2

The Re dNumbers

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4.1tu4iks tt! th
atetiat in n'n
. rni tue atsebtui. !,t o er pnr.ahs otlh! |.t E otre.t nudb .
a Dtit ! nuc rsutt! bn!.d oa tt. tt| broi ont dd.r prop.ni{ !,f M,
a ltttt Ntnd aE Ntion .fnh\dutc t.tut.
a D{ribe r. u c.nptet. otd.Ed fiern
. xmb th. A\":hktrtt?4n Prup.t4, of E_
a tu.ttr. D ti.! Irozcfi.of Q.
. D.lin.li,ito ond ialinTr itnenak.
a Etuhlhh nte lh.ountabitio, ol w 6irs Nstal Ln.nat p$p.dy
2,1 IHE AI.GEARAIC PROPERIIES OF IR
h $n \dotr pe tin rh! rar, o. r(l|c ics or djr r$] nunbu s],$m one.
,,Nodiss in absnd.ts.bm rh!1{c tjascd o. rlr.!o otjej ion\ofiddiiionhd
Tlcsc pLoF ic! read ro.lidllrc tnnihar rtscbic propciijN ofrcil nmhlR.
\r. b.grn \yrh rhcn)loqnr!d.hnion
DEh-I|!ITIO\ ainer Op.r,tion
Lcl S bc . trotr .rprr, sr. ]\ hiDrry , S.J-s ror\mven'er.,
re win Rri'u r r mrher *(r,
'hn
lnrAampL..lhorsiitr otuddnDn(+)xMdurtptic ior( )arerhcobli.urbina!-op.mionr
ro.rhesr N orn.rmttrun$cs

Alg€braic Pbperties of P
. ,on.j! or1r.,..oeno...l o\ .nd n.r- tsd
. ) r'ulL;fsr1n.. r
) ) El'nrct^ ntatnl:i\
l.1t) cdntuctnz i,r.t) al addi
(A2) )sa.tu e pnpqtt ol attdi'ion : vd.n,(Em.(,+a)+'='-(b='')
...u.$dlo,ll

latl Etinen( ol an dddittu nft^. : v ( € R. ihc.c crrb aD dmcm a €! such

rhdo-( ,)-0=({) , ,
lfit) corhltat^e p,n?d.! ol trt|,|ia.\: \ d.he1, d b=r 4
I Mt\ )\acidtive ptup-d of nr hiptia tan : n d. b. c. R, la b) . =
t a lh'')
(M!) Etikac. old unit de e : ThcE exnb ai clemenr I € t dificrcft i'om 0
such th d.]=l !.a v.€::

|riq Ltktek?.la tttiptn !ed'ost For.,.h,+0in R,(l/,)=(1/a) theEexnt an ulcmcnt

l1a e3s[hdria a=I YaEIP
lD) Doibtt! Fo\nt oi nuttiptt th+.)=d b-a (

Tlre nine decbEic pmpgnics lhtd rboE iE kiom d fiefeLr{,,ir lre rn{ ror 3E concnld
\e rddiiion, th. iexr lour wjrh nultiplicarion, and $e l.s orc .oiic.t
. use the nbovc strcturc h drfii
, , =, +1 ,) 3.d drb=a (l/r) (rsuminsr+0).
No& 1 Normrux dt dor'r u$d in rhc hulriplic*iotr k d$pped a,n *. {riie a, tu a,;

, .r n deincd iiduclvelY lol]ows :

/r=(,r)4, md in sciml a' L=(,')'

we will iou shov hoq orher propenics or R .an be &du..d rroD thc iin' prcpedis lisrcd
,bov.. wc bcain by Eoling th. hsjc lacr fi dre clemens 0 md l, nnosc cxisrcnce {ss
rsMed in (r3) bd (n r), aF h rmr unique
THEoREM 2.1 Uniquen6t of o and I
(") ru ud, !E eGmdb in R schlhal r +,=4,6m:=0
(6) r! and,+o arc eledcns in R such rhtl, ,=6,rhena= l.
Prcor (c) suppose:+,=d
- (:+(l+(,) =o+({)
= :rta +( 4)) =0 (Pmpcfry,.l2 md ra)
(PDl'nY
0 (P!,iU'Y '/1)
tr,
 (A{iom,ar)
=z+b+eo)) i^\iom,aa)
= c+ a)+ t-d\ (axiom,4r)
=a+\.al (give')
=0 (Axiom 14)
(r) suppose ! md , : 0 rre erem w. nu$ tnow Gal
PGhuuiDlyins bob\ sid6 orthe etruarion ! r-rrby,r,wcgcr

a- ( o = d. t +..0- a t\ I a)=a t =4

2.3 Uniq{enes of Additire lnEEe

ftEOREM
r,mdrmel.an6ii R s@brtnc+r=0.tten,=-".

coEllery 2, F6r.!z€ R, ( d)-a.

,roor usi.g (,{4). wc hNc ( a)+o=0.Ilus.Eomrheorem2.r.seconduderhat,= I c)
 ) , i,i ri. trLll"trc ilrese

corolr.rY2.6 Foi rr r€ ! ( l) (,
Phor rrlir armilaN 2 I ind corolLlr1l i Lve l'.ve

bERi {1.r. L, rr=r,) /

,r lr ( L)) , =( lr (,.,

(,r (,) (d l ) (Lr,)_,

Tlt.exr r.5u1( orcves rhe nnnNco$' ormipN.rls.

l*rorsra u.g lrn iq ue ness of Reciprocals

rra:0rid, i. F iE sulh rhrd l)= l.rherb= l/,.

(rri) dl /,=(ra) (( /,)

produd or Ro rcal iumbc^ ir T. only wh.n om olrhu

THEonEM 2-10 Ir, ,Dd , rE .tnetrLs in P such rht,., = 0. rha enhcr

110r.f1
r/t=0 sinc! (:0 rhn..r$s ii
cl nc.t lr, E F su.r rh 1Lr,).,-I th'\
h=1 h (tia) ni b=l1r) 1('r) 1ln) 0=0 (dsi"ccooilrl-l:rl)

2.2 THE ORDER PROPERIIESOF ]R

Idrl$s.chonr.lnrtudtrrelh...b Urilrpx{r.ni.\orP rhrchrelirrol]riod,i orp.s!ril}
.nd i'rquil i.s bdN.er rcat nri,brs. rhcsu oropcnns .r. be uscd I
 F. nrl is, tPncbsdufdr iirior
:, l,l 6
3. rl..lii.rhcr.[dryomorftaoLo\trrsisru.:o€ Fj ,=0, d. F
The rNr prupenr- i:.rn!d $c Tii.horoDr p.opc r- or jp.

DEFINITToN Po.ittve rnd Nesr

lr, € rP, n\en R. st rhar , i! r posnive or (r jrict, Il.liiivo

rst ,mber, md 1ri@ , > 0.
Ir, € Pu l0l, rhc4 wc sry$ara isano, mq ree rc,,l nunbn mdpnr.d>0
If .a E F, l]lo we e] dBr , h I negrriv. o, (a nricdy msfi,o Mt nu"$tr md rnc n < 0
lr{€r!to}.ih resyrhd
Note r rc Trichoro'ny proPsrq imp iurnb is posili!!, ilsariye o em ln
olhrNorns, e- n,u rot! I (:! E rl
\nnosdefirerh. inequitiryb.r$ccn$,ofitiumbeB inlcnns ohhc5d Pofposilivcde'nd s

oEFDirTroN tnlqu.liiy befr.etr Rerl Nuhb*

(d) Hu -rc F,t\mEcMjlcn>aorr< t5 qrttu ntun b at b i tes th@ a

(a) lra- € l, u lo| rhn we Bite a >
a st! $xt n is svot r fia, at,4uol
i b b or br t.\than 6 qntt b a.

.udry oi! of $c fonolyios !ilt hoLd

l]lertrc. irborh 4 <,r nl b <d l[ld rreD z -,

Noralion : iI.,r,. E tE.lhcn rye usc rhe ..do ubrc,. iiuqua tily
hlc" ineqmtnN4:n<.,

To iLhrhrc rhc rc olbasi. ai.d{ p

iiAt n.v. tr\ql in e lE drhand:cs ..un!\
THEOREM 2.ll r , /, . bcrn) etcm\n6of:
(,) lf, > rrid, >.. ths, >.
(r) Ila>r.$$,r.>r+.
 En uni 4 .i)tut.n'

(,) r ,
By s'pposilioi, bolh Lr: ng Lhr lld thd lP r .ld5cd utrdcr
(4 ,)
addirion. vc sr thd
tr) rr(>b.lhar/ bEP+

,0. rh$o-(-r at>tt - | uj- 4r?

(a) lfa>]ul.>0,rhs
(r) ra>rand.<0.rhon

(, By sprNnion. both b,. € r. siNs I i\ \lo rJ lids mu !ptrrni .1, bl =

"
., tuE lP..nd th$orot., > r,

(r) ByNunplion.,, e lP@d riLi!., !0.1 -0 ri=(.)G ?

')r
cil nnm6{,. r'hn rld.rihJ.i,r.! utr

I
tu bari. ptuplnics oao(t!r uid hr oh(ai"g thxl d,! itu t ofaDy nDn.ro.url!u,,Ur n

!4 [, € r+ aiJa-]r
'h.i,r
o
(, ) -0.

Prcor 1.,) Il.;0.$cnhrlhc fac d E ll rrn e lP, rh.i by

? !(kr,iuhirli.diotr,,r / , .- i-. AL\o, ir' ( c l, rhcr
dr ( u)r ,r. r rLus. it lblLo$ rh3r it a ; 0. r.n( >0
(r) stue I - lr.tlnll$vs lrom (.r rh l> 0
(.) we u* the pnnciple or nurh lnd.ed,lhe Nsenion B rruc lor, = !
srppose ihar ihe rssdion ( tuc rd, = r ror sotrr r. r. lLeD k E t:, md slnlr r . P. M l'asc

rroor (i) Let, > 0 $t mu$prov. ro rl'e coturry d'ar l/.i0(ncurd

bezerob us.I -, (lro) =a 0= 0 a =0, {l[h f a .om?d,.rior.
 Ah rsFotuni obsrwrion
TncE qisE no smucn posirive ml nmbm. Thlr
alvaF find 3 sale .osirivc nufrber

0, rhen sin.e l, > o(ronovs fi'on crrollrry 2 1!1, {. have

Tl'u. i r vc .ssn rhd , is rhe :mill n finn . smtl.r potrlve

rr tu; r b rolr imEdi

rorosiDg

THCOREM2.15 lr4. q icnrhrh o</<

Prcor suppose ro rh. .onrrry thll . , ThL rqr:[..!= a ,]r!n

0< .i < o, *hich conftdi.r rhe thcr drar a < . for evcry . > 0. So wu enchne Ihar ,- 0.

Nd! Norice rh rhe abdve rheorcn n ni truc run it*! @lace the Jouble inequatity 0 <z<€
6i rhe donblc mequallly 0 <( <.

THEOnEM 2.1, Ia, ud a dd re, numheB sucn 6sr 0 < r< a, rha 0 !
*" *'*"" cmd bc.qu,b rre, bease ir
i ft
: = 0.

.onlndl.r rbd r + 0 suee*"

,l
.0 ,r,"" l>o hy(rr rhnimptics
.t :j .,,, ( a>0,
sht.h n $nftdi.riou

** i., "-*," *.. *" ljl(i]." *"

i:l(;1" . t:l(;t'
sr
"rrut rcr*.'.,. e", i.
j
sine a is closd Dnder muhiDri.dion. se se ihar rhe prodtrd oftwo po\iri( n umbc6 i s posnive
Ho*$e4 ior de n\ ilrhe produd tr rosrivc llcn $ch of$e eo rac
ir is
Tl'e coftd conclusion n sNen n $ ol r yolking liih
 THEoRIM2.13 lr4, > 0, (r,
rl1cn enhe. > 0 md b > 0, d (i0 a<olidr<0
xndb+0 becausc ir.nhs, = 0 or, - 0. [ri
aa - 0. shi.h conriics d,u grv.i h),pdrojs Itom rh. Trichoronry ptupetry,
enhr 4 > 0 d
rhm.me t)=(|.)(!rr):0 siDihnx f( < 0.

corcIary 2.19 ra, < 0, rhen dirher (r) a<0;; l: (r, or (rr,>0iid 6<0,
nr! aono\ytn!.:rD|le llujrlcs hoy l]t ord.r
.cnritr .quit!s rre *ii!r.. ofsqu!rc nla

E\A:\rPt_E r Ld. > 0.d r> 0. Thcn

,f, ,/t
roLUrro\ we rd showrhdra42 0aida>o, rher
(r)
.\",,,t",

b: !!=tb t)tb-a);a b::.ti

-
dr !ri0 oL (/, (t(n+()>0
rLrxNrrslh! irnflidn r (rl

(<, _ lir<1,

d<, e J(<!r;
lb[d\: rron rhe fi81 ]nDticd,otr

foed/,rtorcpr& by, rd J,tu\Nnidr

> l, (1+rli > t+,r

tarsllr
Pro.r wc \rll ptulc rhc rsllr by orr hcharical inducrton Thc ine+atiry n
oh!iorsl! ln'e ,iJ., = i.6ecaNucieh +r tt ncrl Nu'n. rha(rheiigqu,tnvis hc
itr, I tar !]m. posnive i lger I
 (r +r)i > t-*r Y.> I (1)

siur> r,l + r r 0. Mulrlplyncbodr sides of(l) by dr posifie iufrbcr 0 r r),

(l r r)r' - (l ' aI.1l r)
> (l r [r). O , ]) (tndd hyporh*is)
= r-rrir+(a:
= r+('t+l)r+[;
> rr(r l)1
iJ (1-rl I > l+1r.-i)r
LN.ihclielu.lnyNalsohcrar,=[rrrlem..byrh.Fn.iphotmdhgmdicrtinducdon,

EXERCtsE2.1
lfa € D. pDve the lollo*ing:
(,) ( r)a = , tb) ( a)=a (.) u( ,)- (r/,). ir,:0
rf4,, E tE, Provs the follo!iDe I
(,) i,+6)=( ,)+( h\ lh)l u).t h) ( , (r) lr 4 rr=0-rhunD/-,
lf,:0 3nd b:0. sho* rh r(dr) -1rr,xi/i).
lfa E.: srist,.s( a

2,3 ASSOLUTE VALUE

In d'is *fl,oi vc intoduce rh! nolionoribsoldcaslr.lyhth irhtr(loD rhc ordcr prcp. icsol
P lra n a real number rh iio0 lLr. Iltrlbinny Pn,Dqry- !\!dly onc oldrc lnllorr! n hr..

Ir(=0, rh. absolft vnue ord ndefiNdro bc0 lr4 -0. [email protected]/ ii defiNd ro b.
$e polifir one ol th. rur,b.s 4 rtrd i

Forexmple, r =3, ? =7,M 0 =0 From rhe detnnioo s. see n\ ( >0fr,Id q F.

md a =0 ilandonl! ifa=0.Ar{
h rhe loLLosine ve shrll dc v. $vuRlpropenies concetr i@ ,bsolulc Lluc
THTOREM 2.21 lfa e 1, slrcv rhd Ia =m t,-a)
c1lns rh. rollowing
'ss
cdsr l: Ifa > 0. rlena =,. Sin.r(> 0,*chave -,< 0. and rhdcfore
mrx14 ,l- 4 d,
rliN proYli! the resulr in ftn !!s!
a = ,. sinct ( <0,*chsve d>0- d rhctrorc
Daxia, 4)= a = r,
otuvnrg $o Nrlr in $n.isc a5 *cll.

cororrart2.22 For my i$l nmhct d. d < a and-d < tl

THEoREM 2.23 (a) 1,, =iaLt r0arl,,
,=0
r6, ; =
t4 fourr,.i€ R.
(.) 4r='lforrud€ lR.

14 rr.>0, th.! 4l<.ilmdonlYir .<a

(z) - !l<, < , forall,E R.
f.i) Ircllhd(-0orr-o.lbtibdlhsdcsmequlho Thtrs, *e c'n a!\un' rdbo&
, rr nor Tcro A.cordinqh sc hav. ror cascs 10 consld'r

a =a rnd , I), rndfroreolli 46>0. so thrt

, a =arnd n'
< 0, rhetr
ah _ 4b-r(.h)=d b

morc.reqab<0 so rh

th nb=( t)b = d:r

c!*4: d<o md b <o
Ir/r0,6<0,$d d ' aand, = b.addnoEovctz'>0,soll'ar
ob =rh t. t)t b)=ta b.
 [;)"

t;l'
t1 r
(.) since,:>0,wehavear= a,1=|ta = rk = all.
,rrsr"atrrs,! !c pove ir by considcnns dE rollosins lss
crm r: If n> 0..hdlo
(rrs 2: rf,<0, rhm ! 1 - d1=1. a))' 1'
(4 rn! supposc rr!1 a < .. smce re kD.\s rhar a =Drrl,. ol.nrollowsrh
4<, md ,<(.) -),-.[t.-.i' r. bni

PtrtiDg rh*c inequaliries losurhcr, w

coNeffly.if . < a < q thcn \!. li*c borl'
!<. and .<r
e a<. rnd a<r
+ mxlo, al<. l
Nore Noiice rhar in rhe above Bux, rhc incqurlny < can $ rcp l&cd *n\ stid lncqulli1v -<'

(.) Acply psn (/) $.=ia I r'i:i !)-r

rh.ot
=\-r^ sa.(rl
The follo{ins rcstrlr is an ilmcdilt consequence o r m2 :r k)

coEnary 2.r. cl= vF forsua € R.

tollvw\ ftom TlreoEm 221i,rr

co6ll.w2,25 la z <Eilandonlyila e<r<d+3.

(Addn,e a loearhphoftl'. imqMli'y)

rbe ariira& ,r4idra. N'll bc

THEOREM 2.26 Tri.qle Inequllity

Ilo,, e n,lld ,+, <ld + ,.
 Et.h
Prcor Frcm rhcorem 2.23(a). ws hrv.
^.1]rcllsb
o <a< a , .b <b< l,i
Oi ddine fiesc incqua ies. \ec obrain
(d r t,l i a+6 < ,,11.
Hcnce. by 1h.oEm 2.21(!). \r hav. F + b < lt + h .

aim iE P.Mf ]nh slh nr pr@f n based on rhc hd dar if a > 0 end, > q n\en
a.b - a1 <b)
4+, <i' +i is equrmtci ro rhe inequ, tiry a+rr < (c + ,D1 since
'

hi - d t =.. rzab +tb|

+)qh+
<t!t)+2abtr tb. 1... oh. ab)
-la, d bl+ib1-t! + h)1
+7
i.e.. td+h..tal
Takins sluirc mos orborh sides ofrhc ibore nrqullity eives drc dcsned Esuh

Corcllrry2.27 ffn,bG R,dm

u, l,l-6 <h, rbr h-., stat+thL

a =,,
- t,.<o
lnrrchans,is rh. nrtes or. atrd
b 4ab
ie., ta) )bt < ta ,,,(2)
rrcm(r)and (2), h rouoqs rhar l, )b|<"
a h = n+l,h)<nt+ b=d+b (rriatrglclrcqualry)

Th. fonowiia rcsux seneruli4s ihe Ti{sle ln.ttu,tiry b a fin e ntrhbcrotctef.nb of R.

, ia , r.r nudh€s' rhci
44

,l < ldrl+ ,.1+...+1,.

ProofweproceedbyindrcIio.,Th.onc1UsonhoId:tiv6nylor,-
rbllovs by rhe r.,nslc tncquariry suppce rhd ineqmliry hotd; io , * Lr r € N. rhen
=
 n;t <vr'a.+ +4 + at,l
ror, = E+ l. Herce.hvthc nnn.iplc of hai\.Mdcal iidtrdior, rhc

1r. iexi rsulr shows 6ar equaliry occus in $e Trianslc In.qualitv il aid onlv if a6 > 0. whtrh
is equivsle ro sarrng ihd a and h i
IEOREM 2.29 If d. 6 € R. $hov rlzr l, + rl = l,l + 6l if ud oDlv if a, > 0'

"+b =lc+bl
c:*=la+hl
) ta+61 = all+ hP+2d b

- o1+t1-lob:n:+bt+loh \l l l
- ab=abl
ab :, ob t,,rl
Coiv.6dr. luppv( ,ha' d, z O Th{ ato-a -
la+b1 - la+ b)1= d + b1+2ut'
= a)' b1+2.b (... .6>0)
=l,l +tb1+2'\tl t... ab =.4hi)
=(,1+ bl,
tr, la+ b'z - \,1+ b 11

u+bl=al+Lil r.. L:ch sidennon-ncFrivO

-
TIEOREM 2.30 Fd uy so @l nnnb.6 a ,nd 6, stow thor

(, ,*i,,r):,1G+r+1, t ) (r0 -i,1,,61=:G.6- ,-, )

P6or (, By rhc rricho'ony lrop.rry, ,ra. lhci eMcily onc or dic followi.g holds :

crxe I seposc a > t, then mr i!, ,l 6 =o , Th cfoe. rYc

,rG.r,., ,u = i(".,l-. ,) ="=m 14.,l

 rhqdL q t nt!!.
.*e: "
s'npo.ed-r.'hen,h, td. b: ;.na"_b a.o.n& o_br.0IieTdc,-ehAe

,la+r+ a ,)=rGro+0) -4=ms\t,.r,r

)lo+,+ta i | = J:{d+^ 4+r) =r=fr r,.61

(,n Lcn m ciercic

lneoualltl.s with Abrotute vatuet

fte t Nms.smir.
'[r.mFhoq
EXAMPLE 2 rind anr e m $ar srisry fi o followjns in.quatries I^
k) l& 5l< I] (61 5 ri < 6 (.) tr ei<,
sortTto\ k, B+3urr. s,i.eq,,\,ten.ro . . , . , . h-q,dtiD I ., .ri.
sid'ed ddonly ifrhe rolo$nsdoubte m.q!,t,ry trsr sfied
I

13<41 5<ll
€ 3 < 4r < t3 (Adding s ro.acn pd ofr6e in.qu ig
9, (djvidios..ch *p6.ion by 4)

$ruud kt = {!. R ,., r:l=1, 9l

rhus, ,hc
| ,t t :l
(r) The ineqnaliry ls l:l < 6 can be reptaced hy rhc to owins equiv,h! doubtc inequatiry I
63 5 t <6
e x< 3r<t (subbading 5 ao( ach pd)
€ 11,5>r>-rl (Divjdingby_3rdrcve6insrhesis.ofla.nin.quatq)
e .l/:]<J<ll/3
**.*.-,*.*,= 1,. n, 1..-Lll=l
il I ll
I. I t
(.1 Be.ause rl < . is eqntvalerr ro 9l < 2 as folous :

e 2+9<r<2+9 (Addin! 9 b eeh pad orlhe ineq@tiry)

5 7<r<1t
rhw,nre$ruiiusc'= lr € R : 7 < a < = (1 ll)
)
 r € R 6ar $risi, rhe fo lowinE inequslni6
>ll (b) )j+5>2
so,-urroN (z) Bsausc, rl> . is cq,ivd.n! ro

'jleequiv.lctumnpounditEn
ai
4r+5 > 13 or 4r+5<-ll
+ ,lr >3
at t<rD
l hu, rhe solurjons m alt rert nunb6 lcs dra _9D or gread rhm z,
Hoe, nr soturion ei - ( 6, -ert u (2, o).

ftc, fic slurion et - ( o, -7Et u (-1. o).

(.) subrac. 3 noh esh sid. ro ishre L\e abelub latue cxprssion :
l1-L > o
Btrsu* be,btuluE slue JfevEd n, mbo L flsj
re ( ofan etNmbd cnaF,he o, ,o 0.,h. btuDo. .d h R,

EX{MPLE ,t An rnposibte c,5.

r. R rid .ausD je,n.9ud
Fbdal
soLU Or Sre rbe
.mmk" "bsont ktlr ofanyquuiry k gR,rer fim or equJ b 0, no €tueotr
te!.lh3n_1. thc. rie sotrio, kr i! d. lhc mpf &r.
'heablotuEstD.

ExAMpl-E s r.nou u r e R .ts,\,ij!b,ic inequr,ry rl_...

t2,-1
SoLUT'IoN Finr wc iore sa. r = l/2 r.$lb in ! division hy am, $
in &e :olur,on Fr. Sciins lnis
rhi. value ofr ;bnor b.
side fd de llMerr snd okins &c EdDmcrh on bofi sid* *

l,r-+)l - ; - tt, !:l -!

-r
.10*
me
l/2 to rvoid a djvisjon by dq
 E|'rd^ oJ ambsi'

;'j', oi ,'r'j
mfr
r\
0@rrend
/, r /r
,hichcJnbeRpe*d l;.;lu tr,;l
0r

f).{vPlt6 rrds- r c R rhrrsdrD rh. iGq ihD ' ':l

f-ll<l € -3<i-l<3
€ _2<?<4 (addins I roceh p'nofd'e in'altliv)
* S-:j ' a (' r:is nevs noeptire)
e 2<x<2
'rhB. dE solurim sol is lJ € lR, 2 <t< r) = t ,,,1
Era{MPLf,7 Finddlre R nhd etisry 6e in.qualirv } ll<lr1'
SOLUTION fi^rM.rrd tht merhod is bd.d on rho lollo{ing rd:
a<, ifddonlvil a1<,: when borh u >0and6>0
ftu\ r 't' ' L $nsli.d ''md orlv lLhc he{u'iN ' l:.i hr't'.v.lred
ue inc@8.'s
r s' '[ed
s.iiI .,i.,L,,. n.'t" *qu-,r,..r,r-,: yi(rd'r- Ii
ir,r 1r+l<l r'., if -Zr+l<0 o! if J>l/2
Thus,lhc inequliry r I <lr iss.risfi.nif,> l/2 ftlirhe'olutionsdis {:
€ R:r>lD)

smndlr.rd Thn mc6od coshb in conEiddns th' css s lnat deir': absolure v'l@
'dbols
I- i. *"""1. r". *o. "" -",t!r rt= o ir,= 0 md li 1l= o 1' rne point r = 0

ddJ= I divide rhe rcal line inb nhee i enzls:

(o.oi. tqD rd 0@)
we consida the foloving cds.
< -r {hich it
cr* 1 r < O. In lnh cs., de givm ineqoltq bE@Ees -+ - l)rhjs cd' 'quiuld!
to

I < 0. shi.h is fahc. T6$, no lrlue ofr srisfies ine in'qlrliiv in

C,:., O <: < L ln rbis ce, lne giem inalualirv beon6< + - D < r or '+I<'whichis
sarisli.n if: > lD. hus, rhe olniion et in rhis ca' n r < I
'2
Cs.3 J> l. h rhis c!*, dE erven in.qElirv t€c@s r - I < r shich is slvavs sdsned'IllE'
in d,h .as. .ll r such th3t stist
r>I th. incqu tv
Talring ine union ofi\e dfe. c6eB, s. conclud' rhrr rhc solutjon !d is lr R : r > lr2)
'
EXAMPLE 3 Fibdallr€ e lhat $iisry lne incqulitv r+ I <Lr ll'
soLUTIoN To tud all, € R thar u' us rhe rollowi4
siisry ilc desiftd ineqnali+ raci :

,<6 ifmdonlvir d'<D: rhenborh d>0 6d 6:0

 trben
rh( Rat N 2i
rhus. 1I+rt<lr r € ]irl<tf r:
e 0rl)1<(r l)1 (... idr=,rforsyr.ita)
€ 4f<0

ho$suords.iheinequalirylr+1 < r- I issarsficdirrndonlyilr<0.

i.l.i € R:a < 01= ( {.0).
EXAM?Lf, 9 Find,[,E R rhrr sdisq, rhe incquatiy r + ]+l <2.
so[uTroN ut .onsids ihe follo{ine cscs :
cr:.1 Sunpo& r< -l In rhis crs, r = r dd r + l - (rr l).Thus,
ri+rr+r<2 e -r G+r)<2 - z. 1<2 - 2.<3 + x> 3n
3/2<r< t.
lrle sorurioi sd in rhis cas is therrorc
cN: suppos I < : < 0 I', rhis .a*, il= randtJ+1 =r+l.Thus,
uhi.hisrl ryshqThus,aur€ te such dui I < r < 0 satisi, the siven i.c,tDatiry

Cr:c 3 Strpposcr> 0. In rhis.as. r :r,id r + I =r + l. ThE

rl+ r+r <, e r+(r+l)<2 e b<1 - r<tE
I'us, in thh cdc, fi c giveo idequljry is $iisfi ed foral r€ m su.h rhor 0 < r < l/2.
cofbiiiig arl rhc above cmes. we find rh rhe inequali9lr + r + ll < 2 js satisned jt

r"r ." br,,., ,;;r] ,

" ) =

Y.uch,har /i. !Mrorrr, e i, nst !, <1.

soLUrIoN ro tndaconndMsuch rharl/(J) < M for all ] sarisfyinE 2 <r < 3, we consider
spaftly rhc nuedbr and d oninad or
)l +1,+ll
r/rr)i=+
/ -t1
Lcr us li6t Dmedor:
consider the
2f+:rr+1 < 2ll+3i +1 On.nshrne,rn.riq,)
= 2t,r +3 r + 1 (: trrt= = :, tr)
r 2.3r+r.3+r (: trt<r)
 fo, ! r,s,,!ms::L r
xr ior! considft rhe deioDiD,o.
, i i" ' .",)
(bc.aus..\ pEs, or insid. rhcabsotur!
lb e
vllnc synbol x noo{csariv. ,nr r r u ndq .onsidcsr.n)

<; IorxLlr $r(ryinert <J < l

lrr +r: -r _,i

'J
hus. \er nn cboose : 23rl. Noli.e rhai sny numbrt // > lsE \il /l
rlso sarsfy /lJ1 <
DEm\'rTtoN (doe R rnd:>0. Tncnire € n.rahborhood of,. d!noFd by {rar, r

..G)=t:eR. r a.st.
Nor.e
'hJ .odofr'E j, ,Eneibv
'hc.ioltrLo
l/.lr'r=hER r r-r' -.1
'
IHCOREM 2.31 rard€ R. rtrbctonej b lnc eishbdhood

ii:"j l;'Jn*:J:i"j" "r<

ro'evcrvs> 0 ,hei i,,onowsr,om rheorcm2 ,6n\
'

(.) IrJ r-6 <._ rhcn &. rriarcto tncqrrlny nnp]t* rhar
'1<.ind

t,
'r,- T
 EXERC|SE2.2
1. shie ind provc lhc lnanglc htqualiiy if R.
2. Ira., E , +i
1. sho* rhar
l. Show rh r a <.ilandonlyiaa '<r<a+.
1. ljiidalliEI1rh sdnt $c foll
(,) 2r.r <r (h);2<2
5. liiDdallr E R rharslsryftelbllo{lnsincqualnis :

(,) r+2>1 (b)i+l >2

6, FindallrE E rhrr srlnry bonh lr 3 < 5 andF+ r''2 sinuh,'coudy
7. rinJ Jl r E I $d $lnry thc equrion r + r _ r 2=l

l
3

2,4 THECOMPLETENES5 PROPERTYOF ]R

so ar Nc hrv. discused rhe rllerrBic md ords |,mpeni.s or the rcal nunrbs synon :n. h lhi\
rrdnr r. ;
nirrr dis.us yer r.orher propdy ol thd is orei .dled d'e c,hpt.kn?s h ary'l)'
lot the su?ana, Ptup1)) uf 1.I lE complereness rrupdy or lP is 3.
dnrnclish* it nom 6c 5r{.d q lb impotun.e lies ii rhc ftd $sl n

ln ordn 1o dcscribe lle compldcnc$ Propcny.r R, wc fiN insoduce sre lemmlog}

DtrrrxlTloN Boutrdtd Sel
A nu{Dpry of R is siid ro bc borDded ,boE If rhere exids a sl numb* u suh
snbsd s
.
: u for dr ". Ite ombe, r.s slhd a upp{rbouidort
'nd
A oon-shpty subs.r s f * n sid be bo nded b.lo{ iflhsrc srks a cal numbei / smh t\ai
o 10

r<rforrls e i Th. nmb€r / i c,lled a lom. bound ol5,

A non-mp!, sbsd S or R is srid 6 b. bound.d ir n both bouded abovc od bonded
b.lo{.In oiter{oids, Sis bouddifthqe exhl ril nunbeE, drsuchdr l<r3!foidl
vE s a icr rhd n oor bounded is sid b be unbound.d.
rx^MPLr 1' (,) rhe kr s= lr. P:i<l1n boundedabovr by, =
lars{ rban I is !L!o d upp( bound.rT Nolicc rhll rhis qel l's iD lo\ci

lolndui,lnumbua n bourdd bdos 6) r=

snEllerlhin t is also a loqer bound rl N.Thcser |1 n nor 6ou.ded ibolt.

1L r'i'; io

(dl rhs si z of intseB is unbo,uied sincc fti5 neirhcr tourild i,hori nor bouMcd belo!:
smilarly, lne st Q aid emutrbound.d

uppcrbod or.lrhciriyitrnhshBdrh$uhal$trppdbound.rs Ari ilrrasslnioi

L i'lso vrhd tor lo*cr bound:.
I trpps rdior kNcr bounds. F
s=lr€ F,r.: rlhx no rolve, b.

s - li. [r:0 <i < = (0, r). rhs ihu scrJ is boundcd.
Esp(rilel)'lo*sindnppgrsoundsor'sburrhlydondbchnsk,rhcsct j
Df,iFINTTIoN Sup&dun ud Infimuh
LctJ bc a Don-mpry subsd ol R.
(r) IlS t hNdcd ab.v., rhcn, rmbr! ksidbbcaspmnum(ffalsd upp{r bdtridJ
.rSirir srbfiB rhe rollouins.onditiN '
(1) n is rn uppq bound or t md
(2) if v ir d urpq boud ofJ. rhcn ! < v.
(r) Il, isboundcd b.l.q $e! a numbn , h eid 1o be u inlimur (or r enard loqer lDund)
ofJ if it &tieli6 tbc follo ns.ondniois l
( l') /i3 lowdrbou ofS,dd
a
(2') ilnis iny lov hotrrd ols, rhm ,n < l.

\ve nore tur i notr+Dpt) subscr s of ill

bound similr,ly, u,< L,.so! = (-

; ;;';-; "' .,,' .r'r1'
uo\''rr"smlrhror!"u'pe'
**ai.rs rr'i.--*ir, it-",,,ihrvnppdboundof s,lhdsups<r
i\rs. isunique.6us, {e
A\tmitar ofreff car bc siven to s
:";;;;:; ;; ,;".". "'' " "., or (, iniinum rric inn,Dn or a {r s' ir il ernc r
i.""",i'', ,"ii *;. ." * ,r" '.ssd rhi m!ui\ ir/ n n
"onrud
roq{ hound ofs. rh.n / < i"fs. ".
I a nod_snpq sd 5 of E ro halr a supEnur(Espdidv
"i- -, ,. r,,.*.""-,
,-"","--_,""_ j;i.;j;,;. ,n 1., ,ne, F,. 'u'tro'!\')'b'o'1
-,;,.
(,) Ii crn havc both I ruprmun rnd :n ilfimum,
(n) It oi h,ve ! $Prcmun bu( io trrfidum.
(,,, lr cin hrve m infimum bul no suprcmun,
(iv) h .an hlve nenhcr s sup(mum nor 3n infidum'
Morcovli rhe suptmum or the infif,um orr sr mav or mlv 'or bdong
10 ser
'he

iIr6iEfr - zif
m"-.p'v 'ub:d or .i 'hd
ru h'5
'n
upp bound. rhci i rerl nsber
" - *. {nEmum orsilrnd of,lY
'f
(,,) ll r < tr, tllcn rherc driss r' E s such tbrr v < r'
,u.. ot \. i dti!n. . r

", i , iJ.,,.,, ,... .",. ..rt.'

r<! Thr Pmrs coDdnior (')

, ,, ,:,)",,,1
(rl r rin trPPs hound ors, d
(:)ireis xnnPPdbot.dors
'cn('' s'th'n
rheoEdn,onrncisur\thxrtrisrl'ppcrbotrMorJ Ftrnh'r'rlenaryuPrtrboundof
i- .'-",; ;,.;,;.. ,.
:.;;;,., i":i; ,;:i.:';.p., .-. ' ne.r' 1 1'r" br 'o"Lii' '''rndr
r'

THtOREtlt rJ3 ....^,. "., ' or rboLnJ.dE'oLtrmb'r

.
^,h";c-trm"r, ' rtrJ o,lv .'
(i, Il / < ,, rhm $ce exis6 r' E s such fiar r' < n
 The lirloNine durcm sjvcs aiolbjchamdnr, Nj
r.oo-hpry sub$i or R rh hs ;.,.. , ," m;r
P6or Fi-c ppo\lhd uprer bolnd r $G,i!s thc $dcd u irnm ! . , ior N!r)l s > 0. rhm

J,
':4
v.:) thus.!rno'muDD bdundor.tmd

b,untrorr thr drrtrev\..omc -r I h,rr i ,

llEORtM 2,35

f,xAMpLf, lr(.) Fvcrynoi..nllyfinneserorEaltr,nbcNJ= 1:r, r.. .,r,1 nhouidcd.

sup J= I SimiLany,rsn 6e dbvn rh f r.!r 0 Ndc drrhdh rtr

.t bclo.g ro ir& sd s 'uP

a.) Ler.r li . t:0 <r < 11 usinq r1]e sam! ohr il Fn (i), si bc ihosi fia.
.il;.,'",].,,:-".""****.-,ts"*,","1".*,"rs simlrrrY nlfs= 0 is i.rr

The Cohpleteness property of R

li*"^-*,-.
! r
'! 10pe1'j\ 'e s
), ...'.u....
r.,re.,e.j .1._b ,",
|0.,,'.,.md.hm$ '.,,.,
\ \ hl rr r a.Dmpkrc D.d.red fi.rd
THEOREM 2.36 The Coftpteteness property
trvdy mn{mpty $bs of R rh$ t boudcd ahle
,ntrfi. r,.-n'rfr
otrD..,,e. c alJs ''o'op€rn
. o..,.o* .".,"",tt.,'" hr",s,go, oo,n
ir " ima rnd .m b. dcducrd fion
- -,.,, slb\a o' i
lieon:n -rz u rh,,'' bo'ndd I !'os hE' in nn n'm

-r*q

Gionent zcg Irsisi, tunsprvsuhs.t of & $dpmlc$'(inf5r$ps'

bdonded

prcol sinlc.r is noNnpry, wc.in.hoos $me I e s Tt6 bv d ni ioo'

inls<!<sLP.r
iid h.nce I folLoNs rhar lnf s < suP s
d )_ orrcal nunib*s lor shich

non.cnply suhs.r or -i \:rI sup J= i' J tht' Jbr v rLcmen( tr rt

-mls<J<5dps = J=slPs
dn!o.ds .r.onrhtoli siiahc
E\AIuPLE rs Ld S b. a bound.d sl r P 3M let 1 be i noElipt) subsd ois sho\''lrd
mfs < !nf,'< supT < supl
SoLUIIoN Fia(orxll. {r notg. rh rh!s.rlrsslsobomd|d L'a=rnrsTh'n

Ilus, a is a lows bound or r. and $( < iilT

s<|r fdirr iEs

 uppd bolnd of t lnd !o sup r< 9

(Refft ro lteorm 2.Ir) rh jnrr< sup r ftui re concrude rhd

infs < inrr. supr I sup
rd s be a n.n empty subsr or & ,\d n bounded
bclow sho* fi*

Lc' d , nod enpty subs$ or A ftar $dsE, rlr piolenv :

e<h tot aetet,tb.R

soLUTtoN For .ry n . ,, rc hav.

d<, lbrdl dE,l
i-tr I
l,l: :.,!n,i tr upN b,rnd,{ 1 rnd hei.. aD r !, Fr .h4'0,r,J,a,',eql''t)

trxaltprf, t3 Lel l aidrrr.boundcdnor.enplysubseb

ot q, atrd rct
)+ R = ta+b:a e 1. h. Rr
shos rh supt, +r)=slp.? +sup,hd,n(,i +!e)=inr,
r iir,
id ,, = sup ,, rhctr

tuarr aE?t snda[ 6€,

rlr ptove rh3i!, + a, is rhe sunrenun.a,],,
Ld(be by@lrtrm6ersudj rtdr <ri r!i.Thcn

u \-b = " b !=,rpt

tueR l Nunbe

+ rbsc nud.xisr sohca€rsuchA.t

u-b<r
= !<, +, forsoM e,,r rd 6 €,

+r) =!r +,,=spr+sup,

$p(.4
simituly. i' si be slrM tlrr inr (,{ + ,) = i.r, + inf,
E)(AMILE 19 [d S b. a mFn'9ly bounded eubsd of R.
(0 L.i d > 0, sid ler ,5 = {ar : r € J}. P6v. rhar
$p (zt -asueS dd inf(,O=ainfs.
(ii) IJr b < 0. ud ld ,S - lrr: r € ,tl. Pov. rhot
sup (rrJ =6infs and inf(rr=bsupS.
soLUTloN (, Il*eld ! =lupJ,rhms < I lor 3ll s €,!. since, >0, ir louows llrr
,3<,, forall J6s
w. pove rhli ou h rhc supmum oa,J. ld v b. aDy EI nmttr such rhar v < ,!. Then
vlc<t (...,:0)
Bur dE fJd rhat tr is tbe suplemm ol S iDplGs itd r/, cinnot 6e an upp{ boud ol s. Tnu,

vlo<s ) v<a!
.on*qu. ry ou qdp,J.$ nm.o,..
(zrl =,i =,supJ
sDp

LdO d'' )
s'm'lar). tm b. +o*r _
'n8, 'Dr
(r4 Irwe ki / = inr-s. lll.i /<J rd all, € S. Sin.c 6< 0, nulliplying borh sidcs by, yiolds
6r<r/ lorrll 3Es
+ r/ is an uppr bou.d lor &e ser bs. wc prv. rhn 6r k rhc suprcmun ofDJ. L.r, b. ey r.dl
numher sn.h nn I < ,a siocc b < 0. dividi$ boln sids by a yiclds
,|b>1
Ent rhe lrd $a! I is rh. jifinuD dfs inplies rh* ,/, cmor be a lostr bound ror t ThDs, rheft

h> s ) (f ,<0)
"<t'
= / is nor r upps tcrd fd ihe d rS, od so 6/ = sup (rr. fta, * h.w
sup (6r) =b,=ri,f,
similady, it 6 bc ahoB rhit int (6., = , sup s.
The Archimed€an Prope.tv
$t \y,Llmw d{i!e onc olth. mos,mror l consequeiccs otrhe compldcnNs P.opdy,
mne\: tu.rdrr&/nn /D,,p.,n rl
Pooe+ lvr .liods. 1o glv. rhar c
i olmtrri nun,buA iyo/ bound.d !6orc in i
THTOREM 2.39 AEI'iDEde,n Pmperry

ply sd h3s i suprc'nu L = 5uo ir ( E. coiscquc ly.

rMsi|..dlE|],lhisii|qulil}
Ihcrc B:.!urlrqulydlc romsonhcArhincd.xDPrpcnylh *.tr*tuliidilrcrcil.ontrc
\\t srabl,shrbareqfirrlence in rhe follo$ins fieoEm
THCOREM 2.40 En.h of 6e loltowins s equiBlmi to 6e Arbjnede'n Pmpefy ,
u,rb . exisb, . N suchrhat,>r.
:, i > 0, thcrc cxRs i € su.hdd,r>r.

rrrs.bJ- crrbhsl,iiir,hun cqu!rric!

Arhnn.d.rPtupcn)-:(rr:lI(")lyorfils,rlrcnrhcrerouldcxisrL.hsuchrhd,.rlor

n, 1(1, lr *r lrke : = r h, rhcn -,:>l.ri!s(a)

rolloNs $edrtelv rfD l/])bvlitr.s, l.TL'ns,a
1.) - (Archnnedein Prp..!")

cororrary2.41 if r. B. r>0. dici thNc\n[,, c { sd.h rhlr,, I <f <,,.

,rcor coNidaiheebs*r= l,
€ N:,>),l ol N.TteArhimdernPtopeny6su8rI rh.
sr, b nod{mpty. By de w.ll{idedng pop.rry or N. hs rhe lm$ e ,
rr- doesoorbdooghr,,ndhencc !(hs. r ', 1
r0 nr..,
lr
s 1;,...i -l lr I r I
EV.AMTLE shos ns'
1t ,I J.bo[dedrbsedd
b.low, and Eivc i6 supmum nd infimuft. lD.ki ani" GE4,20t1l
1 < I for aI r € N. Ths, I is m uppd bdund tor t SinccS+ t, sup S

To q. rbd surs l.obrNcLhaIe58nddctde'. .pSIi!

Nd!weobs.thdl/,>0forsInin N. IhE,0isalowerboundfors.Cocequm&rheinfs
disE in R md 0 < inf s. w..lrim thet iff t = 0. ld,' > 0 be a Ioser bound ol J. Bv tne

Archim.nan ohFro rhne (\isN n € I su(h < u But I . S, which @nhdic$ $c

'h

,.
"*^""r," ",'= ffi
=
^] {i
SOLUTION Obviouslrshnon{mpty.FunhcmoE, rll < I for
- R.wechim!\atsupS: l. Ldvbc
peny,sups.xisbio
rbar I < y suppGe io rhe conhly that v < I, $cn by lne

&chimedtuPbpdty, rt@exissad, € N suchrhdl<r r Thh inpli.s rhar

,.,1=t!.s
sbicn cotrft{iid lhe fid rtn v is r upper bomd ofs. Iheftiort, I i! tne ba$ lppq bound for

,*^,""" *,r=
{,-!I,, . .}. r,no,nrr*a,u, tD.M ahb. cE4, to\i)
" "
*-... *"*,,= {,.
j. i :. :. :i; ]
l{
 V,€ N

Itu. 0 s a low boui d' is ruppe- bohd or I ID o,he, qo,e.,nc d., i\

hodr bohdcd
above and borJed elow. Bv ![e Compt.,tu*s Ploperg. nt I md sup S .s, in
R.
chi,n:infs=j.

r _Cif = r+.1= r! , r,1

if, h dm, rho I > t, md!o

, tll =!=1

= infr. let s > 0 b. aive( T]tu r = 1

,
2

be an npperbMd, bee6e it v@ an upps houd. rhd

i < 2- a v s€ t In pdidr(, 2< 2 e or E < 0, wnicn h a conhdicdoi

{,-+,, ..1 -*,"",,,aod inrs, irrhey*is,

!{l
t,l
, .c-!1
" l,Pl'"'--... .,
 l\''cfo 'Lo rd i' o

Ir J on'h. orl'erhrnJ. r to o$s r m de in!q!3li J ii rl

,, .!{ ' . r.,,n ,'.

'
r:$. 0 n r losn bound or the non-e'npq sd .t Therefot, n'rs cxl!\ I
-.s=o nor.rhar0 e s. and thercrore. inls < 0
't '' '; ''" r\i !o'ro'r'l
lj inat
:\re and boDided 6clow Find sup s and

SoLUTION clearll 1/l B an qrper bound ors \t claift dmr sup S= 112

\undofs ve will shoLv n\ li2< ll sinlcInu'uppt

!t) .,
l:rdrulribyl.ting,=2,\tntrdftxt 1r2<r< lrl $hnhisii\rsrh
: I < ,. Ths pN* thd sup S = 112. as cl.iicd
\:i.q.obseNefiat 1 is a love bouDd oas w. daim lli n s= I Lcr/turlowsbohd
:is we willshow ihd I < 1'sinlcrlralo\sbotrMols'

, . i ll
r.,"u ,,. n
bp! icular. by lcnine, = l,!ctindiha! I< r<..l shtrhisidr"*ih
r< i. Thk provs tld i.fs= l.Achirrd
rl
sOLriTIoN Since , = I h rhe sMllcn ljrlnc, ii lollows n\d, > 2 ror rll ' ' N vhnhmPri'nc
ihs implies rhar r < 1r2fo'allr: s Thus,112 isr. upp1j bound of' siDc' Sn non emprv' !up
i e\iss in B.nd sqrs< li2 li rsd, supS= 1/l si.c. rr2 ' s
\.xr, not rhar, by deniilLoo, pnmc numbes re ponrirc. C.trsln'n1lv r > 0 Jnr allr € tmd
'iderore 0 n s bw{ bomd orJ Thus. / lnls srist rnd inl r > 0 \!t chin tbd / = Dr't' 0
ri7>o rhen r/,>oandsin.erhcstolDninesLunb.Dndcd,lhc(cxista

e> rtum whch i! rono{s thd 1 < / whirh r l*t bounJ otJ LnJ
].

txAN[LE !6 Lets= 1r> 0: C>4) = lr E l: r .:l s,!" 'hr

sF h{ J.Lr be $\ nd
 EkD)tds nt )Mh\n
I ro*tr bouDil or.r \[ rliti show lhd / < r

/,r,4 _ ,_!1 ., 1

,.=1!.a,
nrrdJi.$th.rid ra/isIr;e,o{d.fr$re
nmi hala /< 2 rhenfoq urJ_
l
Densfty of Rational Nuhbers
tn E
\ro he r!hurd \ A(t,

l" :::, :",:, : :l:, : I ::,l;r: ;. ; "",,,,,.' "t',."Jill.l l;;,,

i:
rutoreu zei ii"i"nsd-n-ioi-,r,
*^*- u.""i, d-.u !d,
:l'i". ,nrnbe.. e ,r.,&,

..tt
::t:: : ,: ."1, '";;:r
,,l,:,,t,.:r,.1.":,. *. ". ,, .
'1"':," ;'
l;'; " ";
:",", 1",:
i..hooi:pwncmrlerr.ud
. ":,'",""" '
'll;* ;' '"i ;',tti.,,f;,_ "J;;;;:;i:lt;
",':1 rtr I a.

.,;,
'.J"d*-,;,*-b"-;.-tu."-**ffi ;6.,
Proor Apptyi.E rhe Detr5iry rhcorer io he leir nufbeN I
"rr "d",.r-1 ,". a.r
"
,"!","r

rhrs. ir\r r.r:= rJl. $en : r "a1

de contrJy $at I < 2. Then by rhc D.siry propsry of Q. rhft *is6 r mrioBt numb& r such
lt r</<2.Dntllcir€Jaodr<r* ch conrsdicb rh. tad rh.r ! h an uppoi hound ofs.
Ihu. u. mus havc 2 < r. Itbpoves rh snp J = 2, a criim.d.
\exr*eob$ e rh.r I is a lwer bound ofs. we.rrim rhlr infJ: l. I-et I be a lo{d b.md of
J ws *ill shos nrd / < l. suppae ro &e coirrry rhar / > l. llt i 6e a Btioml number s@b rh.!
I <r< I Thetr r € Jmdr< l which coihdi.b rhe fad rhd / n a bu
mNt tuve 1 < r This prova fiar inf s = r, u clained.

LxavPLf 23 Lr'.r- I, r IR J .sl shoE lhar5 i, bo'r o

soLUrIoN wchawr=1r€R, ,6.,. "51.

crerry, uq ;.o upper houod o.s. w.
daimthar$pS= vS.lr,beanupperboundofs.Wewill:howin* !6 <!.supporeb$c
conrnry rar , < J5. By rhc Dcnsiry rn.ore4 tkr. exnr 5 nrjonat nunber r such $at
,<.< 15 . rnm r € S md / < r which conhdicts rhc fad rhd ! is uppsboundoftThE,
*e nus. haE J5 <r rhispmerharsups= !5. as clrined.
Nex! we obsde $a. rG is r lower bound or t. we clain tlar inf S =
-rE . rd I 6e a tower
bound ofs we wirr show drar /< {5. suppos ro rhe co.rary rar t> -{5. By rhe D4sity
'Ih@rc,l rherc .rbb a nrionor nmber r su.h dd
a5 < r < r Tt& r € J aud r < I whi.b
rdmo'cB,m Jd .ha' , \ s ro$ er bouno or \ Th6. .murhr\./. -.6. rb. p'-*,r'" r-

EXAMPLtr 29 Find rhe supEnm ond iilimum ofrh. tollo*ins s* l

r,' / l e, /:)t. rir, n-N - la.th uni\ Gc4.2t,al

SoLUTION (0 SiD.er< 5 rorarlJ €,{,5 is b uppa boud of,l. By &e conptecnes
h.opdy, sup, .n* in R ,nd sup,4 < s. we clain rhat sup ,1 = 5. Li ! bq { ugper boud ol,.{.
we wiu !ho! tlt 5 < !. suFpoe b the conftry 0rar / < 5, Thm by lne Detuiry ropdy of Q,
n\eG.xis6 a nrion.l numhq r slch rbar / </ < 5. Bnt rhh I € ,{ fd ! < r yhich conhdicb L\e
fer $.t r is atr upp* bound ol ,{ Thu. w. 6ct halc 5 < u. fth pDves rnat su, s = 5, 6
d.inEd. The sd ,{ is nor boudcd trcm bdov ind nence inf,1 do* noi .xisr.

ln ) \.
nl = L.l
I t:
,.xl=Ll-:,I4 I
)
obviously, 9 is ,n upper bound olr. By the complehne$ Prcpqny! sup a aisb in e ad
sup , < 9' we clsin lh,l sup ,, = 9, sirce I €r.vebsvc9rsup, + supr=9.

conplcrncsP6p.ny,infren$sir R s.dinrr>6 v.chin$dinfr=6. rds>0bcsiven.

By u'c Archiaedcin rmperty, $ae .xirE , E fi sNn 6ar
 Ek^axaIAnalysis

"1"
Bd6 . 3. dt-.enc.. f-o,str\.'o,.hr.u. -,,.r-or. b,uroo.p .u.

EXERC|SE2,3'
l. cive examltc oaa sr J ir8 n :
an
(d) bouidcd . borc bu. noi bounded 6e toq
(r) bounded below bur nor bounded above.
(.) ne ,e bouDded above nor bohdcd belos,
(!il bo'h houndcd $ove d bounded bcto*
2. srat lbc conpkbrc$ ft.op.ny of E rs = lJ. R:0 < r < rl. show dri sups = l,.d

J, $e',.tut c.o* dr.r 1 ,l

'n.d*nftop--rlr :1 L, ] "
4. L.rJ=(r€R:0<r<1i Fjd inrr 3id sup s.
5. L.rJ= lr E !: r> 01. show dr i,fs=o
ra.+1

r..n**,.*lII 1,.n =,
3. Lrr S= t €R I ; <4) shou rh!! s is borh bornded abovc a.d bouided b€low Fjnd inf s

r.(a) s= 1... , r.2,rl 1r) s= r{, ihe ser ornarurar nnmh€s

(.) s= z. rbe si o. frcsss ,a, ,= 11., .,1

l, 1

6, inr.t = 4. sup.t = 7

2.5 THE EXIENDED REAL NUMBER SYSIEM AND INTEAVALS

rn aM&k n ir secrimes usetul lo havc an exlendcd re.t itrnh{ sysrefr. consndis oI a
roEedid wiih rwo rlmbols 4(or +r) bd E.
 '1:

tr

-
,': ',::=

. h onr !o !ni.d

nor bound.d $fi c in P. rh.i

intJ= {. we rlso dcline $p

. rlr*r(,,r)- t 4<r<rl i\callc']'hcopenihierv,ld.rminedbydandr.

. thc sel td, al = la, a < r < rl n called rhe do&d l .a.r dernined by, and,
r Gc s! c, rl= lJ,, <r < rl and t,,.r = l\ 4 <r<,il ftc.ill.d h,lr{pen (or
hlrf-cr,srd) iitu.vrL deEnnin.d by / xid l,
n'e|oiLn!,rand ccrncd$c €idp.inh orlacrr oarhcr inEnrls Nore$arerch ol
nltrndur;.dby, ,
r el ni. or.r Lid Jr (o. ,) roc{ r inlrulc (ciipoinrs. rh.clos.d inrnaL tr, ,rt ndM*
a t,. r) mr,d$ rr,. ddpdm4. n
-rlJr(".r1;! $'h!RrPorrn.
|.n NN.l ii 1i,. rl (/. d q. slE r thc or$pond is
inr mrh-lrr L tu inchroD s.r t/.,1 t,
DTTINITIOIi hnnib lnten,k
The innnik op$ lrreryrh .rc rlre sds olthc rom
G, o) = t ER I r>al rnd 1{,r)= lr €
The inntrlh .lo$d ,hreryrk ae &. set of thc rdm
1,,6) = t € R:1>,1 md (4,61= F E R l
' .. e"o e c!' R'.'l!o lBed r. 4n i'rr_, 1e .!l "'a re wir R
jiNr atrd tlre rhnd $t hivc io
E&hoarhelivcli,ltrilcmres*definedrhol.xnnbo!trded Ine
upper boutrds. rhcs..od ind rh! rourh hiv! io lo\vr bounds The lln sdh nc hq
3i upps

Char..terization of lnteruals
x msl b. onph.srcdth my int(.al /po$.ses rh.lnllositrg obYjous propen):
Lr r,r .r and \ir' thci tr.rlqr
Thc lbllo wing drorcm. lxlhd rhc C h 5ubu ol P posssing

'THEoREM 2.44 Chrrmtcrlzrtion of lnleNak

Ir s n a rubler ol n dar .o.rains !r led eo poins d
Il :,Ie S rrd r <r, dren h,,'l c

DEflNITION NeJtEd INiO 9h

A *qumce ol lnbds Ii , , € N, is said ri be nNtd if $e foltowing condiiiods hold l
l,2 1.2... 1t,- l",t)..--
or4rnple. if ./, = lor, E N, nEn
P. l/nl
lta L )....2 I,21..t...--
Thus,djsscque.c.ofintflalsisil(edNotlha!llrdemenl0belong'
rh! ArchiNi*D Prcpcny b show rhd rhe Lntcscdhi or rll rh*' *t consis! or orlv rh' noid

0'$dn,n;/,,=10lHdweve(fcdefineJ.=(0.l/,)lo
Ncnals frlso rcncd, bur rlsc ( io comon poLdi sinrc ror'el,r
giYmr > 0, rh$ exist
,.fl s,ch tb l,r,<r\oddr4J, Si'hil,.lv,lhckquen.coljntntlsI(.=('I,4),'€Nis
n*led bur ha\ o.oNnon poLn lr n No.di D.ntionin-q drar, in scdcnl. x n'icd sequenc! ol
inr.nals mcd nd hrve r common po'nr'

st mw rrE rD i'nponaN prop.ny o tr'c ordoscd. bound'd

inrcflats hN a com,ion poini
 Nested hteruals PropertY
Ir1,= k, 6,1, d e . is are$edsqEicc orclosen rnd bolndcd intmli [En thorc *hts a
iMbrE € n such lnat E € 4, ror al1 , E

2.45 lf/^= [d,, r,],, E i'1, k of cl.s.d, bouded inlN3ls

lendhs 6, !" or1, satisfy inl{a Ihetr &e mber E .onbinod

rhe un.ountability oi lR
i: now use rh. N.$ed lnr rl Prorcny b csiblish rhe ufuoml$ilitv ollht \.r R drtrl

THEoRIM2.46 Uncounlability or R
fte ier.rrcal nmbeB is not couiublc
Drcor ue.lDtue i e.Lbf'/ 10..ro .ts n.ou-"b.o- ' en.u! 1r".'D
"..'-" i rm".. I w,rlod obc.ou bbl
Slppos!rorhe.oninry6arthc*t/scounuble thlituelemensof1!,nhcctrumd eda:
1= irL.rr, !r, .ri....1
ri clrin rhat rheE n 1$qEre l{,i ordosud botrtrdcd rnl.arLr or/ smh dh l,I /. *"1
r : /, ror all,. Ii. Ihc rlquR l{,1 B ddind dr\ikl)_ N lolh!\
ri fi*r \chcr. closed houDd.d rl € / N.r {. sled I dovd

: /:0dr. * Ir rr$em inuciDr

,.u.,'r / o'.1, rhr' .

corcll,ry2.47 Tbeserot'trmonr irmb€ui5'ia{nbhlc.