Table of Contents

1.1 Student's Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)................................3

1.2 History of SIWES............................................................................................3
1.3 Aims and Objectives of SIWES......................................................................4
1.4 Brief History of radio......................................................................................5
1.5 Radio broadcasting in Nigeria before independence.......................................5
1.5.1 First radio station in Nigeria............................................................................6
1.6 Radio broadcasting in Nigeria after independence.........................................6
1.7 Brief History Of Sawaba FM Radio, 104.9 MHz Hadejia..............................7
1.8 Objectives, Vision and Mission of Sawaba FM Radio Station.......................8
1.9 Organizational Structure of the Radio Station (Organogram..........................9
2.1 Infrastructures................................................................................................14
2.2 Equipment’s...................................................................................................15
2.3 Personnels......................................................................................................18
2.4 Software’s......................................................................................................20
3.1 Introduction to the Production Studio...........................................................23
3.2 Personnel in the Production Studio and Their Roles.....................................23
3.3 Essential Equipment’s Use in the Production Studio....................................24
3.4 Software Used in the Production Studio.......................................................28
3.5 Activities Carried Out In the Production Studio...........................................30
5.1 Challenges Encountered................................................................................35
5.2 Recommendations.........................................................................................36
5.3 Conclusion.....................................................................................................37

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Student's Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skills training programme designed
to expose and prepare students of universities and other tertiary institutions for the Industrial Work
situation they are likely to meet after graduation. It is also a planned and structured programme
based on stated and specific career objectives which are geared towards developing the occupational
competencies of participants (Mafe, 2009). Consequently, the SIWES programme is a compulsory
graduation requirement for all Nigerian university students offering certain courses.
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), is the accepted training programme,
which is part of the approved Minimum Academic Standard in the various degree programmes for all
Nigerian Universities. The scheme is aimed at bridging the existing gap between theory and practice
of Sciences, Agriculture, Medical Sciences (including Nursing), Engineering and Technology,
Management, and Information and Communication Technology and other professional educational
programmes in the Nigerian tertiary institutions. It is aimed at exposing students to machines and
equipment, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the work areas and workers in

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industries, offices, laboratories, hospitals and other organizations.
It is a cooperative industrial internship program that involves institutions of higher learning,
industries, the Federal Government of Nigeria, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), and the Nigerian
Universities Commission (NUC).

1.2 History of SIWES

SIWES was founded in 1973 by ITF (Industrial Training Funds) to address the problem of tertiary
institution graduates' lack of appropriate skills for employment in Nigerian industries. The Students'
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was founded to be a skill training programme to help
expose and prepare students of universities, Polytechnics and colleges of education for the industrial
work situation to be met after graduation.
This system facilitates the transfer from the classroom to the workplace and aids in the application of
knowledge. The program allows students to become acquainted with and exposed to the experience
required in handling and operating equipment and machinery that are typically not available at their
schools.
Prior to the establishment of this scheme, there was a rising concern and trend among industrialists
that graduates from higher education institutions lacked appropriate practical experience for
employment. Students who entered Nigerian universities to study science and technology were not
previously trained in the practical aspects of their chosen fields. As a result of their lack of work
experience, they had difficulty finding work.
As a result, employers believed that theoretical education in higher education was unresponsive to
the needs of labor employers. Thousands of Nigerians faced this difficulty till 1973. The fund's main
motivation for establishing and designing the scheme in 1973/74 was launched against this context.
The ITF (Industrial Training Fund) organization decided to aid all interested Nigerian students and
created the SIWES program. The federal government officially approved and presented it in 1974.
During its early years, the scheme was entirely supported by the ITF, but as the financial
commitment became too much for the fund, it withdrew in 1978. The National Universities
Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) were given control of
the scheme by the federal government in 1979. The federal government handed over supervision and
implementation of the scheme to ITF in November 1984. It was taken over by the Industrial Training

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Fund (ITF) in July 1985, with the federal government bearing entire responsibility for funding.

1.3 Aims and Objectives of SIWES

The Industrial Training Fund’s Policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established SIWES outlined
the objectives of the scheme as:
 Provide an avenue for students in Institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills
and experience in their respective courses of study.
 Prepare students for the Industrial Work situation they are likely to experience after
graduation.
 Expose students to work methods and techniques of handling equipment and machinery that
may not be available in their Institutions.
 Make the transition from school to the world of work easier; and enhance students’ networks
for later job placements.
 Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge to real work situations,
thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice; and
 Enlist and strengthen Employers’ involvement in the entire educational process; thereby
preparing the students for employment in Industry and Commerce.

1.4 Brief History of radio

Radio technology uses special ‘radio waves’ transmitted through space. Its background goes back to
the 1830s when scientists and innovators used wireless telegraphs and improved them. It took several
decades to figure out all the forms of electromagnetic waves to deliver a signal at distances. The
theory was proved in 1888 (by Heinrich Hertz who conducted an experiment to transmit the future
‘radio waves’), but it still wasn’t until 1893 when ‘Hertzian waves’ could finally become the basis
for transmitting signals wirelessly.

The first system that could transmit signals was proposed by Tesla in 1893, and a year later
Guglielmo Marconi (the genius from Italy) began working on the world’s first wireless telegraph
which became the first radio transmission. Radio was used in communications between marine and
military workers before it reached the public.

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1.5 Radio broadcasting in Nigeria before independence
Nigeria was introduced to radio broadcasting in 1933 with the presentation of the first Radio
Distribution System (the short term was RDS) in Nigeria. The country was a British colony at the
time. RDS was transmitting the signal from BBC to Lagos state.
It took 6 years to increase the number of receivers to approximately two thousand. The number of
RDS receivers reached about a thousand people in 1939; however, it grew to 74 thousand by 1960.

1.5.1 First radio station in Nigeria

The first radio station in Nigeria was established in Ibadan in 1939.The next station was created in
Kano in 1944. This means that Ibadan station was the only one in colonial Nigeria for 5 years. And
five years later, in 1949, it was suggested to create Nigerian National Broadcasting Service (NBS)
instead of RDS. This idea came to life in 1951. The NBS operated in Lagos.

The new National Broadcasting Service was a useful organization. It gave a start to several regional
radio stations. They were launched in different states, including Kaduna, Jos, Enugu, Ilorin, Jos, and
Maiduguri.

The Parliament decided to reorganize NBS into NBC (the new three letters meant Nigeria
Broadcasting Corporation) in 1957, three years before the independence.

1.6 Radio broadcasting in Nigeria after independence

The important historical challenge, the independence of Nigeria from Britain in 1960, helped local
radio broadcasting network to develop further. The Voice of Nigeria launched in 1961 was followed
by the creation of the Federal Radio Corporation (shortly known as FRCN) in 1978.

The creation of the first ever private radio station was only in 1994. That station was called Ray
Power FM. The first international transmission (to the whole world) was possible in 1996, but the
masses could get this service beginning from 2007.

Modern Nigeria has more than 60 stations of different ownership:

 State
 Federal

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  Private

Here is the list of 5 most popular contemporary radio stations in Nigeria in 2018:

 Cool FM
 Raypower FM
 Brila FM
 Rhythm FM
 Wazobia FM

This was a brief history of radio broadcasting in Nigeria that began in 1933 and still continues in
2018.

1.7 Brief History Of Sawaba FM Radio, 104.9 MHz Hadejia

The story of the establishment of sawaba radio started out of an idea to create a radio station that
is not only to educate, entertain and inform but to Also supervising minister of information in the
regime of past immediate president of the Federal republic of Nigeria Dr. Goodluck Ebele
Jonathan. Sawaba FM radio was governed by board members and controlled by management
team that include Head of station, Head of Engineering, Head of Administration and Finance,
Head of marketing the others are Head of programme, News, Current affairs and teeming staff
that includes internship, casual, volunteers, corps members, attachment students, supporting staff
etc. Sawaba FM radio, as the first indigenous radio station in the whole state ,located in house
no.4 along Garin-Gabas road, Hadejia Jigawa state ,it transmit on modulate frequency at
104.9MHz, broadcast in both Hausa, English, pidgin, Igbo, Kanuri, and Fulfulde as twenty four
seven days service station, it is signal covers the whole areas of hadejia emirates, some of part of
Gumel, Ringim, Kazaure and Dutse emirates, some part of neighboring state such as
Bauchi,Yobe and Kano state as well as Maradi and Damagaram state in Niger republic. As a full
service radio station sawaba designed to serve as a source of entertainment for its listeners, it
delivers excellent innovative and progressive programme that questions, challenges and inspires
by providing an in depth news coverage, educational programming, tackling and trending affairs
while serving, sawaba radio plays a vital role in spreading information, educating and

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 enlightening people, strengthening national integration identity.
It also acquired best talents and brains in the media business in northern Nigeria as its team, its
editorial team is made up of quality journalists as well as staffed news department, quality
producers and researchers, their on air personalities are set of people with an in depth
understanding of the local culture and grasp of issues, expressive and persuasive, good
communicators with a good sense of humor.
The demography of the audience of sawaba spans from 18 to 65 years of age as a full service
station, it created an entertainment service to a wide representation of the population.
Women, youth and men rely on this indigenous as a source of news information and
entertainment from sun up to sunset daily religious program, political, social and economic.

1.8 Objectives, Vision and Mission of Sawaba FM Radio Station

 Objectives of the Establishment
The objective of sawaba FM radio station is to:
 Educate
 Inform
 and Entertain the listeners
 Vision
Empowering minds and enriching lives. As sawaba FM, we aspire to be the unrivalled leader
in broadcasting, setting the gold standard for transformative radio experiences. We envision a
future where our station serves as a catalyst for positive change, fostering unity, knowledge
and inspiration among our diverse audience. Our vision is to be a beacon of excellence,
continuously pushing boundaries to redefine the landscape of radio while remaining deeply
rooted in the values that bind us with our community.
 Mission
At sawaba FM, our mission is to create and broadcast content that transcends conventional
boundaries, elevating the collective consciousness of our audience. We are committed to
delivering news with unwavering accuracy, providing educational programmes that enlighten
and empower, and offering entertainment that captivates and uplifts. Our dedication extends

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 beyond the airwaves; we strive to create a harmonious space that fosters dialogue,
understanding, and community engagement. Through innovative and purpose-driven
broadcasting, we aim to leave an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of our audience,
contributing meaningfully to the social, cultural, and intellectual fabric of our society.

1.9 Organizational Structure of the Radio Station (Organogram)

Board
Of Directories

Managing
Director

Admin. and Finance Engineering

News Marketing and Sales
And Programme and
Current affairs Production

Programme manager Chief Engineer

Admin. Officers Head of News
Production manager Marketing Executives

Producer Maintenance Engineers

News News News
reporters editor presenters

Presenters

1.10 Departments, Units and their Functions

The followings are the departments available in sawaba FM radio:
1. Administration: The administration department has to manage all the processes of the radio
station. The key roles and responsibilities of the department is to handle logistics,
housekeeping, security concerns at the station. The department is also responsible for

8
 handling the office boys, deployment of security guards, transportation, travel arrangements
for officials and guests.
2. News and current affair department:
The News and current affairs department is responsible for producing news programmes as
well as updates. This can be things like documentaries, talk shows and programmes where
the news is analyzed. Producers have to book guests for interviews who could be politicians
and other news makers, experts, witnesses etc.
The News Department is responsible for news gathering, production and telecast through
news bulletins.
Current Affairs related programmes are a regular feature of transmission is news channel.
The News Department is headed by the News Director and Senior News Editor is the in
charge. The department also includes: anchorpersons, reporters and writers responsible for
the station’s newscast.
Functions of the department

The functions of the news and current affairs department in a broadcasting organization
typically include:
 News gathering and verification: The department is responsible for collecting
news stories from various sources, verifying their accuracy, and ensuring the
information is reliable before broadcasting.
 News production: The department oversees the production of news programs,
including writing scripts, editing video footage, and coordinating the work of
reporters, anchors, and production staff.
 Live coverage and breaking news: The department is responsible for providing
live coverage of breaking news events and ensuring the timely dissemination of
important information to the audience.
 Editorial decision-making: The department plays a crucial role in determining the
news agenda, selecting which stories to cover, and deciding the angle and
emphasis to be given to each story.

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  Maintaining journalistic standards: The department ensures that the news content
adheres to the organization's editorial policies, ethical guidelines, and legal
requirements, such as ensuring balance, fairness, and impartiality in reporting.
 Audience engagement: The department may also be responsible for interacting
with the audience, responding to feedback, and incorporating audience
perspectives into the news coverage.
 Collaboration with other departments: The news and current affairs department often
works closely with other departments within the broadcasting organization, such as the
programming, marketing, and technical teams, to ensure the smooth and effective
delivery of news content.
The specific functions and responsibilities of the news and current affairs department may vary
depending on the size, scope, and business model of the broadcasting organization.
3. Production Department: The production department comprises the production staff,
operations team, anchors, hosts, co-hosts, radio jockeys. The department ensures that all the
program contents and advertisement are produced on time and queued for timely broadcast.
4. Program Department: The program department is headed by the program director and
he/she is assigned the duty of creating and planning the daily broadcast schedule which
means that he/she is responsible for locating and providing the news, music’s etc., which
must be covered in order to disseminate the content properly. For each individual broadcast,
there is a program director who works with the same team every day and has to report to the
operations manager.
5. Engineering Department: The engineering department is headed by the chief of engineer
who is responsible for managing the team which handles all technical duties. The chief
engineer, who reports to the operations manager, must also inspect the equipment of the
radio station, check for any damage which requires repair, facilitate repair or even purchase
new equipment as and which required. The team under the chief engineer is also responsible
for smooth broadcast of programmes and is many times involved in the process of editing
tracks, handling sound effects and checking the strength, quality and clarity of signal.
6. Marketing/Sales: Generating revenue is extremely important for any radio station for
survival. The marketing or sales department has responsibility to generate direct revenue by

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 selling airtime to the advertisers. The challenging role is shouldered by a team of several
people who are directed to perform different functions. The sales department is headed by a
sales head who leads the entire depart. The department is responsible for meeting the targets
set for a predetermined timed period. The sales man in the department approach the potential
advisers, convince them to buy the airtime, if required, also negotiate the terms and
conditions related to the payment.
7. Account/Finance: The revenue and expenses of the radio station are handled by the
accounts or the finance department. The department is responsible for collecting dues from
the advertisers on time and also ensures that all payments like salaries of the employees, bills
of utility items are made in due time. The department also looks are all legal or financial
issues related to mobilizing funds from the market. The department is also responsible for
handling two other departments namely: auditing and taxation.
8. SIWES: The SIWES department is headed by the SIWES coordinator and this department
consists of student from varying higher tertiary institution for the purpose of acquiring
working experience in the radio station.

1.11 The Radio Station’s Programmes

The Programmes broadcasted in the radio station are as follow:

 Addini da rayuwa: is a daily religious program where by which a cleric would feature to
discuss with the presenter of the show on religious and general life affairs as it affects day to
day activities. The program also responds to the question asked in by teeming audience about
certain aspect of Islamic jurisprudence, theology and more while enlightens Muslims silent
point about their religion as they got educated bear they high level Islamic scholars invited in
the program it also takes care of ideologist of its teeming listeners.
 Turmin danya: This show is basically designed for politicians as a platform to air their
views and have dialogue with members of their constancy and voters.
Political participation derives from the freedom to speak out assemble and associate the
ability production of cash crops as raw materials for the moribund industries for their
viability and sustainability.

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 Duniyar mata: This is a purely feminine affairs produce and presented by women and solely
intended to offer advice on matrimonial issues as well as counseling on marriages and
household tasks which include looking after children and inter relationship between co wives
and their spouses. It allows women in purdah, or at work places to participate in a lovely
discussion on selected topic which affect their disposition and livelihood.
 Duniyar Wasanni: A daily sport show that brings you the latest sport news, sport talks,
breaking news, interviews, game coverage, analysis and podcast from the top personalities,
hosts and reporters in the nation.
 Mu Zagaya Duniya: A world tour talk show that covers travel, and brings you the culture,
languages, religions, currency, ethnics group, national anthem, marriage life popular foods,
and behavior of the peoples of different nations around the world.
 Na Zaune: A daily show that brings you strange, funny, and tragic stories that happened in
Nigeria other countries around the world.
 Madubin Duniya: A News programme that brings you the content whereof includes
information about politics, economy, culture, sports, weather and other fields relevant to the
public devoted to current events, often using commentary and interviews.
 Sharshin Jaridu: A News programme that brings the headlines of different newspapers that
are published in Nigeria.

CHAPTER TWO
DEFINITION OF TERMS

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2.1Infrastructures
 Reception Room: A reception area is the first place or room employees or visitors access in
an organization. It can be big or small and primarily exists to receive, greet, and guide
visitors. The reception area provides a waiting area for the clients before they meet with the
respective people of the firm.
 News Room: The news room is the central place where journalists, reporters, editors, and
producers, news anchors, news designers, visual text editor, stringers along with other staffers
work to gather news to be published in an online news or broadcast on radio. Some
journalism organizations refer to the news room as the city rooms.
 Production Studio: This is a second studio, where programmes can be recorded, or pre-
produced, for broadcasting later. A production studio is not essential, but as the broadcast
studio is in constant use while the station is on air, having a second studio where recordings
can be made and material can be pre-produced is very useful.
The production studio can also be used as a back-up broadcast studio. This means that the
station will not have to go off-air while the broadcast studio is being repaired or maintained.
 Broadcast Studio Or On-Air Studio: A broadcast studio is a facility with an assortment of
audio and video production technologies tailored to the broadcasting of media. The studio
may be used to produce live radio programs, commercial, talk shows etc.
 Control Technical Area (CTA): In broadcast facilities and television studios, a central
apparatus room (CAR, pronounced "C-A-R"), central machine room, or central equipment
room (CER), or central technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared equipment
common to all technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of these
rooms. It should be air-conditioned; however low-noise specifications such as acoustical
treatments are optional. Equipment is connected either directly with an attached foldout
monitor, keyboard and mouse or remotely via KVM switch, Ssh, VNC, RS-232 or remote
desktop.
 Electrical Control Room: An electrical room is a technical room or space in a building
dedicated to electrical equipment. Its size is usually proportional to the size of the building;
large buildings may have a main electrical room and subsidiary electrical rooms. Electrical
equipment may be for power distribution equipment, or for communications equipment.

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2.2Equipment’s
 Microphones: Mic is the most essential equipment that is used in the radio station.
A microphone is a device that captures sound waves in the air and turns them into identical
electrical signals. To replicate the original audio, you can send the signals from the mic’s
output to a mixer or audio interface for recording or to studio monitors(or mixing
headphones) , which turns them back into sound waves.
 Computer: The most common piece of equipment in any radio station is by far the computer.
These come in many shapes and sizes, and can perform a whole range of broadcast functions.
They have become popular, in part, because they are commoditized (and thus much cheaper
than broadcast-specific boxes). Here’s some things you can do on a computer in a radio
station:
 Automation system
 Routing control
 Monitoring
 Audio logging
 File sharing
 Music scheduling
 Traffic scheduling
 Newsroom operations
 Dead air detection
 Emergency audio playback
 Profanity Delay
 Audio processing
 … And so much more!
 Console: The audio mixer console is often called mixing desk or broadcasting desk. It is the
heart of the studio: it’s used to control anything that the listeners hear on air. There is an input
for every channel. Its primary purpose is to control and manipulate audio signals from
various sources, such as microphones, musical instruments, and playback devices, and
combine them into a coherent audio output.

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 Headset/Headphones: Headphones are designed to provide high-quality sound reproduction
and noise isolation. They are widely used in various fields, including music production, radio
broadcasting and personal entertainment.
In a radio station, over-the-ears studio headphones are used to provide accurate sound
reproduction and professional audio monitoring and recording.
 Transmitter: In electronics and telecommunications, a radio transmitter or
just transmitter (often abbreviated as XMTR or TX in technical documents) is an electronic
device which produces radio waves with an antenna with the purpose of signal
transmission up to a radio receiver. The transmitter itself generates a radio
frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this
alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.

The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a transmitter
used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter or television transmitter. This usage typically
includes the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in.

 FM Exciter: The FM Exciter takes the FM Stereo Baseband signal (from your Stereo Generator,
perhaps via the Composite Switcher), modulates it on your licensed frequency. FM Exciters
generally output a few Watts of power, and can be used without a separate Power Amp on low
power stations.
 FM Transmitter Power Amplifier: The FM Power Amplifier (PA) takes the signal from the FM
Exciter and amplifies it to your licensed power. These days, FM Power Amplifiers are usually built
into the Exciter. However, it’s important to note the difference in function even if they do live in the
same box.
 Studio Monitor Speakers: Studio Monitor Speakers provide an easy way to hear what’s
going to air without headphones. Often these are very high quality speakers so any
abnormalities in sound quality can be detected.
 On Air Light: How do you know a mic in the studio is live? There’s a light especially for
that! This light is automatically turned on/off by the audio console whenever a microphone
channel is turned on. Usually you’d have at least one light inside the studio, and one outside.

15
  Starlink: Starlink is a satellite constellation using a low Earth orbit to deliver broadband
internet capable of supporting streaming, live broadcast, video calls and more.

 Router: The router is a device that controls the traffic in the network. It connects two similar
or dissimilar networks. The router works in both local area network (LAN) and wide area
network (WAN). It can connect LAN and WAN networks. The main purpose of the router is
to find a congestion-free path and then travels data through that path. Congestion free path
means a path where packets of data are less.
There is one dedicated person needed to maintain a router. There is a security issue while
transferring data to long distance. The data can be stolen in the way.
 Hub: Hub is used to connect two computers. If computer A wants to send data to computer B
then computer A sends data to the hub and then the hub broadcast the data to all the
computers attached to the hub. Computer B then receives the data and other computers ignore
the data. Hub is less intelligent, and has less cost. It is used in local area network (LAN).
The new connection is made easily by attaching the computer to the network. Hub has the
transmission mode of half-duplex meaning that one computer either sends or receives a
message at a time. Computers cannot send and receive data simultaneously. If there occurs
any problem in the hub then the whole network stops working.
 Switch: The switch is used to connect multiple computers in the network. It sends a private
message from the sender to the receiver. It stores the MAC address of all the connected
devices and upon receiving a message from the sender it first checks the MAC address of the
message and then sends the message to the receiver that matches the MAC address.
Also, the switch uses full-duplex transmission mode meaning computers can send/receive a
message simultaneously. It is also difficult to set up a switch in the network.

2.3Personnels
 General Manager: The radio station manager is responsible for maintaining the budget of
the station alone. He/She also recruits and conducts training programmers for the employees.
The progress and performance of the employees is also reviewed by the manager.

16
 Admin: The admin has to manage all the processes of the radio station. The key roles and
responsibilities of the admin is to handle logistics, housekeeping, security concerns at the
station. The admin is also responsible for handling the office boys, deployment of security
guards, transportation, travel arrangements for officials and guests.

 Announcer: An on-air talent personality who is the person with the job to read scripts or
announcements on radio or television. (Sick jockey, news anchor, sports announcer, etc.)
 News Director: As the title suggests, the News Director or N.D. is the person in charge of
the news program or programs on a radio station. The News Director is responsible for
digging up, evaluating, and assigning news stories for the reporting staff to cover. The News
Director also directs and supervises personnel belonging to the station’s news department. In
short, the N.D. is the person who is in charge of maintaining a radio station’s journalistic
integrity, ethics, and accuracy of reporting information.
 News Editor: The news editor role is to oversee the news department at a magazine,
newspaper, or online publication.
 News Caster: A news presenter also known as a news reader, news anchor, news
broadcaster, anchorman/anchorwoman or simply an anchor is a person who presents news
during a news program on radio or internet. A news caster is generally someone who just
reads the news.
 News Reporter: A news reporter is a journalist who gathers information, conducts
interviews, and writes segments for publication or broadcast.
 Producer: The producer ensures that all the program contents and advertisement are
produced on time and queued for timely broadcast.
 Production Director: The Production Director, sometimes called the Production Manager, is
a little like an air traffic controller: they keep everything production-related flowing
smoothly. The Production Director typically manages tasks like:

 Deciding which Announcers will go on (and when).

 Producing commercials the station may want to air.
 Taking care of the logistics of recording sessions with artists.

17
  Collaborating with people from accounting to make sure that all invoices are getting
processed appropriately.
 Maintaining the library of Director’s reels.
 Program Director: The Program Director is one of the most important people at a radio station,
because the Program Director is the person who ultimately decides what makes it onto the airwaves —

and, just as critically, what doesn’t.

 Operation Manager: There are three key responsibilities of the operation manager:
coordinating, scheduling, and promoting the on-air programming. The operation manager
works in close association with the anchors, hosts, radio jockeys in order to make sure that
the stations branding is represented correctly. The operations manager also reports to the
station manager.
 On-Air Personalities (OAP): The radio jockeys are responsible for playing music,
disseminate information and entertain the listeners. Anchor or hosts share information about
weather, traffic and also interview personalities. They also invite listeners to call in and
participate in the show. The anchors must adhere to the style sheet or guidelines of the
station. All on-air personalities have to report to their respective programme director.
 Chief Engineer: A radio station’s Chief Engineer makes sure that the station has all the
technology necessary to get the music on the air, and that all the equipment related to
broadcasting is working properly. If a problem crops up with the transmitter or radio tower,
for example, the Chief Engineer is the person who takes care of it. Due to the highly technical
nature of their duties, Chief Engineers often have special training or certifications. Some
common duties a Chief Engineer might be responsible for include:

 Supervising the technicians while a live broadcast is in progress.

 Scheduling maintenance for gear and equipment.
 Making sure the radio station is in compliance with requirements set by the FCC
(Federal Communications Commission).
 Maintenance Engineer: Maintenance Engineers work on everything from control consoles
to computers to microphones. If the station gets complaints about interference, the
Maintenance Engineer will figure out what’s going on. In this regard, Maintenance Engineers

18
 have a similar job to the Chief Engineer. Radio engineering is also referred to as broadcast
engineering.
 Sales Manager: A radio station employee who is responsible for the department which sells
radio commercials and other radio products.

2.4Software’s
 Synergy: Synergy represents an exciting new approach to equipping a radio studio or station.
It is a fully integrated system which combines the functionality of a sophisticated digital
broadcast mixer with a suite of software tools covering all aspects associated with the
production and broadcast of radio programs.
This approach offers many user benefits and is a very affordable and accessible means for
organisations of all sizes to migrate from analog to digitally-based technology.
The conventional method is to select the individual components – the main ones being the
mixer and the ‘playout’ system (hardware and various software applications) – then to
‘integrate’ or make them work together as a complete system.
Synergy includes software tools for all of the broadcast processes:

PRODUCTIO SCHEDULIN
ACQUISITIO N G BROADCAST

N
 Audacity: Audacity is the world’s most popular free software for recording and editing
audio.
Audacity is a free and open-source digital audio editor and recording application software,
available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems.
In addition to recording audio from multiple sources, Audacity can be used for post-
processing of all types of audio, including effects such as normalization, trimming, and
fading in and out.
 Adobe Audition: Adobe audition is a digital audio workstation developed by adobe Inc.
featuring both a multitrack, non-destructive mix/edit environment and a destructive-approach
waveform editing views.

19
 Adobe audition is nice software for audio editing and mixing works from basic to advanced
range. It provides single channel editor for specific editing of the tracks and also combining
and mixing.
 Microsoft Office Suite
Microsoft Office, or simply Office, is a family of client software, server software, and
services developed by Microsoft. It contains a word processor (Word), a spreadsheet
program (Excel) and a presentation program (PowerPoint), an email client (Outlook),
a database management system (Access), and a desktop publishing app (Publisher).

 Microsoft Word: Word is unsurprisingly Microsoft’s word processing app. Today, Word is
the most widely used word processing program. It includes an array of features for
document creation and editing, including: Spell-check, a rich text editor, and page features
such as justification, paragraphs and indentation.

 Microsoft Excel: Excel is Microsoft’s spreadsheet program that can be used to organize,
format and calculate data. You can create formulas to aggregate large amounts of data,
graph and chart data, create macros, and develop pivot tables.

 Microsoft PowerPoint: Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program used to

create slideshows composed of text, graphics, and other objects, which can be displayed
on-screen and shown by the presenter or printed out on transparencies or slides.

 Microsoft Outlook: Mainly used as an email application, Outlook is considered a personal

information manager, coordinating your calendars, task managers, contacts, notes, journals,
and browsing sessions. Outlook can be used as a stand-alone app, or it can be networked to
connect multiple users to shared mailboxes and calendars under a single organization, for
example.

 Streamyard: Streamyard is a professional live streaming and recording studio in your

browser. It lets you live stream to any platform, record podcasts, and host webinars. Record
your content, or stream live to Facebook, YouTube, and other platforms.

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 Streamyard is a live streaming solution that can multistream directly to Facebook, YouTube,
LinkedIn. Users can record and download HD video and audio as well as engage audiences
with built-in commenting. Streamyard ensures that your stream is unique with the ability to
customize stream logo, colors, and overlays as well as upload images and videos.

CHAPTER THREE
THE PRODUCTION STUDIO

3.1 Introduction to the Production Studio

A production studio in a radio station studio is a place to record audio professionally. This is a second
studio, where programmes can be recorded, or pre-produced, for broadcasting later. Often it’s a
soundproofed room which gets rid of unwanted noises that would often get mixed into broadcasts.
The production studio can also be used as a back-up broadcast studio. This means that the station
will not have to go off-air while the broadcast studio is being repaired or maintained.

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3.2Personnel in the Production Studio and Their Roles
1. Producer; Radio producers plan, rehearse, and produce live or recorded programs. They
work with the music, on-air personalities, sound effects, and technology to put together an
entire radio show. They schedule interviews and arrange for promotional events.
2. News caster: A person who reports and sometimes discusses the news on a radio show or
program. You can also call a newscaster an anchor or a newsreader. Some are working
journalists who investigate, write, and present news stories on air.
3. Voice recorder: a voice recorder is essentially a professional that records sound, saves it
in file format, and transfer it to another device, such as a computer.
4. Sound editor: a sound editor is a creative professional responsible for selecting and
assembling sound recordings in preparation for the final sound mixing or mastering of a radio
program or any production involving recorded or synthetic sound.

3.3Essential Equipment’s Use in the Production Studio

The production studio essentials include a computer, microphone, audio console, headphones, and
broadcast desk.
1. Computer
In today’s digital era of radio broadcasting, a computer with a headphone jack is an
absolute must for the studio equipment setup. The computer acted as the main control board for
your station, where you can automate, monitor, and control your broadcast stream. Computers
are also used to mix and edit shows, control the playback or live stream of audio, manage audio
equipment, and monitor radio signals and internet connections for seamless production quality.

2. Microphone Setup

With radio broadcasts being an audible experience, a reliable microphone setup will be necessary
for stations wishing to record and broadcast their own content. To prevent audio quality issues, a
microphone that offers a USB hook-up is invested, so that recorded audio data can be seamlessly
transferred to a computer. Likewise, a mic stand, shock mount, and microphone processor are

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also invented, which help hold the mic in place and reduce unwanted background noise and
vibrations.

3. Audio console/Broadcast console

At the heart of any studio is the Audio Console. This is the interface used to control what’s heard
on air, and choose which sounds should be broadcasted. A broadcast console is a sophisticated
electronic device that serves as the nerve center of a radio studio. It allows broadcasters to
control audio signals from various sources, adjust audio levels, apply processing, and route the
audio to different destinations. Broadcast consoles are designed to provide precise control and
flexibility in managing multiple audio inputs and outputs.

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How does a Broadcast Console Work?

A broadcast console consists of input channels, faders, knobs, switches, and various controls. The
input channels receive audio signals from microphones, instruments, or other sources. The faders
control the volume levels of each channel, enabling the operator to create an optimal audio mix.
Knobs and switches provide control over features such as equalization (EQ), dynamics
processing, and effects. The console also offers routing capabilities, allowing the operator to send
audio to different output destinations, such as speakers, headphones, or recording devices.

4. Headphones

A pair of dependable headphones is needed to ensure optimal quality when reviewing the audio
content. Headphones allow creators to hear exactly what their listeners will hear once live and
help identify any audio issues that require editing and adjustment. The headphones are
comfortable and easy to wear, as there’re likely to be used for an extended periods.

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5. Broadcast Desks

Broadcast desks, also known as radio desks or studio consoles, are furniture pieces designed to
optimize the workspace for radio DJs, hosts, or producers. These desks are specifically tailored to
accommodate audio equipment, computer monitors, mixers, microphones, monitors, and other
essential tools required for broadcasting. They provide a dedicated and organized workspace,
allowing broadcasters to comfortably access and control their equipment while delivering a
smooth and efficient on-air experience.

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3.4Software Used in the Production Studio
Broadcasting Software
The following are the software commonly used in the production studio:

1. Synergy: A radio automation software, or radio playout software, is a type of software, or

computer based system, that is designed to automate most of the processes that are paramount
to the standard operation of a studio in a radio station.
The software helps making these procedures as quick and efficient as possible.
2. Audacity: Audacity is a free and open-source digital audio editor and recording application
software, available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems.
Features and use
In addition to recording audio from multiple sources, Audacity can be used for post-
processing of all types of audio, including effects such as normalization, trimming, and
fading in and out.
 Recording

Audacity can record multiple tracks at once, provided the sound card supports it. In
addition to a normal mode, recordings can be scheduled ("Timer Record"), or used in
a Punch in and roll fashion.

 Non-destructive editing

Historically, Audacity is a destructive editor, meaning all changes are directly applied
to the waveform. This comes with certain benefits but means that any change made
cannot be tweaked later on without undoing all changes in-between. For a long time,

26
 non-destructive editing was exclusive to volume envelopes and playback rates, but
since version 3, this has been extended to clip trimming and effects.

 Importing, exporting and conversions

Audacity natively imports and exports WAV, AIFF, MP3, Ogg Vorbis, and all file
formats supported by libsndfile library. Due to patent licensing concerns, the FFmpeg
library necessary to import and export proprietary formats such as M4A
(AAC) and WMA is not bundled with Audacity but has to be downloaded separately.

In conjunction with batch processing features, Audacity can be used to convert files
from one format to another, or to digitize records, tapes or Minidiscs.

 Audio analysis

Audacity has several features to allow for spectrum analysis using the Fourier
transform algorithm and spectrograms. As with effects, additional analysis plugins
can be added, such as ones that check audio books for ACX compatibility.

 Other features

Audacity can make precise adjustments to speed (tempo) while maintaining pitch, to
synchronize audio with video or for precise running time. It also has a large array of
digital effects and plug-ins, including: noise reduction based on sampling the noise to
be minimized, vocal reduction and isolation for creation of karaoke tracks and
isolated vocal tracks, pitch adjustment maintaining speed, and speed adjustment
maintaining pitch. Audacity also has support for multi-channel modes with sampling
rates up to 96 kHz with 32 bits per sample. It can also detect dropout errors while
recording with an overburdened CPU.
3. Adobe audition: Adobe audition is a Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) software
application that allows users to record, edit, manipulate, and mix audio digitally. It provides a
comprehensive set of tools and features to facilitate the production and manipulation of audio
content. Adobe audition is the primary software tool used in production studio to create
professional-quality audio recordings, podcasts, and other broadcast content.
How does a Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) Work?

27
 Adobe audition provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to interact with
audio tracks, plugins, virtual instruments, and other audio-related features. Users can record
audio from microphones or other sources directly into the DAW, edit the recorded audio,
arrange it on a timeline, apply various audio effects and processing, mix multiple tracks
together to create a final audio mix, and export the finished audio project in various formats.
Adobe audition typically offer a range of editing and manipulation tools such as waveform
editing, time stretching, pitch correction, and noise reduction. They also provide a wide
selection of audio effects, virtual instruments, and plugins that can be used to enhance the
audio and add creative elements to the production.

3.5Activities Carried Out In the Production Studio

Radio production involves many activities that take place in a radio station's production studio,
including:
 Creating audio: Writing scripts, producing jingles, and creating sweepers and station
imaging
 Selecting music: Organizing music choices
 News reading: The act of reading out the news from the radio studio.
 Audio recording: The process of capturing and saving audio content, such as interviews,
music’s, and sound effects, for use in radio programming.
 Sound editing: This is the process of selecting, manipulating, and mixing audio elements to
create a cohesive and immersive audio environment.
 Programme production: Radio station program production is the process of creating and
delivering radio content, whether it's for the radio, internet, or other streaming and mobile
platforms. It involves many steps, including:
 Planning
The process begins with planning a new show or episode concept. Radio producers, also
known as creative producers, may research topics, decide on guests, and determine the
show's structure. They may also work with sponsors and advertisers on the business side.
 Recording
Presenters, musicians, and other talent get involved in the recording process, using

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 equipment to capture all the necessary recordings.
 Editing
In the final stage of production, known as post-production, all the elements of the show are
edited together. This may include removing unwanted parts, ensuring the show is engaging,
and checking it over before sending it to the station.
There are also other roles involved in radio production, including audio producers and
presenters:
 Audio producers: Create jingles, sweepers, promos, and station imaging, which is mostly
behind the scenes and involves a lot of technical production.
 Presenters: Work closely with producers to research topics, come up with content, and
find callers. During the show, producers keep presenters on track and control the timing,
such as when songs start and end.
 Jingles production: A radio jingle, or commercial jingle, is a catchy, 10-30-second tune
specifically crafted for radio broadcasting, often combined with memorable lyrics or slogans.
It serves as an auditory identity (also known as a sonic ID) for a brand, designed to promote a
product, service, or the radio station itself.
 Radio advertising production or commercial radio production: involves creating and
directing radio ads and other content for commercial radio. The process is often behind the
scenes, with radio producers not always being the same people who present or announce on
the radio.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERIENCE ACQUIRED IN THE PRODUCTION STUDIO
The production studio is the section of the station that I am posted, and I spent at least ten weeks in
the section.
During my time at the production studio, I was able to acquire the following experience:
1. Punctuality: Punctuality is the ability to be prompt, attend appointments on time and submit
your assignments by the deadline. In a professional environment, being punctual involves
planning ahead and making arrangements to ensure that you can fulfill your obligations on a
strict schedule. This includes coordinating your commute to arrive at work and start your
shift at a designated time, creating a schedule to attend meetings and planning your work to
finish your duties when your manager or clients need them to be complete.
2. Attendance: Attendance refers to the frequency and consistency with which you show up to
an event or commitment, like work or school. Workplace attendance involves coming to work
for your scheduled shifts and staying at work for the entire duration of your shifts. Another
important aspect of attendance is communicating with your manager and colleagues about
any time off so your team can record changes to the schedule and rearrange responsibilities
appropriately. Many workplaces have an attendance policy to ensure that people come to
work consistently and minimize the number of days they miss. Attendance policies often
encompass punctuality as well and include topics like coming in late to work, leaving early,
attending workplace events or missing work in the middle of the day.

30
3. Self-confidence: Self-confidence is being confident in one's own self-judgments, decisions,
abilities and skills. It is your attitude on your abilities to complete certain tasks. It means that
you are self-aware and can reflect on your strengths and weaknesses. Self-confidence differs
from self-esteem. While the phrases are often used synonymously, they are different
concepts. Whereas self-esteem refers to one's ability to value themselves, self-confidence
refers to the positive feelings and sense of capability when it comes to completing certain
actions
4. Dedication: Having a dedication to work means that you want to produce high-quality results
for your company. When you're dedicated to your job, your own goals align with those of the
company. You have strategies to stay motivated during the workday, attempting to get all of
your tasks done on time. Dedicated employees can inspire their team members to strive for
success, creating a more productive work environment. By showing that you genuinely care
about your role, your manager or employer may notice and reward you with career
advancement opportunities.
5. Obedient: An employee must undertake his/her work with care and comply with instructions
given to him/her by the employer for the performance of the work. The employee obviously
does not need to obey irrelevant or illegal instructions but in all other respects the employer
may decide upon the content and form of the work.
Obedient workers are less likely to deviate from the rules imposed on them by their
employers, and hence require a lower efficiency wage premium. This may make them more
profitable to employ despite their lower productivity.
6. Communication: Effective communication in the workplace is when the exchanging of
information and ideas is done so in an efficient and effective manner. While information and
ideas are frequently exchanged in a workplace setting, they aren't also sent and received in an
accurate way. Good communication involves not just relaying information but being able to
explain it in a way that ensures the recipient understands you.
7. Environmental experience: I obtained the experience of working in a place like a production
studio. The production studio is one of the most active place in the radio station after the on
air studio. Before entering into the studio, you have to look at the on air light whether it is on

31
 or not or you look through the door glass to see the view of inside the studio to see whether
they is any ongoing recording in the studio. After that you have to make sure that all
equipment’s are working normal if not, and then you contact the maintenance engineer.
8. Working with the studio equipment: Maintenance of equipment’s is necessary whenever
you are working in the studio. You have to be careful while working with the studio
equipment’s especially the microphone, audio console and the computers.
9. Interaction with people: Yes of course. Interaction with peoples is another experience I
acquired during my time in the studio. As I just said, the production is the second most active
place in the radio station because it is the place where individuals can professionally
recorded, or pre-produced radio programmes, for broadcasting later. So you have to be
careful when ever these individuals who can be a newscaster, a program producer of
presenter, an announcer, or an advertiser came for recording or for programmes production.
10. Working with the studio software’s: The software’ commonly used in the production studio
are: audacity, adobe audition, and synergy.
 Audacity is the software we used to use for recording but it can also be used for
sound edition. While working with the audacity, you have to be sure that the sound
recording is going on normal and you have to monitor the rising and falling of the
voice of the news reader. After that, you name the recorded audio file and save it with
the best format. Here, we to save the audio with the wav format and then export it to
the desktop for future sharing.
 Adobe audition is the software use for sound edition. With the software, we remove
background noise, remove repetition, and normalize the sound, removal of silence
clear out distorted audio and multitracking.
 Synergy is the broadcasting software but mainly use for production in the studio.
After all programmes are produced, there will be imported into the various libraries of
the software.
The software has five libraries:
1. Local: consists of local recordings.
2. Ads: consists of advertisement for commercial
3. Jingles: contains short announcement

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 4. Music: contains long music’s
5. News: contains news report.
Each audio is imported to the library that contains the kind of the audio to be loaded

and the audio format we use is the Ogg Vorbis format.

CHAPTER FIVE
CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATIONS AND
CONCLUSION

5.1 Challenges Encountered

The problems I face while during my industrial training are as follows:
1. The first challenge I encountered is trying to be punctual to the training. Punctuation became
my biggest challenge because I undertake my industrial training at my local residence area
meaning I have to live two different lives at the same time i.e. I have to go my working place
in order to earn for my living and I have to go the industrial training center the same day
which is impossible for me because if I go to my working place, I wouldn’t be able be able to
go the training center and if I go to the industrial training center, I wouldn’t be able go to
work meaning I will not earn anything that day . Imagine not earning anything for almost six
days each week.
2. The second challenge I encountered is whenever I am feeling hungry, I have to walk 1 km to
go and eat at home and then walk 1 km back to the industry because nobody is given you
food to eat in the industry. Sometimes, it become even impossible to go back to the industry
especially in sunny days because of the roads have become so hot making it very difficult to
walk on.
3. The third challenge I encountered is with the section I am attached which is the production
studio. The production studio has only three computers, one for the voice recording and the

33
 other two for sound edition and receiving of recorded voice of various reporters of the radio
station.
The problem here is, the studio already as the possible staff require for the activities of the
studio in fact, there is even a reserved/backup staff in the studio, so whenever I visit the
studio, I just watch how there are doing everything even though, I learned everything but I
don’t used to do anything but watching them doing these things. For this reason I used to
spend much time in the reception room because in the reception room, there is computers
with the same software’s used in the studio in I which I used to practice the aspects done in
the studio on.
So these are the challenges I encountered during my industrial training and I hope this challenges
shouldn’t be encountered by any student in is industrial training program.

5.2 Recommendations
The recommendations arising from the foregoing appraisal of the effectiveness of SIWES in the
formation of competent and productive technical manpower for the economy are summarized as
follows;
 The establishment of a National Commission for Student Industrial Training or a National Board
for Cooperative Education was proposed to oversee the implementation of SIWES at the national
level.
 Funds earmarked for SIWES should be appropriated directly by the National Assembly in the
same way for the National Youth Service Corps Scheme in order to remove the bottlenecks
associated with release of fund for the operation of the scheme.
 The Federal Government should make adequate provisions in the annual budget for proper
funding for SIWES in view of the potentials of the scheme to contribute to enhancing the quality
of pool of technical skills available to the economy.
 The stipulation that employers should accept students for SIWES should be strengthened with
stiffer penalties put in place for defaulters.
 A review of the policies that guide and regulate SIWES is necessary to ensure that the scheme
complies fully with the tenants of cooperative education or work-integrated learning.
 Industrial based supervisor should teaches, guide, advice, motive, and interact with SIWES

34
 students in the industry so that they can acquire the maximum working experience require to be
acquired.
 Also, the tertiary supervisor should try to visit his/her supervisee’s more than once in the entire
training period. This will make the students to be more punctual and give more dedication to the
industry training.

5.3 Conclusion
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) plays a significant role in human resource
development, it helps students develop new skills and enlightens them of what the present society
holds for them after graduation and helps them adapt accordingly. As a result of the programme, I am
now more confident to build my future My four (4) months industrial attachment with Redemption
radio (sawaba FM radio) has been one of the most interesting, productive and instructive experience
in my life. Through this training, I have gained new insight and more comprehensive understanding
about the real industrial working condition and practice; it has also improved my soft and functional
skills. All these valuable experience and knowledge that I have gained were not only acquired
through the direct involvement in task but also through other aspect of training such as work
observation, interaction with colleges, superior and other people related to the field.

REFERENCES
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Mahmud Zailani.

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