GEC 104 –

Mathematics in the
Modern World

Prepared by:
Engr. Ahrren R. Reyes
Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.1 Categorical Frequency Distribution

Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.2 Grouped Frequency Distribution

Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.3.1 Measures of Central Tendency

(For Ungrouped Data)
Introduction
Measures of Central Tendency
 Measures of central tendency are summary
measures that describe the "center" of the data set,
it is the value that represents all of the observations
in the data set.
 In common terms, measures of central tendency are
referred to as averages. The three common
measures of central tendency are mean, median,
and mode.
Measures of Central Tendency
 1.) Mean - The mean is the average of a given data
set that is known by just about everyone. There are
different types of means that are calculated in
descriptive statistics, such as arithmetic mean,
weighted mean, and geometric mean.
Formula:
Population Mean:

Sample Mean:
Measures of Central Tendency
Example:
1.) The following measurements were recorded for the
drying time, in hours, of a certain brand of latex paint.
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6

2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8

4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8

Assume that the measurements are a simple random

sample. Calculate the sample mean for these data.
Measures of Central Tendency
Solution: =(3.4+2.8+4.4+2.5+3.3+4.0+4.8+5.6+5.2+2.9+3.7+3.0+3.6+2.8+4.8)/15
Given: = 56.8/15
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6 = 3.7867 hrs
2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8

4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8

Formula:
Measures of Central Tendency
 2.) Median - The median is the literal center of the
data set. It is the value that divides the data set into
two equal parts, with one side having values less
than the median, and the other side having values
greater than the median.
Formula:
Measures of Central Tendency
Example:
1.) The following measurements were recorded for the
drying time, in hours, of a certain brand of latex paint.
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6

2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8

4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8

Assume that the measurements are a simple random

sample. Calculate the median for these data.
Measures of Central Tendency
If no. of data is in even no.:
Solution: 2.5 2.5

Given: 2.8 2.8

2.8 2.8
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6 2.9 2.9
3 3
2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8
3.3 3.3
4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8 3.4 3.4
3.6 hrs (Median) 3.6
(3.6+3.7)/2 3.65 hr (Median)
3.7
3.7
4
4
4.4
4.4
4.8
4.8 4.8
4.8 5.2
5.2 5.6
5.6 5.7
Measures of Central Tendency
 3.) Mode - The mode is the most commonly
occurring value among the observations in a given
data set.
There are data sets that have one (unimodal data
sets) or two (bimodal data sets) modes. There are
also data sets with no mode; these may have
different values altogether for each observation, or
there may be values that have the same frequency
or number of occurrences (i.e., all of the
observations are "considered" as modes).
Measures of Central Tendency
Example:
1.) The following measurements were recorded for the
drying time, in hours, of a certain brand of latex paint.
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6

2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8

4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8

Assume that the measurements are a simple random

sample. Calculate the mode for these data.
Measures of Central Tendency
Solution: 2.5
Mode= 2.8 hr & 4.8 hr
Given: 2.8
2.8
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6 2.9
2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8 3
3.3
4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8 3.4
3.6
3.7
4
4.4
4.8
4.8
5.2
5.6
Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.3.2 Measures of Central Tendency

(For Grouped Data)
Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.4.1 Measures of Dispersion/Variation

(For Ungrouped Data)
Measures of Dispersion
 1.) Range - The range is the difference between
the largest and the smallest observation values of
a data set. This is the simplest measure of
variability.
Formula:
Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value
Measures of Dispersion
 2.) Variance and Standard Deviation - The
variance is defined as the average squared
difference of each observation from the mean, while
the standard deviation is the principal square root of
the variance.
Formula:
Population Variance: Population Standard Deviation:

Sample Variance: Sample Standard Deviation :

Measures of Dispersion
 3.) Coefficient of Variation- The coefficient of
variation is commonly used in comparing two or
more data sets, even with different means and
standard deviations.
Formula:

Population CV:

Sample CV:
Measures of Dispersion
Example:
1.) The following measurements were recorded for the
drying time, in hours, of a certain brand of latex paint.
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6

2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8

4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8

Assume that the measurements are a simple random

sample. Compute the range, sample variance, sample
standard deviation, and coefficient of variation.
Measures of Dispersion
Given: Formula:
3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6 a.) Range =Maximum Value – Minimum Value
2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8 b.) Sample variance:
c.) Sample standard deviation:
4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8
d.) Coefficient of variation

Required: Solution:
a.) Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value
a.) Range
b.) Sample variance Range = 5.6 – 2.5
c.) Sample standard deviation Range = 3.1 hr
d.) Coefficient of variation
Measures of Dispersion
Solution: x x-mean (x-mean)^2
b.) Sample Variance 3.4 -0.3867 0.1495
2.8 -0.9867 0.9736

3.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 3.6 4.4 0.6133 0.3761

2.5 -1.2867 1.6556
2.8 3.3 5.6 3.7 2.8
3.3 -0.4867 0.2369
4.4 4.0 5.2 3.0 4.8
4 0.2133 0.0455
4.8 1.0133 1.0268
5.6 1.8133 3.2881
5.2 1.4133 1.9974
2.9 -0.8867 0.7862
3.7 -0.0867 0.0075
13.1973/(15-1)
3 -0.7867 0.6189
3.6 -0.1867 0.0349
0.9427 2.8 -0.9867 0.9736
4.8 1.0133 1.0268

TOTAL 13.1973
Measures of Dispersion
Solution:
c.) Sample Standard Deviation d.) Coefficient of variation

s = 0.9709

CV = 0.2564
CV = 25.64%
Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.4.2 Measures of Dispersion/Variation

(For Grouped Data)
Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.5.1 Measures of Position

(For Ungrouped Data)
Measures of Position
 1.) Quartiles- Quartiles divide the observation values, in ordered
form(from least to greatest value) into four equal parts. A dataset
has three quartiles.
 The first quartile (Q1) is the value at which 25% of the
observation values are less than or equal to it (or at which75%
of the observation values are greater than or equal to it).
 The second quartile (Q2) is the value at which 50% of the
observation values are less than or equal to it.
 The third quartile (Q3) is the value at which 75% of the
observation values are less than or equal to it (or at which25%
of the observation values are greater than or equal to it).
Measures of Position
 1.) Quartiles- Quartiles divide the observation values, in ordered
form(from least to greatest value) into four equal parts. A dataset
has three quartiles.
Measures of Position
 2.) Deciles- Similar to quartiles, but deciles divide
the observations into ten equal parts. A data set has
nine deciles.
Measures of Position
 3.) Percentiles - It divides the observations into 100
equal parts. This is the most common measure of
position used. A data has 99 percentiles.
Formula:

P
LP=(n+1)( 100 )
Measures of Position
 Example: Table below are the commissions earned in December
2022 by a sample of 15 brokers in an investment company that
offers financial and investment advisory and online trading, among
others. Find the median, 1st Quartile and 3rd Quartile.
101,900.00 87,900.00 86,050.00 81,850.00 104,850.00

102,350.00 110,250.00 89,350.00 114,350.00 97,000.00

115,550.00 102,700.00 120,300.00 73,550.00 73,000.00

Given: Formula: Solution:
n=15
a.) L50=(15+1)(50/100)=8
Required:
a.) Median = L50
b.) Q1=L25=(15+1)(25/100)=4
b.) Q1= L50 c.) Q3=L75=(15+1)(75/100)=12
c.) Q3= L75
Measures of Position
 Example: Table below are the commissions earned in December
2022 by a sample of 15 brokers in an investment company that
offers financial and investment advisory and online trading, among
others. Find the median, 1st Quartile and 3rd Quartile.
73,000.00
101,900.00 87,900.00 86,050.00 81,850.00 104,850.00 73,550.00
81,850.00
86,050.00
102,350.00 110,250.00 89,350.00 114,350.00 97,000.00 87,900.00
89,350.00
115,550.00 102,700.00 120,300.00 73,550.00 73,000.00 97,000.00
101,900.00
102,350.00
Given: Formula: Solution:
102,700.00
n=15
104,850.00
a.) L50=(15+1)(50/100)=8 110,250.00
Required:
a.) Median = L50
b.) Q1=L25=(15+1)(25/100)=4 114,350.00
b.) Q1= L50 c.) Q3=L75=(15+1)(75/100)=12 115,550.00
c.) Q3= L75 120,300.00
Measures of Position
 Example: Table below are the commissions earned in December
2022 by a sample of 15 brokers in an investment company that
offers financial and investment advisory and online trading, among
others. Find the median, 1st Quartile and 3rd Quartile.
73,000.00
101,900.00 87,900.00 86,050.00 81,850.00 104,850.00 73,550.00
81,850.00
86,050.00
102,350.00 110,250.00 89,350.00 114,350.00 97,000.00 87,900.00
89,350.00
115,550.00 102,700.00 120,300.00 73,550.00 73,000.00 97,000.00
101,900.00
102,350.00
Given: Formula: Solution:
102,700.00
n=15
104,850.00
a.) L65=(15+1)(65/100)=10.4 110,250.00
Required:
a.) L65
(Therefore we need to do 114,350.00
interpolation) 115,550.00
120,300.00
Interpolation y x
1 73,000.00
2 73,550.00
3 81,850.00
4 86,050.00
5 87,900.00
6 89,350.00
7 97,000.00
8 101,900.00
9 102,350.00
Y1=10 X1=102,700.00
Y=10.4 X=103,560.00
Y2=11 X2=104,850.00

1290=104850-x 12 110,250.00
13 114,350.00
X=104850-1290 14 115,550.00
X=103,560 15 120,300.00
Measures of Position
 Example: Table below are the commissions earned in December
2022 by a sample of 15 brokers in an investment company that
offers financial and investment advisory and online trading, among
others. Find the median, 1st Quartile and 3rd Quartile.
73,000.00
101,900.00 87,900.00 86,050.00 81,850.00 104,850.00 73,550.00
81,850.00
86,050.00
102,350.00 110,250.00 89,350.00 114,350.00 97,000.00 87,900.00
89,350.00
115,550.00 102,700.00 120,300.00 73,550.00 73,000.00 97,000.00
101,900.00
102,350.00
Given: Formula: Solution:
102,700.00
n=15
104,850.00
a.) L80=(15+1)(80/100)=12.8 110,250.00
Required:
a.) D8=L80
(Therefore we need to do 114,350.00
interpolation) 115,550.00
120,300.00
Module 3: Mathematics as a Tool

3.5.2 Measures of Position

(For Grouped Data)
 Thank You

Proverbs 3:5-6
5 Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not

on your own understanding; 6 in all your ways

submit to him, and he will make your
paths straight.