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2. Elastic Constants

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17 views3 pages

2. Elastic Constants

Uploaded by

Franklin Daniel Xalxo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture on Mechanics of Solids - Stress-Strain Relations

Introduction:
Last Lecture Recap:
Discussion on the stress-strain relation, defining terms related to material behavior.
Today's Topic:
Focus on Elastic Stress-Strain Relation.

Isotropic Material and Its Properties


Isotropic Material:

Definition: An isotropic material has elastic properties that are independent of orientation.
Example: A body with elastic properties in the x, y, and z directions will not experience any
change in those properties upon rotation.
Elastic Properties:

Examples of elastic properties:


Modulus of Elasticity (E), which defines stiffness (Young's modulus).
Poisson’s Ratio (ν), which relates lateral strain to longitudinal strain.
Rotation of the body in any direction does not change these properties in an isotropic
material.

Stress-Strain Relationship
Normal Stress and Shear Strain:

Key observation: Normal stress only causes normal strain, and shear stress only causes
shear strain.
Proof of Normal Stress Does Not Cause Shear Strain:

Consider a body under normal stress (σx) that causes shear strain (angular distortion).
After rotating the x-axis by 180 degrees, the shear strain changes direction, but its magnitude
remains the same.
In an isotropic material, this rotation should not change the material properties, leading to
the conclusion that normal stress cannot produce shear strain.
Therefore, normal stress causes only normal strain, not shear strain.

Establishing the Stress-Strain Relation


Strain Relations:

Normal strain along the x-direction (εx) is related to normal stress (σx) by:
1
ϵx = (σx − ν(σy + σz ))
E
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Similarly:
1
ϵy = (σy − ν(σx + σz ))
E
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1
ϵz = (σz − ν(σx + σy ))
E
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

For shear strains:


τxy τyz τzx
γxy = , γyz = , γzx =
​ ​ ​

G G G
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Generalized Hooke’s Law: These relations describe the stress-strain behavior for isotropic
materials.
Poisson’s Ratio (ν):

Poisson’s ratio defines the relationship between lateral strain and longitudinal strain. It shows
how materials tend to contract in directions perpendicular to the applied load.

Shear Modulus and Its Dependence


Shear Modulus (G):

The shear modulus relates shear stress to shear strain.


Relation to E and ν:

E
G=
2(1 + ν)
​

Shear modulus is not independent; it depends on both the modulus of elasticity (E) and
Poisson’s ratio (ν).
Thermal Strain
Thermal Strain:

Definition: When a material experiences a change in temperature, it undergoes deformation


(thermal strain).
The change in length (ΔL) due to temperature change (ΔT) is given by:
ΔL = L ⋅ α ⋅ (T − T0 ) ​

where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion.


Thermal Strain and Mechanical Strain:

Thermal strain is added to the mechanical strain caused by stress.


The total strain (ε) in a material is the sum of mechanical strain (εe) and thermal strain (εt):
ϵ = ϵe + ϵt
​ ​

Summary and Conclusion


Key Points:
Isotropic Materials: Have elastic properties that are independent of orientation.
Elastic Stress-Strain Relations: Established for normal and shear stresses.
Poisson’s Ratio: Links lateral and longitudinal strains.
Shear Modulus: Related to modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio.
Thermal Strain: Caused by temperature changes, added to the mechanical strain.
Next Steps:
In the next class, we will discuss general state of stress equations and failure criteria.

End of Lecture.
Thank you for attending the lecture.

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