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2. Friction And Its Applications Including

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17 views

2. Friction And Its Applications Including

Uploaded by

Franklin Daniel Xalxo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Friction: 0:41

Let us move on to our next chapter on Friction. See, in common usage of the word friction, even in the
relationship when we say there is friction, we use it in a negative connotation; we are not using it in a
positive connotation.
1:00
If you ask the question whether friction is a bane or a boon, you find friction is needed in certain
applications. Even for you to walk, you need friction.
Applications of Friction: 1:06
I have shown it on a glass floor; if somebody walks, you have to walk very carefully. Without friction,
you cannot walk.
1:18
If you go to your simple ‘atta chakki’, this is driven by belt drives, and these belt drives employ friction.
So, in such applications, friction is beneficial.
1:47
Friction is also beneficial in another application, that deals with braking systems. When you apply the
brake, because of the friction, the wheel comes to a stop.
2:03
So, there are many applications where friction is needed for our own good.
Undesirable Friction: 2:14
There are also many other situations where friction is undesirable. You know, lots of money is spent on
lubrication.
2:22
This is the IC engine used in automobiles, and you have millions of automobiles, they all use oil to
minimize the friction between the cylinder and the piston.
2:43
There are also several applications of journal bearings where oil separates metal-to-metal contact
between the shaft and the bearing.
Lubrication in Machines: 3:12
If you go and see a machine in the workshop, you would see a lot of oil is used to lubricate the
systems involved.
3:20
For example, this is a worm and worm wheel assembly, literally flooded with oil to remove the
frictional effects.
3:30
Another example is the quick-return mechanism of a shaper, which is literally in oil. We will have an
occasion to solve this quick-return mechanism when we study dynamics.
Minimizing Friction: 3:49
In all these applications, you need to minimize the effect of friction, and you achieve this by using a
medium like oil to address the frictional issues.
Types of Friction: 4:07
Earlier, we studied support conditions. For instance, a pin-joint restrains translation in two directions,
and you have two unknown forces. We also saw frictionless thin bearings.
4:50
In the case of rough surfaces in contact, you have two forces: a normal force and a frictional force. In
all friction problems, one challenge is determining the direction of the frictional force.
Classifications of Friction: 5:35
Friction can be broadly classified into external and internal friction.
External friction includes static and dynamic friction.
Internal friction includes fluid friction and solid friction.

External Friction: 6:01


External friction is the interaction between surfaces of two solid bodies in contact, which can be static
or dynamic.
6:12
In static friction, the surfaces are at rest, but there is a tendency for relative motion.
6:23
Frictional forces come into play only when there is a tendency for relative motion.
6:30
In dynamic friction, the surfaces are in relative motion.
6:41
Earlier books used the term "kinetic friction," but the current practice is to use the term "dynamic
friction" for this concept.
Fluid and Solid Friction: 7:04
Before delving into external friction, let us briefly discuss fluid and solid friction. Fluid friction occurs
when adjacent layers of fluid move at different velocities, such as when lubricating oil separates metal-
to-metal contact.
7:46
In fluid friction, the frictional force is proportional to the relative velocity between the layers and the
fluid’s viscosity.
8:29
Solid friction is related to displacement, whereas fluid friction is proportional to relative velocity, and
dry friction is related to acceleration.
Applications of Fluid Friction: 8:55
Fluid friction appears as frictional drag, which is seen in the design of automobiles and high-speed
trains. Streamlined body contours help minimize frictional drag.
9:04
In sports like Olympic cycling, the right clothing reduces frictional drag, potentially giving athletes an
edge of 0.1 seconds.
9:56
Viscous damping, a type of fluid friction, is used in vibration studies, aerodynamics, and to reduce
frictional drag.
Fluid Friction in Systems: 10:19
For example, in a vibration study, a spring and dash-pot system is used, where the dash-pot contains a
viscous fluid that reduces amplitudes.
10:35
A shaft running in a journal bearing is completely separated by a fluid film. This is analyzed using fluid
friction.
Tribology and Space Applications: 11:51
Tribology is the study of friction, and engineers are trained to handle lubrication and minimize friction,
especially in space applications with microgravity.
Solid Friction in Cyclic Loading: 12:17
Solid friction causes energy dissipation within the material when subjected to cyclic loading. This is
known as internal friction.
12:29
For instance, a spring in a vacuum comes to rest on its own even though there is no external frictional
drag, because of internal friction within the material.
Material Damping and Vibration Studies: 12:39
In vibration problems, material damping is included as equivalent viscous or Coulomb friction, either
as fluid friction or dry friction for simplification.
Dry Friction: 14:01
Let’s explore dry friction. Suppose a block has a force F1 acting on it. Initially, frictional forces are not
​

developed.
14:36
No frictional force is developed until there is an external force that causes a tendency for relative
motion. Friction develops once this force exceeds a threshold value.
Force and Friction Relationship: 15:27
When a sufficient amount of force is applied, the object picks up an acceleration, and the frictional
force reaches its maximum value, beyond which the object begins to move.
15:55
When the applied force exceeds the threshold, dynamic friction takes over, and frictional force
reduces, which is common in everyday experience.
Conclusion: 16:23
This relationship between force and friction is summarized in a graph showing how friction increases
with applied force, up to a maximum value, after which it decreases once the object starts moving.
Introduction to Friction
When forces are slightly increased, an object at rest may start moving. This is when dynamic
friction comes into play and the frictional force is reduced.
In practical terms, such as pushing a table, you reach a point where the object picks up
acceleration because the force needed to overcome static friction has been surpassed, causing a
drop in the frictional force.

Types of Friction
Static Friction: The frictional force that resists the initiation of motion. It has a maximum value,
after which the object starts to move.
Dynamic (Kinetic) Friction: Occurs once the object is in motion, and the frictional force tends to
be constant, regardless of relative velocity.

Frictional Force vs. Applied Force


As the applied force increases, the frictional force increases to a point, after which it reaches a
maximum. Beyond this, dynamic friction takes over and remains constant.
It’s crucial to distinguish between two graphs:
1. Applied force vs. Frictional force
2. Relative velocity vs. Frictional force

Coloumb’s Laws of Dry Friction


First Law (Amonton’s Law): The frictional force is directly proportional to the normal load
between two contacting surfaces, for a given pair of materials.
Second Law: The maximum static frictional force is independent of the area of contact, even when
the apparent area varies by a factor of 250 times.
Third Law (Coloumb’s Addition): The maximum static frictional force (or kinetic friction) is
independent of the relative velocity of the objects, though this may change in certain situations.
Mathematical Representation
The static frictional force is given by:
fs ≤ μs ⋅ N , where:
​ ​

fs is the static frictional force


​

μs is the coefficient of static friction


​

N is the normal load


When motion is impending (the object is about to move), the frictional force reaches μs ​ ⋅ N.

Friction Coefficients
The coefficient of friction (μ) is specific to the pair of materials in contact.
The coefficient of static friction (μs ) remains constant regardless of the load or contact area.
​

The coefficient of dynamic friction (μd ) is independent of relative sliding velocity at moderate
​

speeds but decreases with very high sliding velocities in metal-to-metal contact.

Experimental Methods for Measuring Friction


One simple experimental method to determine the coefficient of static friction is the Inclined
Plane Method.

The plane is gradually tilted until the object just begins to slide. The angle at which the object
slips is used to calculate the coefficient of static friction (μs = tan ϕs ).
​ ​

The surface area has no significant effect on the coefficient of friction.

Angle of Repose and Impending Motion


The angle of repose is the angle at which an object, like sand or grains, forms a stable pile. This
angle is dictated by friction and remains constant for a given material.
Impending Motion: The moment just before an object begins to slide. This is when the frictional
force reaches its maximum value.

High-Speed Motion and Stick-Slip Phenomenon


At high relative velocities, dynamic friction may decrease for metal-to-metal contact, leading
to stick-slip phenomena, where an object alternates between slipping and sticking.
This is typically observed in poorly lubricated or unlubricated surfaces, like squeaky doors, where
friction causes oscillations that produce sound.

Effect of Lubrication
When surfaces are lubricated, the dynamic friction coefficient increases with velocity and
minimizes frictional oscillations.
Proper lubrication is critical to reduce frictional effects and ensure smoother motion.

Friction in Various Conditions


Dry Friction: Frictional force is proportional to the normal load. It is governed by Coloumb’s laws
and applies to external friction, such as static and dynamic friction.
Viscous Friction: Applies to situations where a thin film of lubricant separates the surfaces in
contact, and it is governed by laws of viscous friction.

Applications of Friction Laws


Coloumb's friction laws are used in numerous mechanical applications, including:
Wedges, power screws
Partially lubricated bearings
Brakes, clutches, and belt drives
Example Problem
Consider a block of weight 200 Newtons with a coefficient of static friction (μs ​ = 0.3) and
dynamic friction (μd = 0.25).
​

The task is to determine the condition of the block and the reaction forces for different applied
forces F2 ranging from 0 to 100 Newtons.
​

Summary
Frictional forces develop only when there is a tendency for relative motion. Initially, these forces
are determined by equilibrium conditions.
The frictional force increases with applied force and reaches its maximum at the impending
motion stage. Only at this stage can you replace the frictional force with μs ⋅ N .
​

Dynamic friction is generally less than static friction and is governed by the relative motion
between contacting surfaces.

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