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Compounds containing Cu2+, OH– and CO32− ions are sometimes described as basic copper
1.
carbonates.

(a) Solid Cu2(OH)2CO3 is added to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid.

A solution of copper(II) chloride is formed, together with two other products.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction.

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(2)

(ii) Suggest one observation that could be made during the reaction.

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(1)

(b) A 5.000 g sample of a different basic copper carbonate contains 0.348 g of carbon, 0.029 g
of hydrogen and 1.858 g of oxygen.

(i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula.

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(1)

(ii) Calculate the empirical formula of this basic copper carbonate.

Show your working.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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 A sample of hydrated nickel sulfate (NiSO4.xH2O) with a mass of 2.287 g was heated to remove
2.
all water of crystallisation. The solid remaining had a mass of 1.344 g.

(a) Calculate the value of the integer x.

Show your working.

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(4)

(b) Suggest how a student doing this experiment could check that all the water had been
removed.

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

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 This question is about citric acid, a hydrated tricarboxylic acid. Its formula can be represented as
3.
H3Y.xH2O

(a) A 1.50 g sample of H3Y.xH2O contains 0.913 g of oxygen by mass.

The sample burns completely in air to form 1.89 g of CO2 and 0.643 g of H2O

Show that the empirical formula of citric acid is C3H5O4

(5)

(b) A 3.00 g sample of H3Y.xH2O (Mr = 210.0) is heated to constant mass. The anhydrous H3Y
that remains has a mass of 2.74 g

Show, using these data, that the value of x = 1

(2)

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 The figure shows the structure of H3Y

(c) Complete this IUPAC name for H3Y

____________________ propane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid

(1)

(d) State the number of peaks you would expect in the 13C NMR spectrum for H3Y

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(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Glucose can decompose in the presence of microorganisms to form a range of products. One of
4. these is a carboxylic acid (Mr = 88.0) containing 40.9% carbon and 4.5% hydrogen by mass.

(a) Deduce the empirical and molecular formulas of the carboxylic acid formed.

Empirical formula = ___________ Molecular formula = ___________

(4)

(b) Ethanol is formed by the fermentation of glucose.

A student carried out this fermentation reaction in a beaker using an aqueous solution of
glucose at a temperature of 25 °C in the presence of yeast.

Write an equation for the reaction occurring during fermentation.

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(1)

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(c) In industry, this fermentation reaction is carried out at 35 °C rather than 25 °C.

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage for industry of carrying out the fermentation
at this higher temperature.

Advantage __________________________________________________________

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Disadvantage _______________________________________________________

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(2)

(d) The method used by the student in part (b) would result in the ethanol being contaminated
by ethanoic acid.

How does this contamination occur?

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(1)

(e) Give two differences between the infrared spectrum of a carboxylic acid and that of an
alcohol other than in their fingerprint regions.
Use Table A on the Data Sheet.

Difference 1 ________________________________________________________

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Difference 2 _________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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 (a) Calcium phosphate reacts with aqueous nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium
5. nitrate as shown in the equation.

Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HNO3 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(NO3)2

(i) A 7.26 g sample of calcium phosphate reacted completely when added to an excess
of aqueous nitric acid to form 38.0 cm3 of solution.

Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of phosphoric acid in this solution.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

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(5)

(ii) Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of calcium nitrate in this
reaction.
Give your answer to 1 decimal place.

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(2)

(b) Write an equation to show the reaction between calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid to
produce calcium phosphate and water.

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(1)

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 (c) Calcium dihydrogenphosphate can be represented by the formula Ca(H2PO4)x where x is
an integer.
A 9.76 g sample of calcium dihydrogenphosphate contains 0.17 g of hydrogen, 2.59 g of
phosphorus and 5.33 g of oxygen.

Calculate the empirical formula and hence the value of x.

Show your working.

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(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Zinc forms many different salts including zinc sulfate, zinc chloride and zinc fluoride.
6.
(a) People who have a zinc deficiency can take hydrated zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.xH2O) as a
dietary supplement.

A student heated 4.38 g of hydrated zinc sulfate and obtained 2.46 g of anhydrous zinc
sulfate.

Use these data to calculate the value of the integer x in ZnSO4.xH2O

Show your working.

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(3)

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(b) Zinc chloride can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between zinc oxide and
hydrochloric acid.
The equation for the reaction is

ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O

A 0.0830 mol sample of pure zinc oxide was added to 100 cm3 of 1.20 mol dm−3
hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the maximum mass of anhydrous zinc chloride that could be obtained from the
products of this reaction.

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(4)

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(c) Zinc chloride can also be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction between zinc and
hydrogen chloride gas.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

An impure sample of zinc powder with a mass of 5.68 g was reacted with hydrogen
chloride gas until the reaction was complete. The zinc chloride produced had a mass of
10.7 g.

Calculate the percentage purity of the zinc metal.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

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(4)

(d) Predict the type of crystal structure in solid zinc fluoride and explain why its melting point is
high.

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(3)
(Total 14 marks)

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