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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

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Maxenne Nazareno
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11 views

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Uploaded by

Maxenne Nazareno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inductive and Deductive

Reasoning
Objective:

The learners will be able to use inductive or deductive


reasoning in an argument.
is the act of thinking about
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 something in a logical and
sensible way.
reasoning from specific
𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈
cases to more general,
Informal logic but uncertain,
conclusions.

a type of reasoning that forms a conclusion


based on the examination of specific
examples. The conclusion drawn is called a
conjecture.
reasoning from general
premises, which are
𝑫𝒆𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈
Formal logic
known or presumed to be
known, to more specific,
certain conclusions.

it is a process of using facts, rules,


definitions, or properties to reach a
valid conclusion.
Examples

Every quiz has been easy. Inductive


Therefore, the test will be Reasoning
easy.

All men are mortal. Gerry is a Deductive


man. Therefore, Gerry is Reasoning
mortal.

The last Mayor was honest.


Inductive
The current Mayor is honest.
Reasoning
All Mayor is honest.
Examples

Mr. Friolo used Powerpoint


presentation in his class Inductive
today. Therefore, he will Reasoning
Powerpoint presentation
tomorrow.

It is raining hard today. Inductive


Therefore, It will rain Reasoning
tomorrow.
Examples

Teachers use laptops in his


class, Mr. Palaran is a Deductive
teacher. Therefore, Mr. Reasoning
Palaran use laptop in his
class.

All cats are mammals. Tiger Deductive


is a cat. Therefore, Tiger is a Reasoning
mammal.
𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝟐
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆: 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓. (𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒚)
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔: 𝒙 = 𝟐, , 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
Another example
Premise 1: The defendant has no alibi for the night of the theft.
Premise 2: The stolen goods were found in the defendant’s possession.
Premise 3: Two witnesses have identified the defendant as the thief.
Conclusion: The defendant is guilty of theft.

Your task
Decide whether the above argument is inductive or deductive. Inductive
If it is inductive, decide whether it is weak or strong. Strong
Prove that this statement is true
All right angles are congruent.
is a specific case in which a statement
𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 is false. One counterexample is enough
to prove that a statement is false.
Provide a counterexample to each of the following statement.
Provide a counterexample to each of the following statement.

There are 5 odd numbers less than 10. Each of this number is prime.

If a number is between 12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 102 , then its square root is between 1


and 10. Why is this statement false?

For every real number x, 𝑥 + 1 2 = 𝑥2 + 1


Testing and making a conjecture

Numbers such as 3, 4, and 5 are called consecutive integers. Make and test a
conjecture about the sum of any three consecutive integers.

Step 1: Find a pattern using a few groups of small numbers


3 + 4 + 5 = 12 = 4(3)
10 + 11 + 12 = 33 = 11(3)
7 + 8 + 9 = 24 = 8(3)
16 + 17 + 18 = 51 = 17(3)
Testing and making a conjecture

Numbers such as 3, 4, and 5 are called consecutive integers. Make and test a
conjecture about the sum of any three consecutive integers.

Step 2: make a conjecture

Conjecture: the sum of any three consecutive integers is three times the second
number.
Testing and making a conjecture

Numbers such as 3, 4, and 5 are called consecutive integers. Make and test a
conjecture about the sum of any three consecutive integers.

Step 3: test your conjecture using other numbers.


Activity:

1. Make and test a conjecture about the sign of the product of any three
negative integers.
2. Make and test a conjecture about the sum of any five consecutive integers.

3. Find a counterexample: The value of 𝑥 2 is always greater than the value of x.


4. Find a counterexample: The sum of two numbers is always greater than their
difference.
5. Find a counterexample: All numbers that end in 1 are prime numbers.
6. If n is a whole number, then 𝑛2 > 𝑛
Write a conclusion of the statements below and determine if it shows deductive or
inductive reasoning. Draw a heart for deductive reasoning and a triangle for
inductive reasoning.

Therefore, rose is beautiful. Heart

Therefore, all grandfather is bald. Triangle

Everyone who leaves at 7AM is


Triangle
always on time.
Therefore, all chairs are red. Triangle
Therefore, Misty purrs. Heart
Therefore, all those from Zamboanga
Triangle
speaks Chavacano.
Therefore, all basketball players Triangle
weighs over 170 pounds.
A=C Heart
Therefore, dolphins have kidneys. Heart

Therefore, Chubs has keen sense of Heart


smell.
THANK YOU
and
GOD BLESS

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