self-employed person who owns and runs their own business
as an individual
- Partnership: a formal arrangement by 2 or more parties to manage a business and sharre
its profits
- Legal entity: an organization having under the law rights and responsibilities and
especially the capacity to sue and be sued
- Business lifecycle: the progression of a business in phrases over time and is most
commonlt divided into four stages: launch, growth, maturity and decline.
- VAT (value added tax): a consumption tax that is levied on a product repeatedly at
every point of sale at which value has been added
- Founder: the person establishes an institution or a company
- Board of directors:
Private enterprise No legal personality
Partnership 2 – 50 (nominal partner – thành viên hợp danh)
Sleeping parter: thành viên góp vốn (không
giới hạn số lượng)
General partership  Sole trader
Limited liability partnership  limited liability
company
Joint-stock company (JSC): Công ty cổ At least 3 founders.
phần Raising capital/capitalizing by selling shares
Limited liability company (LLC) 2 types: single-member and multi-member
- Form = incorporate
What is company law?  A body of law that deals with formation, operation and closing of
companies.
What aspects of company law have you studied/will you study?
1.
Reading 1: Company law
2. T/F
a. .
i. T  a company is a group of member which is treated as a legal person, with a
separate identity from its shareholding members
 ii.T  it can own property, enter into contracts, sue others and be sued
iii.T  a certificate of incorporation is issued once the company’s constitutional
documents and statutory forms have been filed.
iv. F  the memorandum of association states the principle object of the company
- Charter: Điều lệ
- Charter capital: Vốn điều lệ
b. Main differences between sole proprietor, a partnership and a publicly listed
company?
Sole proprietor Partnership Publicly listed company
Owned by a single individual Profits and liabilities are Able to sell its shares to the
who earns all the profits and shared between the partners, public and whose directors
assumes all the liabilites who between them own the and shareholders are not
business personally liable for the
company’s losses beyond their
own investments in the form
of shares
Key terms 1:
3. .
Reading 2: Course in company law
4. Tick
i. Formation of a company in accordance with regulations  corporate governance
fundamental changes to the structure of a company
A company’s dealings with other entities and institutions
ii.
1;3;4;7

- Stateholder:
- Internal stateholder:  shareholder; employee
- External stateholder = non-afiliated stateholder:  investor; creditors (banks; financial
institutions); suppliers; customers
5. Match
i. 1-c: inter alia  among other things
ii. 2-a: funding 
iii. 3-e: winding up = dissolving
- Liquidation: winding up and selling assets to repay the debts
iv. 4-d: business vehicle
v. 5-b: directors’ duties
vi. 6-f: memorandum and articles
6. .
7. .
 Listening 1:
8. .
- Shortfall: the difference between what is owned and what can be repaid
- A pass-through entity: A US business, such as sole proprietorship, partnership or LLC, that pays
no tax itself but rather the owners pay tax on the company’s profits as part of their personal tax
 doanh nghiệp thực hiện thuế một lần (để tránh trường hợp thực hiện nghĩa vụ thuế ở mức độ
doanh nghiệp rồi lại phải thực hiện nghĩa vụ thuế trên thu nhập cá nhân của chủ sở hữu từ lợi
nhuận doanh nghiệp đã đóng thuế)
- Dividend: cổ tức
- C Corporation:  traditional corporation: công ty truyền thống (chịu thuế 2 lần)/Công ty tiểu
chương C (quy định trong chương C của …)
- S Corporation:  pass-through entity
- A tax election: a formal decision made by the owner of a US LLC to become an S corporation
a. The professor discusses both advantages and disadvantages of corporations.
b. .
i. Its owners are not personally liable for the debts and liabilities of the corporation
ii. Double taxation
iii. Choose to become a pass-through entity
9. .
a. 5 advantages and 3 disadvantages
b. .
c. Complete the notes
i. . debts
ii. . savings
iii. . life
iv. . money
A corporation has more avenues to raise money.
- Share/stock
- Ordinary share/common stock
v. . transfer
vi. . cost
vii. . fomalities
viii. . tax
10. .
11. .
12. .
LAW IN PRACTICE
Reading 3: Breach of Companies Act 2006