COURSE CONTENT

Learning outcome 1: Generate idea

1.1. Conceptualization of idea

1.2. Creation of a screen writing folio
1.3. Identification of factors to idea selection
1.4. Construction of story conflict
1.5. Development of story conflict
1.6. Construction of logline and synopsis
1.7. Writing a story logline
1.8. Writing a story synopsis

Learning outcome 2: Develop Story Treatment

2.1. Identification of story treatment structure

2.2. Construction of character’s profile

Learning outcome 3: Write a script

3.1. Application of screenplay writing tools

3.2. Application of screenplay writing techniques

3.3. Introduction to central dramatic problem

3.4. Introduction of Plot

3.5. Driven by Premises

3.6. Application of screenplay writing principles

Content 1. Conceptualization of idea

Topic1. Description of sources of idea

An idea is a mental concept or thought that represents a notion, concept, or mental image of
something, whether concrete or abstract. Ideas can range from simple and everyday thoughts
to complex and innovative concepts.

Sources of idea

✓ Printed media: refers to forms of mass communication and information dissemination

that are produced and distributed in physical, printed formats. This source of ideas
encompasses a wide range of materials, including newspapers, magazines, books,
brochures, pamphlets, posters, flyers, and more. Printed media serves as a valuable
source of ideas because it conveys information, news, opinions, and creative content
through text and images that can inspire, inform, educate, entertain, or persuade
individuals.
 ✓ Internet: The internet can be described as a vast global network of interconnected
computers and devices that allows people to exchange information, communicate, and
access a wide range of resources and services. As a source of ideas, the internet plays a
crucial role in facilitating the sharing and dissemination of information, knowledge, and
creativity across the world. It provides a platform for individuals to connect with others,
explore new concepts, research various topics, and discover innovative solutions to
problems.
✓ True story: A story is a narrative or account that presents a sequence of events, often
involving characters, settings, conflicts, and resolutions. As a source of ideas, a story
provides a framework or foundation upon which creators can build and expand. It offers
insights into human experiences, emotions, and interactions, making it a valuable
resource for generating new concepts, themes, or inspirations.

Content 2: Creation of a screen writing folio

A screenwriting folio typically refers to a collection or portfolio of a screenwriter's work, which

includes their scripts, treatments, and other related materials. This folio is often used as a
showcase or representation of the writer's skills and abilities in the field of screenwriting.

Note book: notebook as screenwriting folio" is essentially a designated notebook or

digital platform where a screenwriter keeps all their script-related notes, concepts, and
materials organized in one place for easy reference and development of their
screenplay.
Journals Books: refer to a section or component where you keep written notes, ideas,
and reflections related to your screenwriting process. These journals may contain
brainstorming sessions, character sketches, plot developments, and other creative
insights that you jot down as you work on your screenplay.
Sketches: refer to a collection of these short comedic scenes or segments that a writer
has written. This folio might showcase the writer's ability to create funny and engaging
moments within a limited timeframe, demonstrating their skill in comedic writing.
 Photos: "Photos as screenwriting folio" might suggest a collection or portfolio of
photographs that are somehow related to or used in the context of screenwriting. It
could be a reference to visual references, mood boards, location scouting photos, or any
other visual materials that a screenwriter may use to help develop their scripts or
convey their creative vision to others involved in the filmmaking process.
Research note: refers to a document or collection of information that screenwriters use
as a reference or guide during the writing process.

Content 3: Identification of factors to idea selection

1. A writer's interest in the context of idea selection refers to the personal preferences,
passions, and areas of expertise that influence their choice of topics and subjects for
writing.
Writers are more likely to produce compelling and engaging content when they are genuinely
interested in the subject matter.
factors that contribute to a writer's interest in idea selection
Personal Passion: Writers often choose topics that align with their personal interests and
passions. When they are enthusiastic about a subject, their writing tends to be more authentic
and engaging.
Expertise: Writers may select ideas that leverage their existing knowledge and expertise. This
not only makes the writing process more enjoyable but also allows them to provide valuable
insights to their audience
Relevance: Writers may consider the relevance of a topic to their target audience. They choose
ideas that resonate with their readers, addressing issues or questions that are important to
them.
Curiosity: Writers are naturally curious individuals, and they may be drawn to topics that pique
their curiosity. Exploring new and interesting subjects can be an exciting aspect of writing.
Emotional Connection: Some ideas may evoke strong emotions or personal experiences in a
writer, making them more motivated to explore and communicate those feelings through their
writing.
Market Demand: Writers who aim to make a living from their work may consider market
demand. They may choose topics that have a broader audience or commercial potential.
Creative Challenge: Some writers thrive on creative challenges. They may select ideas that push
the boundaries of their writing skills and offer opportunities for growth and experimentation.
Social Impact: Writers with a strong sense of social responsibility may select ideas that have the
potential to bring about positive change or shed light on important societal issues.
Inspiration from Others: Writers may be inspired by the work of other authors, journalists, or
creators. They may choose ideas that align with their literary influences or seek to contribute to
a particular genre or field
2. Actuality
Actuality of an idea involves conducting thorough research and analysis to ensure that it is
aligned with the current realities of the market, resources, and the broader business
environment. This evaluation helps in making informed decisions about whether to proceed
with an idea or explore alternative options.
actuality, which can encompass various elements
a. Market demand: Actual market demand is a key factor in determining whether an idea
is worth pursuing.
b. Timing: Resources: Do you have the necessary resources, such as funding, manpower,
and technology, to turn the idea into reality? The actual availability of these resources is
a practical consideration.
c. Competition: What is the competitive landscape like for the idea? Assess the actual
competition and its impact on the idea's chances of success.
3. Art market
The art market refers to the complex and multifaceted system in which artworks are bought,
sold, and valued. Factors that influence the selection of ideas or artworks within the art market
are diverse and can include:
a. Artist Reputation: The reputation and track record of the artist play a significant role.
Established and well-known artists tend to command higher prices and garner more
attention.
b. Artistic Quality: The aesthetic and creative merit of the artwork itself is crucial. Art
collectors and buyers often consider the quality, originality, and skill demonstrated in
the work.
c. Artistic Movements and Trends: Art movements and trends can greatly impact the
market. Certain styles or genres may be in vogue at a given time, leading to increased
demand for works that fit within those categories.

content4: Construction of story conflict

Introduction to story conflict
Story conflict is a fundamental element of storytelling that involves the opposition of forces,
ideas, or characters within a narrative. It is a source of tension, drama, and suspense that drives
the plot forward and engages the audience.
A "film conflict" refers to the central problem or tension that drives the narrative and creates
drama within a movie. Conflict is a fundamental element of storytelling, as it serves to
engage the audience, propel the plot forward, and develop characters.
Topic1: roles of conflict
✓ Conflict is the driving force behind the plot and the source of tension that engages the
audience.
✓ Creating Tension and Suspense: Conflict generates tension and suspense, keeping the
audience engaged and invested in the outcome of the story.
✓ Character Development: Conflict can reveal a lot about the characters in a story
✓ Theme Exploration: Conflict can be used to explore deeper themes and issues within a
story.
✓ Building Emotional Engagement: Conflict often evokes strong emotions in both characters
and the audience.
✓ Resolving the Story: Ultimately, conflict needs to be resolved in some way for the story to
reach its conclusion.
✓ Resolving the Story: Ultimately, conflict needs to be resolved in some way for the story to
reach its conclusion.
Topic2: types of conflict
Creation of story conflict
Identify Your Protagonist: Start by understanding who your main character is.

Define the Antagonist: Every good conflict needs an opposing force.

Clash of Goals: The heart of conflict often lies in a clash of goals. Your protagonist wants
something, but the antagonist wants something different or is actively trying to prevent the
protagonist from achieving their goal. This sets the stage for conflict.

Obstacles and Challenges: Consider the obstacles and challenges your protagonist will face
while pursuing their goal.

Character Development: Conflict should lead to character growth. Your protagonist should
evolve in response to the challenges they face, and this growth should be a result of the
conflict.

Resolution: Eventually, the conflict needs to be resolved. How this happens can vary greatly
depending on the type of story you're telling.
Types of conflict
1. A "Conflict with self" is a type of internal conflict that occurs within an individual. It is
also referred to as an "intrapersonal conflict." This type of conflict arises when a person
experiences conflicting thoughts, emotions, or desires within themselves. It can be a
struggle between different aspects of a person's personality, values, goals, or moral
beliefs
2. Conflict with others: is a common form of interpersonal conflict and can occur in
various settings such as relationships, workplaces, communities, and more. Resolving
conflicts with others often involves effective communication, negotiation, and problem-
solving skills to reach a mutually acceptable solution.
3. A "Conflict with Fate/God": This type of conflict involves a character or characters
struggling with their destiny, beliefs, or the influence of higher powers, such as fate or
deities, on their lives. It's a clash between an individual's free will and the
predetermined course of events set by fate or the divine.
4. Conflict with Society: This type of conflict involves a character or group of characters
who find themselves in opposition to the values, rules, or expectations of their society.
5. Conflict with Nature: In this aspect of the conflict, characters are pitted against the
natural world. This could include facing harsh environmental conditions, surviving
natural disasters, or struggling to overcome the challenges presented by the wilderness.
6. Conflict with technology: can be categorized as a type of conflict, specifically a type of
conflict related to modern society and the use of technology. This type of conflict may
involve individuals, groups, or organizations struggling with various aspects of
technology, such as its impact on privacy, security, or ethical considerations.
Content 5: Development of story conflict
Flat conflict: In storytelling, a "flat conflict" refers to a type of conflict that lacks depth,
complexity, or significant development. It is a conflict that is relatively straightforward and
uncomplicated, typically resolved quickly and with little tension. Flat conflicts are often used in
simple or lighthearted stories and may serve as minor obstacles that the character’s encounter
on their way to a resolution. These conflicts may not be the central focus of the story and are
not intended to create a deep sense of suspense or drama.
Flat conflicts are usually easy for the audience to understand, and their resolutions do not
require significant character growth or profound changes in the storyline. They serve as a
device to maintain interest and keep the narrative moving, but they are not meant to challenge
the characters or the audience in a profound way.
"Dynamic conflict" in storytelling refers to the ongoing, evolving, and central source of tension
or opposition within a narrative. It's the driving force that propels the story forward and keeps
the audience engaged. Dynamic conflict can take various forms, and it often involves conflicts
between characters, their goals, beliefs, or external forces that create obstacles and challenges.
 This type of conflict is dynamic because it changes and develops throughout the story,
impacting character growth and the overall plot.
a "complex conflict" refers to a narrative element that involves a conflict between characters,
groups, or opposing forces that is multi-dimensional and complicated. Unlike simple conflicts
that can be resolved relatively easily, complex conflicts are often layered, involving a web of
interrelated issues, emotions, and motivations. These types of conflicts add depth and richness
to the story, making it more engaging and thought-provoking.
Content 6: Construction of logline and synopsis
Topic1. introduction to story log line
Definitions
A logline is a brief and concise one- or two-sentence summary that encapsulates the essence of
a story, typically a film, TV show, or book.
It is a vital tool for conveying the central concept and hook of the story to potential audiences,
producers, or publishers.
A well-crafted logline should provide key information such as the main character, their goal or
conflict, and the overall tone or genre of the story, often leaving the reader or listener intrigued
and wanting to know more.
Characteristics of log line
A logline is a brief (usually one or two sentence) summary of a story that states the central
conflict. It is a concise and compelling pitch for your story, and it should hook the reader or
listener's attention.

Here are some of the characteristics of a good logline:

• Clear and concise: A logline should be clear and concise, and it should accurately convey the
central conflict of the story.
• Compelling: A logline should be compelling and hook the reader or listener's attention.
• Unique: A logline should be unique and set your story apart from other stories in the same
genre.
• Truthful: A logline should be truthful and accurately represent the story.

Here are some examples of good loglines:

• Star Wars: A young farm boy joins a rebellion to battle the evil Galactic Empire and rescue
Princess Leia from the clutches of Darth Vader.
• The Matrix: A computer hacker learns that the world he lives in is actually a computer
simulation, and he must join a rebellion against the machines that control it.
• The Lord of the Rings: A young hobbit is entrusted with an evil ring and must embark on a
journey to destroy it before it can corrupt him and conquer Middle-earth.

When writing a logline, it is important to keep the following tips in mind:

• Focus on the central conflict: The logline should focus on the central conflict of the story. This is
the conflict that will drive the story forward and keep the reader or listener engaged.
• Use strong verbs: Use strong verbs to convey the action and excitement of the story.
• Be specific: Be specific about the characters, setting, and stakes of the story.
• Write to your audience: Keep your target audience in mind when writing your logline. What
kind of stories do they like to read or watch?

Use of logline
Loglines are also a useful tool for writers to use when developing their stories. They can
help to clarify the central focus of the story and ensure that all of the elements are working
together to create a unified narrative.
Content7: Writing a story logline
Elements of logline
The elements of a logline in storytelling are:

• Protagonist: The main character of the story.

• Inciting incident: The event that sets the story in motion.
• Central conflict: The protagonist's main obstacle in the story.
• Antagonist: The force or character that opposes the protagonist.
• Stakes: What the protagonist has to lose if they fail.

Techniques of writing a story logline

Here are some techniques for writing a great logline:

• Start with a strong hook. The first few words of your logline should grab the reader's attention
and make them want to learn more. You can do this by using a strong verb, an intriguing
premise, or a unique character.
• Introduce your main character. Who is your story about? What are their goals and motivations?
Your logline should give the reader a clear sense of who your main character is and what
they're up against.
• Establish the conflict. What is the main obstacle that your protagonist is facing? What are the
stakes if they fail? Your logline should create a sense of urgency and excitement, and it should
make the reader want to see how your protagonist overcomes the conflict.
• Keep it short and sweet. A logline should be no more than one sentence long. This means that
you need to be concise and to the point. Every word should count.

Content 8: Writing a story synopsis

Elements of story synopsis

A synopsis in storytelling is a brief summary of the plot of a story. It typically includes the main
characters, the setting, the main conflict, and the resolution. A synopsis is often used to pitch a
story to a producer or publisher, or to give potential readers an overview of what to expect.

A good synopsis is concise, clear, and well-written. It should be able to catch the reader's
attention and make them want to read the story. It should also be accurate and not give away
any spoilers.

Here is an example of a synopsis for the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen:

Synopsis:

Elizabeth Bennet is a young woman living in England in the early 19th century. She is intelligent,
funny, and independent. When two wealthy gentlemen, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy, move to
the neighborhood, Elizabeth is initially attracted to Mr. Bingley. However, Mr. Darcy's pride and
arrogance make it difficult for Elizabeth to like him.
 Over time, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy come to understand and appreciate each other. They
overcome their initial prejudices and fall in love. Elizabeth also learns to see the folly of her own
pride and to value the things that are truly important in life, such as love, family, and friendship.

Techniques writing story synopsis

Here are some techniques for writing a story synopsis in storytelling:

• Start with a strong hook. The first sentence of your synopsis should grab the reader's attention
and make them want to learn more. This could be done by introducing a compelling
protagonist, setting up an intriguing conflict, or posing a thought-provoking question.
• Be clear and concise. Your synopsis should be no more than a few paragraphs long, and it
should summarize the main plot points of your story in a clear and concise way. Avoid using
jargon or technical terms, and focus on the most important elements of the story, such as the
protagonist, the conflict, the climax, and the resolution.
• Focus on the plot. Your synopsis should be plot-driven, not character-driven. This means that
you should focus on the events of the story, rather than the inner thoughts and feelings of the
characters. However, you can still reveal important information about the characters through
their actions and dialogue.
• Use strong verbs. Verbs are the workhorses of your synopsis, so choose them carefully. Avoid
using weak verbs like "is" and "was," and instead use strong verbs that convey action and
movement.
• Write in the present tense. Synopses are typically written in the present tense, even if the story
itself is written in the past or future tense. This helps to create a sense of immediacy and
engagement for the reader.
• Proofread carefully. Before you submit your synopsis, be sure to proofread it carefully for any
errors in grammar or spelling. You may also want to ask a friend or colleague to read it over for
you to get feedback.

• Include the main characters and their goals. Who are the main characters in your story? What
do they want? What obstacles are standing in their way? Your synopsis should introduce the
main characters and their goals, and it should hint at the challenges they will face.
• Reveal the central conflict. What is the main conflict in your story? What is the protagonist
trying to achieve? What is the antagonist trying to prevent them from achieving? Your synopsis
should clearly reveal the central conflict of the story and its stakes.
• Show, don't tell. Don't just tell the reader what happens in your story. Show them. Use vivid
language and imagery to bring your story to life.
• End with a bang. End your synopsis with a strong climax or resolution. This will leave the reader
wanting more and make them more likely to read your story.
 Learning outcome 2: Develop Story Treatment
Content 1: identification of story treatment structure

Topic1: introduction of story treatment

A treatment serves several purposes in the storytelling process:

1. Conceptualizing and Developing Ideas: It helps the writer or storyteller to refine their
ideas and identify any potential gaps or inconsistencies in the story.

2. Pitching and Securing Funding: It provides a concise and compelling overview of the
story to attract potential backers or investors.

3. Collaboration and Communication: It facilitates collaboration among writers,

directors, producers, and other creative team members.

4. Guiding the Creative Process: It serves as a roadmap for the creative process,
ensuring that everyone involved is on the same page.

Key Elements of a Treatment

A treatment typically includes the following elements:

1. Title: The name of the story or project.

2. Logline: A one- or two-sentence summary of the story.

3. Synopsis: A more detailed overview of the plot, including the main events, conflicts, and
resolutions.

4. Character Descriptions: Brief descriptions of the main characters, their motivations, and
their roles in the story.

5. Themes: The underlying ideas or messages that the story explores.

6. Tone and Style: The overall mood, atmosphere, and writing style of the story.

Benefits of Using a Treatment

Using a treatment offers several benefits for storytelling:

1. Clarity and Focus: It helps to clarify the writer's vision and ensure that the story has a
clear direction and purpose.

2. Feedback and Refinement: It allows for feedback from others, which can lead to
improvements in the story's structure and plot.

3. Effective Communication: It provides a clear and concise way to communicate the story
to potential collaborators and stakeholders.

4. Efficient Development: It can streamline the development process by identifying potential

problems early on and ensuring that everyone is working towards a shared vision.

Topic2: Classification of narrative styles

Linear narration: In storytelling, linear narration refers to a narrative style that

presents events in chronological order, following a straightforward cause-and-
effect sequence.

Linear narration is characterized by the following features:

1. Chronological Order: Events are presented in the order they occurred, from beginning to
end.

2. Cause-and-Effect Progression: The plot unfolds as a logical sequence of cause-and-

effect relationships, with each event leading to the next.

3. Clear Beginning, Middle, and End: The story has a distinct beginning, middle, and end,
providing a clear narrative arc.

4. Easy to Follow: The straightforward structure makes it easy for readers or viewers to
follow the plot and understand the progression of events.

5. Sense of Suspense and Build-up: The chronological order allows for the gradual build-
up of tension and suspense, leading to the climax and resolution.

Nonlinear narrative: In storytelling, a nonlinear narrative is a technique where

events are presented in a non-chronological order. Instead of following a
straightforward beginning-middle-end structure, the story unfolds in a fragmented
or disjointed manner, jumping back and forth in time or weaving together different
perspectives and timelines.

Purpose of Nonlinear Narrative

 Nonlinear narratives are employed for a variety of reasons:

1. Create Suspense and Intrigue: By withholding key information or revealing it out of

order, nonlinear narratives can build suspense and keep the audience engaged, eager
to piece together the puzzle of the story.

2. Enhance Character Depth: By exploring a character's past or contrasting different

stages of their life, nonlinear narratives can provide a deeper understanding of their
motivations, conflicts, and transformations.

3. Reveal Multiple Perspectives: By presenting events from different viewpoints, nonlinear

narratives can offer a more nuanced and multifaceted interpretation of the story,
highlighting the subjectivity of experience and the complexities of human relationships.

4. Experiment with Time and Structure: Nonlinear narratives allow for creative
experimentation with the structure and flow of time, breaking free from the constraints of
linear storytelling and creating a more immersive and thought-provoking experience.

Interactive narration: Interactive narration is a style of storytelling that allows the

audience to participate in the creation of the narrative. This is typically done
through choices that the audience makes at key points in the story, which can
affect the plot, characters, and ending. Interactive narration can be found in a
variety of mediums, including video games, choose-your-own-adventure books,
and live performances.

Characteristics of Interactive Narration

Interactive narration has several key characteristics that distinguish it from traditional
linear storytelling:

1. Agency: The audience has the ability to make choices that influence the story's
progression.

2. Non-Linearity: The story structure is not predetermined, but rather branches out based
on the audience's choices.

3. Immersion: The interactive nature of the storytelling can draw the audience into the
story world and make them feel like they are part of the experience.

4. Replayability: The ability to make different choices and experience different outcomes
encourages multiple playthroughs or re-readings.
 Applications of Interactive Narration

Interactive narration is a versatile storytelling technique that can be used in a wide

range of applications:

1. Education: Interactive narratives can be used to teach students about various subjects
in an engaging and interactive way.

2. Entertainment: Interactive narratives are a popular form of entertainment, particularly in

the realm of video games.

3. Training: Interactive simulations can be used to train individuals in various skills and
procedures.

4. Personal Growth: Interactive narratives can provide opportunities for self-reflection and
personal development.

Topic3: Techniques of developing treatment

Developing a treatment is a crucial step in the storytelling process, as it helps to refine

the story's concept, communicate the vision to collaborators, and guide the creative
development. Here are some essential techniques for developing a treatment:

1. Clear and Concise Writing: Use simple, direct language and avoid jargon or overly
complex sentences. Aim for a clear and concise presentation of the story's essence.

2. Compelling Logline and Synopsis: Craft a captivating logline that encapsulates the
story's core conflict and intrigue. The synopsis should provide a detailed overview of the
plot, highlighting the main events, conflicts, and resolutions.

3. Well-Developed Characters: Create vivid character descriptions that reveal their

motivations, personalities, and roles in the story. Show, don't tell; use actions, dialogue,
and interactions to bring characters to life.

4. Engaging Theme Exploration: Identify the underlying themes or messages that the
story conveys. Explore how these themes are woven into the plot, characters, and
setting.

5. Consistent Tone and Style: Establish a consistent tone and style throughout the
treatment. This will give the reader a sense of the story's overall mood and atmosphere.
6. Targeted Audience Analysis: Consider the target audience for the story and tailor the
treatment accordingly. Understand their interests, preferences, and expectations.

7. Feedback and Revision: Seek feedback from peers, mentors, or potential

collaborators. Use their insights to refine the treatment and strengthen the story's overall
structure.

8. Visual Aids and Enhancements: Incorporate visual elements such as mood boards,
character sketches, or concept art to enhance the treatment's presentation.

9. Professional Formatting and Presentation: Format the treatment in a clear and

professional manner. Use proper grammar, punctuation, and formatting to ensure a
polished presentation.

10. Passion and Enthusiasm: Infuse the treatment with passion and enthusiasm for the
story. Your excitement will be contagious and will help to attract collaborators and
investors.

Content2. Construction of character’s profile

In storytelling, a character profile, also known as a character sketch or character description, refers to a
detailed overview of a character's traits, personality, background, motivations, and other relevant
information. It serves as a comprehensive guide for writers to understand their characters on a deeper
level and ensure consistency in their portrayal throughout the narrative.

A typical character profile may include the following elements:

Physical Description: Details about the character's appearance, such as age, gender, height, build, hair
color, eye color, clothing style, and any distinguishing features (scars, tattoos, etc.).

Personality Traits: Descriptions of the character's personality, including strengths, weaknesses, quirks,
habits, beliefs, values, and attitudes. This section helps to flesh out the character's behavior and
reactions in various situations.

Background and History: Information about the character's past experiences, upbringing, family
background, education, career, and significant life events. Understanding the character's backstory can
provide insights into their motivations and behavior.

Goals and Motivations: The character's desires, aspirations, fears, and the driving forces behind their
actions. Knowing what the character wants or fears can add depth to their arc and contribute to the
plot's development.
Relationships: Details about the character's relationships with other characters in the story, including
family members, friends, allies, rivals, and love interests. Exploring these dynamics can influence how
the character interacts with others and navigates the plot.

Character Arc: An overview of the character's journey and development throughout the story, including
any changes, growth, or lessons learned over time. This section helps writers map out the character's
progression and ensure consistency in their evolution.

Topic1: Introduction to fiction and nonfiction characterization

Direct characterization: occurs when the author explicitly tells the reader about the character's
personalities. This can include their physical appearance, personality, motivations, beliefs, and
other aspects. Direct characterization leaves little room for interpretation as the author directly
states the characteristics of the character. For example:

"John was a tall, muscular man with a booming voice. He was confident and assertive, always taking
charge in any situation."

In this example, the author directly tells the reader about John's physical appearance and personality
traits without leaving much room for ambiguity.

Indirect characterization occurs when the author reveals the character's traits through their
actions, thoughts, speech, appearance, and interactions with other characters. For example:

Through Dialogue: "Why are you always so late?" Sarah asked, tapping her foot impatiently. This line of
dialogue reveals Sarah's impatience indirectly.

Through Actions: Instead of stating that Mary is generous, the author might show her giving her last
dollar to a homeless person.

Through Thoughts: The narrative might delve into a character's internal monologue to reveal their fears,
desires, or beliefs indirectly.

Through Interactions: How a character treats others or reacts to different situations can also provide
insights into their personality indirectly.

Fictional and non-fictional characters:

Fictional Characters:

Origins: Fictional characters are created by authors, playwrights, filmmakers, or other creators for the
purpose of storytelling. They exist solely within the world of fiction and are products of imagination.

Characteristics: Fictional characters can be wildly imaginative, ranging from superheroes with
superhuman abilities to ordinary people facing extraordinary circumstances. They often possess traits,
behaviors, and experiences crafted by the author to serve the narrative.

Context: Fictional characters inhabit fictional worlds or settings, which may bear resemblance to reality
but are ultimately products of the creator's imagination. They are subject to the rules and constraints
set by the fictional universe in which they exist.
Examples: Harry Potter, Frodo Baggins, Sherlock Holmes, and Darth Vader are all examples of fictional
characters from various works of literature, film, and other media.

Non-Fictional Characters:

Origins: Non-fictional characters are based on real people who exist or have existed in the real world.
They are not products of imagination but rather are drawn from historical events, biographies,
documentaries, or personal accounts.

Characteristics: Non-fictional characters are characterized by their real-life experiences, actions, and
personalities. They may exhibit a range of traits, flaws, and complexities just like fictional characters, but
their portrayal is grounded in reality.

Context: Non-fictional characters exist within real-world contexts, often playing roles in historical
events, autobiographies, or journalistic accounts.

Examples: Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi, Marie Curie, and Nelson Mandela are examples of non-
fictional characters who have made significant contributions to history and are often depicted in
biographies, historical documentaries, and other non-fictional works.

Topic2: Categorization of characters

Major characters: major characters are those who play significant roles in advancing the
plot, driving the narrative forward, and often undergo significant development or
transformation throughout the story. Major characters typically have complex personalities,
motivations, and conflicts that shape the events of the narrative.
Minor characters: are characters who play a lesser role in the narrative compared to the main
or central characters. While they may appear intermittently throughout the story, their
presence is typically not as prominent or pivotal to the plot's development.
Supporting characters: are individuals within a story who play significant roles in advancing the
plot, providing context, offering contrast, or assisting the development of the main characters.

Topic3: Identification of characters

Central character: The central character, also referred to as the protagonist, is the primary
focus of a story around whom the plot revolves.
Peripheral character: Peripheral characters, also known as minor characters, are individuals
in a story who have minimal direct impact on the main plot but still serve specific purposes
within the narrative.
Dynamic character: A dynamic character in storytelling refers to a character who undergoes
significant internal changes, growth, or development throughout the course of a narrative.
These changes often involve shifts in beliefs, values, attitudes, or behaviors in response to
the events, conflicts, and experiences they encounter within the story. Dynamic characters
are multidimensional and evolve over time, adding depth and complexity to the narrative.

Flat character: a flat character refers to a character who lacks depth and complexity, often
exhibiting only one or two dominant traits or characteristics. These characters tend to be
relatively uncomplicated and do not undergo significant development or change throughout
 the course of the story. Flat characters are typically static and serve specific purposes within
the narrative without evolving or revealing layers of personality.
Static character: a character who remains relatively unchanged throughout the course of
the narrative. Unlike dynamic characters who undergo significant internal growth,
transformation, or development, static characters typically maintain a consistent set of
traits, beliefs, and behaviors from the beginning to the end of the story.
Stock character: A stock character in storytelling refers to a type of character that is
instantly recognizable and typically embodies a conventional or stereotypical set of
traits, behaviors, and attributes. These characters are often used as shorthand by
authors to quickly establish certain roles or archetypes within a story, relying on
widely understood conventions rather than in-depth characterization.
Symbolic character: A symbolic character in storytelling is a character whose primary
purpose is to represent abstract concepts, themes, or ideas rather than to serve as a
fully developed individual with their own complex motivations and arc.

Content3: Construction of character's scope

character's scope refers to the extent of their role, influence, and significance within the narrative
framework. It encompasses various aspects that define the character's importance, including
their depth, development, relationships with other characters, and impact on the plot.

character's physical dimension refers to the aspects of their appearance and bodily
characteristics. This includes traits such as height, weight, age, race, gender, facial
features, body shape, hair color, clothing style, and any physical attributes that
contribute to their overall visual portrayal.
a character's social dimension refers to the aspect of their identity and behavior that is
shaped by their interactions with others within the story's social context. It encompasses
various elements related to how a character relates to and interacts with other
characters, societal norms, cultural expectations, and social structures within the fictional
world.
a character's psychological dimension refers to the inner workings of their mind,
including their thoughts, emotions, motivations, fears, desires, beliefs, and conflicts. It
encompasses the character's psychological makeup, which influences their actions,
decisions, and interactions within the narrative.

Learning outcome 3: Write a script

Content3.1: Application of screenplay writing tools
 Topic1: Identifying script writing tools

a script is a written document that outlines the dialogue, actions, settings, and other essential elements
of a film or video production. It serves as the blueprint or roadmap for the entire project, providing
guidance for everyone involved, including directors, actors, producers, and crew members.

Script writing tools

Celtx
Final draft
Movie magic
Scrivener
Kit scenarist
Fade in
Writer duel

Topic2: Script elements

1. FADE IN: This is the very beginning of the script, indicating the start of the film. It describes the visual
effect where the screen gradually goes from black to revealing the first scene or image of the movie.

Scene Heading: Also known as a slug line, it indicates the location and time of day for each
scene. Typically written in all caps, it includes three elements: INT. (interior) or EXT. (exterior) to
denote the setting, followed by the specific location, and then the time of day (DAY or NIGHT).
Action: This is the narrative description of what is happening in the scene. It includes details
about the characters' movements, the setting, and any other important visual or auditory
elements that are essential for understanding the scene.
Character's Name: Each time a character speaks or performs an action, their name is written in
all caps above the dialogue or action to indicate who is speaking or performing the action.
Dialog: This is the spoken words of the characters. Dialogue is typically centered on the page,
with the character's name above it in all caps, indicating who is speaking.
Parenthetical Action: These are instructions for the actor that provide additional context or
direction for how a line of dialogue should be delivered. They are typically enclosed in
parentheses and placed under the character's name before the dialogue.
Transition: This indicates how one scene transitions to the next. Common transitions include
FADE OUT, CUT TO, DISSOLVE TO, etc. They are usually placed at the end of a scene to signify
how it will flow into the next scene.
Text: This refers to any on-screen text that appears during the film, such as titles, subtitles, or
other written information.
Shot: This indicates the specific camera shot or angle that the director wants to capture for a
particular scene. It provides guidance to the cinematographer and camera operators on how to
frame the scene. Examples of shots include CLOSE-UP, WIDE SHOT, OVER-THE-SHOULDER, etc.

Topic3: Writing format

These different formats and structures offer writers flexibility in how they present their stories and
communicate their ideas to readers and collaborators. The choice of format may depend on the specific
requirements of the project, the preferences of the writer, and the conventions of the industry in which
the script will be used.

One Column Format: This format presents the script in a single column of text, typically with
elements such as scene headings, action descriptions, character names, dialogue, and
transitions all arranged sequentially from top to bottom. It's a straightforward and traditional
format often used for screenplays and teleplays.
Two Column Format: In this format, the script is divided into two columns. The left column
typically contains scene headings and action descriptions, while the right column contains
dialogue. This layout allows for a clearer visual separation between different elements of the
script, making it easier for readers to follow along and understand the flow of the story. It's
commonly used in television scripts and some screenplays.
Linear Structure: A linear structure in scriptwriting refers to a straightforward chronological
presentation of events in the story. Scenes and events are arranged in the order they occur,
without jumping back and forth in time. This format is the most common and intuitive way to
tell a story, as it follows a clear beginning, middle, and end progression.
Holistic View: The holistic view in scriptwriting involves considering the entire story as a
cohesive whole, rather than focusing solely on individual scenes or elements. It emphasizes the
interconnectedness of different parts of the story and how they contribute to the overall
narrative arc. Writers adopting a holistic view often pay attention to themes, character
development, and the emotional journey of the story, ensuring that each component works
together harmoniously to create a compelling and unified story experience.

Content4: Application of screenplay writing techniques

Three-Act Structure: This is a common narrative structure used in storytelling, including

screenplays. It divides a story into three main sections: Setup, Confrontation, and Resolution.
The Setup establishes the characters, setting, and central conflict. The Confrontation presents
obstacles and complications that the characters must overcome, leading to rising tension. The
Resolution resolves the conflict and concludes the story. This structure provides a clear
framework for developing a compelling narrative arc.
Character Development: Character development involves creating and evolving characters
throughout the story. It includes giving characters’ depth, complexity, and growth over the
course of the screenplay. Effective character development involves revealing backstory,
motivations, flaws, and strengths through actions, dialogue, and interactions with other
characters.
Visual Storytelling: Visual storytelling emphasizes conveying information, emotion, and
narrative through visual elements rather than relying solely on dialogue or exposition. This
technique includes using cinematography, mise-en-scène, and visual symbolism to communicate
themes, character emotions, and plot points effectively.
Conflicts and Tension: Conflicts and tension are essential elements of storytelling that drive the
plot forward and keep audiences engaged. Conflict arises from the clash of goals, desires, or
values between characters or within a character's internal struggle. Tension is the anticipation of
conflict or the uncertainty about the outcome of a situation. Effective screenwriting involves
creating compelling conflicts and escalating tension to keep the audience invested in the story.
 Dialogue: Dialogue is the spoken communication between characters in a screenplay. Good
dialogue feels natural, reveals character traits, advances the plot, and adds depth to
relationships. It should be concise, purposeful, and reflective of each character's voice and
personality.
Show, Don’t Tell: This principle advises writers to convey information, emotions, and story
elements through action, imagery, and visual cues rather than explicit exposition or narration.
Showing allows audiences to experience the story firsthand and engage more deeply with the
characters and plot.
Pacing: Pacing refers to the rhythm and tempo at which a story unfolds. It involves balancing
moments of tension and action with quieter, reflective moments to maintain audience interest
and momentum throughout the screenplay. Effective pacing keeps the story moving at a pace
that feels engaging and appropriate for the genre and tone of the screenplay.
Structure and Formatting: Structure and formatting are crucial aspects of screenwriting that
determine how the story is organized and presented on the page. This includes properly
formatting elements such as scene headings, action descriptions, character names, dialogue,
and transitions according to industry standards. A well-structured screenplay has a clear
narrative arc, logical progression of scenes, and effective use of formatting to enhance
readability and clarity.

Content5: introduction to central dramatic problem

the introduction to the central dramatic problem sets the stage for the story, while special story
mechanisms, obstacles and dilemmas, and complications add depth, tension, and intrigue, driving the
narrative forward and keeping audiences captivated from beginning to end.

✓ Introduction to Central Dramatic Problem: Every compelling story revolves around a central
dramatic problem or conflict that drives the narrative forward. This problem is typically
introduced early in the story and serves as the primary focus that characters must deal with
throughout the plot.
It could be a personal struggle, an external challenge, or a combination of both. The central
dramatic problem creates tension and propels the characters toward action, driving the story's
momentum and providing a sense of direction.
✓ Special Story Mechanism: A special story mechanism refers to a unique or distinctive element
within the narrative that sets it apart from other stories. This could be a particular plot device, a
recurring motif, or a thematic element that adds depth and complexity to the story. Special
story mechanisms can enhance the storytelling experience by adding layers of meaning,
symbolism, or thematic resonance.
✓ Obstacles and Dilemmas: Obstacles and dilemmas are the challenges and choices that
characters face as they strive to overcome the central dramatic problem. These obstacles can
take various forms, such as external conflicts with other characters or the environment, internal
struggles related to personal beliefs or desires, or moral dilemmas that force characters to make
difficult choices. Overcoming obstacles and navigating dilemmas are essential components of
character development and contribute to the overall tension and suspense of the story.
✓ Complications: Complications refer to unexpected twists, turns, or developments that arise
throughout the course of the story, complicating the characters' efforts to resolve the central
dramatic problem. Complications can come in many forms, including new obstacles, revelations
 that change the characters' understanding of the situation, or unforeseen consequences of their
actions. These complications add depth and complexity to the narrative, keeping the audience
engaged and invested as they wonder how the characters will respond to each new challenge.

Content6: Introduction of Plot

✓ Introduction of Plot Chronology: Plot chronology refers to the sequence of events as they
unfold in a story, from the beginning to the end. It encompasses the timeline of events,
including the order in which they occur and any temporal shifts or flashbacks that may occur
within the narrative. Understanding plot chronology is essential for crafting a coherent and
engaging story that flows logically and effectively communicates the progression of events to
the audience.
✓ Chronology of the Plot: The chronology of the plot refers to the specific order in which events
unfold within the story. This includes the linear progression of events from the story's beginning
to its conclusion, as well as any deviations from linear time, such as flashbacks, flash-forwards,
or parallel storylines. The chronology of the plot is crucial for establishing cause-and-effect
relationships between events and creating a sense of narrative coherence.
✓ Organizing Your Chronology: Organizing the chronology of a story involves structuring the plot
in a way that maximizes its impact and clarity for the audience. This may involve arranging
events in chronological order, using temporal shifts or flashbacks strategically to reveal
backstory or add complexity to the narrative, and ensuring that transitions between different
temporal moments are smooth and logical. Effective organization of chronology helps maintain
the audience's engagement and comprehension of the story.

✓ Plot Logic: Plot logic refers to the internal consistency and coherence of the story's narrative
structure and events. It involves ensuring that the actions and decisions of characters, as well as
the unfolding of events, are believable and consistent within the context of the story world and
its established rules and conventions. Plot logic is essential for maintaining the audience's
suspension of disbelief and immersing them in the story.
✓ Circular and Nonlinear Chronology: Circular and nonlinear chronology involve deviations from
traditional linear storytelling structures. Circular chronology refers to stories that loop back on
themselves, returning to the beginning or repeating events in a cyclical fashion. Nonlinear
chronology involves storytelling that disrupts the linear progression of events, often through the
use of flashbacks, flash-forwards, or multiple intersecting timelines. These narrative techniques
can add complexity, depth, and thematic resonance to a story, challenging the audience's
expectations and encouraging active engagement with the narrative.

In summary, understanding and effectively managing plot chronology is essential for crafting a coherent
and engaging story. By carefully organizing the chronology of events, maintaining plot logic, and
potentially incorporating circular or nonlinear narrative structures, writers can create compelling stories
that captivate and resonate with audiences.
 ✓ Circular and Nonlinear Chronology: These are narrative structures that deviate from the
traditional linear progression of events. In circular chronology, the story returns to its starting
point or repeats events in a cyclical manner.

Nonlinear chronology involves storytelling that presents events out of chronological order, often using
techniques such as flashbacks, flash-forwards, or multiple timelines to weave together the narrative.
These approaches can add complexity and depth to the storytelling, challenging the audience's
expectations and encouraging them to piece together the story's puzzle-like structure.

Story Organization: Story organization refers to the structure and arrangement of narrative
elements within a story. This includes the sequence of events, the pacing of the plot, and the
organization of scenes and chapters. Effective story organization ensures that the narrative
flows logically and coherently, guiding the audience through the story while maintaining their
engagement and interest.
Coherent: Coherence in storytelling refers to the clarity and logical consistency of the narrative.
A coherent story is one in which the events, characters, themes, and motivations are all
connected and make sense within the context of the story world. Coherent storytelling helps
audiences understand and connect with the story, fostering immersion and emotional
investment in the narrative.
Use Unity of Space and Time: Unity of space and time is a principle that suggests keeping the
setting and timeline of the story relatively consistent and unified. This helps maintain clarity and
coherence in the narrative, preventing confusion or disorientation for the audience. By
anchoring the story within a specific time period and location, writers can create a sense of
continuity and structure that enhances the storytelling experience.

Location and Settings: Locations and settings play a crucial role in storytelling, providing the
backdrop against which the events of the story unfold. Well-chosen and vividly described
settings can enhance the atmosphere, mood, and tone of the narrative, immersing the audience
in the story world and enriching their experience.
Montage: Montage is a cinematic technique that involves the rapid juxtaposition of images or
scenes to convey information, elicit emotions, or establish thematic connections. Montage
sequences can condense time, compress multiple events into a concise narrative sequence, or
convey abstract concepts or emotions through visual storytelling.
Flashbacks and Flash-forwards: Flashbacks and flash-forwards are narrative devices that disrupt
the linear progression of time by presenting events from the past or future within the context of
the story. Flashbacks provide backstory, character development, or context for current events,
while flash-forwards offer glimpses of future events or potential outcomes. These techniques
can add depth, complexity, and suspense to the narrative, allowing writers to explore the
temporal dimensions of the story and reveal information gradually to the audience.
Parallel Action: Parallel action involves intercutting between multiple storylines or characters
engaged in simultaneous or related events. This technique creates tension, suspense, and
thematic resonance by highlighting connections or contrasts between different narrative
threads. Parallel action can also enhance pacing and maintain audience engagement by shifting
between different points of view and keeping the story dynamic and multifaceted.
In summary, circular and nonlinear chronology, along with effective story organization, coherent
storytelling, unity of space and time, well-developed locations and settings, montage, flashbacks, flash-
forwards, and parallel action are all valuable tools and techniques that writers can use to craft
compelling and immersive narratives. By mastering these storytelling elements, writers can create
stories that captivate, entertain, and resonate with audiences.

Content7: Driven by Premises

Driven by Premises in Script Writing*: A premise is the core idea or concept that forms the foundation
of a story. It encapsulates the central theme, conflict, or message that the story explores. When a script
is driven by premises, it means that the narrative, character development, and plot progression are all
guided by and revolve around the central premise. This ensures that every aspect of the story serves to
reinforce and explore the underlying concept, resulting in a cohesive and thematically rich screenplay.

Reflect Central Concept: The central concept of a screenplay is the main idea or theme that the
story revolves around. It is the underlying message or argument that the writer seeks to convey
to the audience. By reflecting the central concept throughout the screenplay, writers can ensure
that every scene, character arc, and plot development contributes to the exploration and
reinforcement of the core theme, creating a unified and impactful narrative.
Identify Your Premise: Identifying the premise of a screenplay involves distilling the central idea
or concept into a clear and concise statement that encapsulates the essence of the story. This
statement serves as a guiding principle for the writing process, helping writers stay focused on
the core theme and ensuring that the screenplay remains cohesive and thematically consistent.

Reverse of Fortune: The reverse of fortune is a narrative device in which a character

experiences a significant change in circumstances, often from a position of success or prosperity
to one of adversity or hardship. This reversal typically occurs as a result of the character's
actions, decisions, or external events, and it serves to drive the plot forward by introducing new
conflicts, challenges, and opportunities for character growth.

Strong Emotion: Strong emotion refers to the intense feelings and emotional experiences that
characters undergo throughout the course of a screenplay. Emotions such as love, fear, anger,
joy, and sorrow can drive character motivation, influence decision-making, and shape the
trajectory of the plot. By evoking strong emotions in the audience, writers can create a deeper
connection with the characters and enhance the impact and resonance of the story.

Conviction: Conviction in script writing refers to the strength of belief or determination that
characters possess in pursuing their goals or ideals. Characters with strong convictions are
driven by a sense of purpose, passion, or moral duty, which propels them forward in the face of
adversity and challenges. Conviction adds depth and complexity to characters, making them
more compelling and relatable to the audience.
In summary, driven by premises in script writing involves ensuring that every aspect of the screenplay
reflects and reinforces the central concept, identifying and articulating the premise clearly,
incorporating narrative devices such as the reverse of fortune to drive the plot, evoking strong emotion
to engage the audience, and imbuing characters with conviction to make them compelling and dynamic.
By incorporating these elements effectively, writers can create powerful and resonant screenplays that
captivate and inspire audiences.

Content8: Application of screenplay writing principles

Clear Goals and Stakes: In screenplay writing, it's crucial to establish clear goals for your
characters and the stakes involved in achieving those goals. This helps drive the plot forward
and keeps the audience engaged. Characters should have specific objectives they're working
towards, and the consequences of success or failure should be clearly defined. For example, in
an action movie, the protagonist's goal might be to save the city from a terrorist attack, and the
stakes could be the lives of thousands of innocent people.
Conflict and Obstacles: Conflict is the engine that drives drama in a screenplay. Without conflict,
there's no tension, and the story can feel flat. Screenplays should include both external conflicts
(e.g., battles, chases, arguments) and internal conflicts (e.g., moral dilemmas, personal
struggles) to keep the story engaging. Characters should face obstacles that challenge them and
force them to grow and change throughout the story.
Emotional Engagement: Emotional engagement is essential for connecting with the audience on
a deeper level. Screenplays should evoke a range of emotions, from excitement and suspense to
sadness and joy. This is achieved through well-developed characters, compelling dialogue, and
moments of genuine human connection. Audiences should care about what happens to the
characters and feel invested in their journeys.

Character Arcs: Character arcs refer to the transformation or growth that characters undergo
over the course of the story. Every character should have their own arc, with a clear beginning,
middle, and end. This might involve overcoming personal flaws, confronting their fears, or
learning important life lessons. Character arcs should be integral to the plot and tied to the
story's themes.

Unity of Theme: Unity of theme means that every aspect of the screenplay should contribute to
a central idea or message. Themes are the underlying concepts or issues that the story explores,
such as love, redemption, or the nature of humanity. Screenplays should have a unified theme
that ties everything together, from the plot and characters to the dialogue and imagery. This
creates a sense of cohesion and purpose, elevating the story beyond mere entertainment.

Visual and Dramatic: Screenplays are a visual medium, so it's important to use descriptive
language and vivid imagery to bring the story to life on the page. This includes painting a picture
of the setting, choreographing action sequences, and creating memorable visual moments that
stick with the audience. Additionally, screenplays should be dramatic, with high stakes, intense
conflicts, and emotional resonance that keeps viewers on the edge of their seats.
In summary, applying these screenplay writing principles involves creating compelling characters,
crafting a well-structured plot, and infusing the story with emotional depth and thematic resonance. By
focusing on clear goals and stakes, conflict and obstacles, emotional engagement, character arcs, unity
of theme, and visual and dramatic storytelling techniques, writers can create screenplays that resonate
with audiences and stand the test of time.