Fage

Assiga men t No-O Module -)

PressuvC Ncasuxement

Q: L Stote ad dexive Pacal's Law with approprlate diaqvaa.

Am:13

a fluid eleneat
Tt state th at the prosU Yc ntensity of press uYC at a
Lpont in a statlc fluid
a u egual in all divections. Thu ia
pYove ay ; Thetud elemen t u of very Smalldimension
andds
Con aidex an ay bityaxy fluid elementof wedge shape.
fluid mass at ret d shown in Fig.22.et the widt
of the elen ent pexpendeular to the plne of popey u
unity and px py and arethe pxCASuYes or ntenst
of on the foce Aß_ AC and BC
ot presuYe actunq on repectively
Let LARC ==9. Then the forces actisg on the element
force Aoxmal to the suYtaces
O Weiqht of elem ent n the vevtica_directlon.
The forces the face are
FoYce on theface ABpx X Area of foce Aß

Teacher's Sign.:
 =pyrdse1
the faceAC
on
Siailasly foxce face
the sC l s ot element
foxce on
Weighf of eleneat
M
ABXAC

e- density of fluid have

whexe
in - drecteh we
Resolviag the foYce (90-e =0
pxxdyxZ -pldsxI Sun
Bst Fr m Fig 2.1
dscoso- Aß-y

OY

Simtloyy Yeanlvag the foze in dxxdexistazo

Pyxdxx 2 -pz xds xlcos (90 -G
eyxdse -pzds sin &-ddy prgo
py 2

t i very smol
But ds sin =de an d also the elemen T
ad herce weight ie negliglhle.
py=Rz
Py (2-2)
egustoy-1) as d (22)we have
The above eguatin shows th at the pxessureat any poùt
an d dixectie M
Snce fhe choice of fluid elelem eftw s completely
em et
oxbit aYy whkch means the pxcesuYe at
+he Same al divectis
Teacher's Sign.:
 Explaia absolutepxasure, ateospheris presu
suregouge
PxCAsure an
on d preasyre with schenatc diagrat.
As: 2:Thepyes sv a fluid Me yuYcd in
Me au yedi bove the
|Systees.Ih syale,
absovte zexo complete Vaccun andit u called
the obsolute py ess ure d inothex systen, presure u
meay ured above the otMosphe ric pressure and it u calld
qoMgepxeasuYe- Thy :
Abso lutepr@SUYe
PRESSURE ia_ defued the pxeesure which
usedwi
u meayure th re feyence to obsoluteVacuo pyessuYe.

GtUGE ATMOSPHERTC
PRESSURE PRESQUAE
VA CCUM PAESSURE
ABSOLUTE B
PRESSUREN
ABSOLUTE ZERO PRE SsURE
Fis-2?1 Relationship bet ween pres suve
Chavge Presu Ye defued a the pesure which
pressuYe me ayuYUg
with the helo ot a presvYe
in strumen t in whch the atmosphexie prasuYe u taken
dotun The atmospheyle pxeicxe on the scale is
m ayked oy 2ero.
(3) Vaccuun pressure a defuedua the oressv re helow the
atmosphe rle preasure
The xelatlonship hetween the abslute 22
pxessy xe
Ye an d Vacu um pxyesvYea show n inFig
Teacher's Sign.:
 Mathematica lly
Absolutepres s UYe
Atmosphexlpx.c6sMYe aavqe picssure
0Y

AtmosphexieAhsolute presure
Nete Theatmospherle presure ot sea levcat JSC
lo 13 N/em
of MkSunits. it uegua to l033kgtcm
atmosphexle
() Theatmospherle pxSUre head su 760 mm of nercuy
1O-33m of wwater.

:Q:3Lut
3 var loy method of_pressyre t
Expla inpreesure Meaurem en t by Gour don 's p resure
qauge
he prsuYC of a fluid s meyured by the follo wug
devices
Mas ometers O) D:ffcyentialpresue
Mechasical Grauges Absolute pYesu
p re
Bourdan presure
Presu YE
The Bourdong0uge The ided be hud the de vice uthat
cxo ssseetiona tu
t ubin g when defox ed in
Yeja in ts circuloY
ciyculorform wsdey theactlonot pressuve.
The tabe 4 qenerally bent utoC shepe aY aYc length
Lof abou t 2? de qzeca Bovvdo tubescan be wed for
Me ayuYement.
Vexy high
biqh yan qe of diffe ren t'alpressuYe
Baurdon 4ouge can so be constxucted the faxm
of o he x or spiral for better lia aaxlty oo d Iarge
Teacher's Sign.:
 Sen sitlvity bouxdon tuhe moterial mut hove good elate
spynq chayactey ytic
Advontaqea
Low cost
ofhovxdon
odsnple
pressuxe gouqe
con Strvctloa
WLde yoYlety ot Yang eA. aYCcavotilohle
Hieh accuyacy
Duadvantaqea of bovxden pressre qauge
Law spTing qradient
Sus ceptubiTity to hastes eais, shoc k, and vibye tuns
Coniexta_pressure
Qi4:Convext of |so kN/n'in heiqht of hgutd fox
2

the gived liguich

(a Water B) Me óc vYy (es Grly ceylne xeltve density
Ag For Wa ter J26.

|sox10 981Xlo00 xhuateGiven p Iso kMn

3
1SOx (0 hbuatex)
980 Take derstty of wtey =looo kaa'
baate)= 1S 29m 7:Specltie qxavity ox
yelat lve denstty

ISo xio
3
JSoxo
3-6x -91X (o 00
1|24m
|hene xcuxy
For Gycerlne
1soxIo'=:26x 981X f0o0h/alycer he
Sox o hahglyceree6alucexne)=l2-14m
|26x9:81X (00 0
Teacher's Sign.:
 Q:sCleulotepxesvre uteosity due to oa lyutd hely
Woter
O Olof spccific qyavlty o-2
Ar:s GiverhQcm=LoxI6m

Take dersity of watey =100 o sylnuater

Fex Mexcury
pmercuYy] = 3-6× 9:8/x1o00 x I1ox
pCmereux)= 14-68 x o4N/n
For Watcy
pwoter)= 9-3 Xlo00 x ||OXIo
ewoter): 10:79 x to M/m

pCoil) = Xh
pCotll= 0-8 x g 8) x(oo0 x [o X0
LpCott) = g633xo N/o

Q:6Bas nct yie Presure ot seo leve& 260mn of Hy and ot

the top it e 72 Smm of H. Fud the helght
f mounta n
ot natah tap if the dlr den stty 22s,la
Seo lepel
fh - 2Smm of Hy Baro metrle fresure on
moun tala
ea l:22 k¡la Denstty af aly
wLthchange n elevatien
Fa d hEkevatlen at the mownta in
 Solo Lm m of H :00olm x 3600 9

Cagh
Cagh =eso-2s) KO-00
0.00t 36o0 xg
46
1-22
h 390:164m
inmeysed in iguid wcth relotiye
density o-8 5- The base of triangk u 4m and4porallel
touchng the tree surfoce. Hetght of lanna u
Fnd the totel pressuYC
Fnd

SolOA=xxh
=
x 4 xS

A= 1om
I bh =4xs 3 89 m
36 36

P= 13812s kN

AQ:3A citculoY ploteof dhanetey Gn inmersedn ae oiof

Yelatlve density 0:8Se y such a way that ts qreatat
on d leat depth ave ko an d 1:SmYea pectively Find
epth
Teacher's Sign.:
 the totapdessuxe and cen tye ot prosurc
AN:s: FREE WATER SUR
Sm

Gven Dia of plote

Sol- Aea A = T d= T x(4=
|2-Stm?
4

Otance 0C=[-Sm, 8E 44mn GC= 2m

Dutance_f C-o. from free suface h

h =I5 + 2 Sin 9
But Siu =AB= 4BE- AE
BC 4
4-DC)AE=
4
DC,
Sta 9=4-S 0-62s
he S+ 2 Sinl3s68 9=3g68.
1 t 2 xO62S
h= 2Sn
 64

IgSin'9
Centre f preS SUre (hn =

Q:9:A hello w clx culax laymu a extern al diametex m an dinted

dicme tey 2n Lm mersed n Ql of spe cific qva vity O 0
Iackoation of Lamna with the frce suxface iss 4S Upper
s ot aa dutan ce of 2-6m fo M the free
SuYface . Calculate total pres sure an dd it's positlaf.
LLK

Given, Ds= 4n 45
26m
d=2 m
Sin 4 s 6 A 8A
Datasce DC2-6m
BEBA t AE
BEBA #CD
283mt 26m
BES43m

Teacher's Sign.:
 Ayea

s
2 26 + 2X Sn

Total Pvessvxe ( YAh

f = 39S 58 kN.

(?) = O-78 S4mt

64 64

pressure (P=IG Su'o tA

Cestye ot pressure
A h
o7854 Stn 45\+ 4-01
|2- Sx4-o|
h= 4.02m

10: A cubical tar k ot side I- Sm conta ns watey upto

depth of oGm and oil of specifle axayi ty o-9
ftlled for the tem a nlhy posltlon . Fn d the pressuYe in
vevtical side an d totalforce at the bhe ttam of to k.
Ao.1o GiveeCublcal
Given ta k of Stdes . Sa Mens the den ên sle
of the tonk :Sa yX |: Sm x Sm
Depth of water -06m
Aepth of
g00 klm
Teacher's Sign.:
DeA stty ef water R1o06 kylm
TotaPxegsyxe
draw teqpxe sure dagrar
Veytical slde
hich chauh
caleulatedby
(flg3a)s]

B
kSm 314615226J
13832l

Intensity of pressuYC at AA
IAten sity ot preesure at 0 Po= q xh = go0 y 9:31xo-g
E7946-/Nm 2

Intasity E 900 xq-3| X0-9t(0cox 9-8) x06

E9946- t S8 86
fo = 13332-[ N/m
Henc e in prcssVrC
prasure diaqram
DE =9946-1NeBC= |3832-J N/m FC= S8s&N/at
The prcssure diagyama spt nto trlargeADE
ectanglc BOEF asd tyianqle EFC The total preasure
pres uYe
foxce con sut s ot the followng compofnen ts:
ELE Axea of triangle ADE x Widthottonk
AD x DE X:5

F S363 6 N
Teacher's Sign.:
 wil he acfug at the Ctuof the tri
ADE Leta dstance of 2X 0-9= 0-br belowA
) FoYce Fs= Area 6f xectangle &DEF Widthftu
(BO XDE1S
(06x 2g 46-) x(S
F = 7S):S
ThyFsYce wLl e ctue at fhe Ciret the trlangle
B DEFe ot aa dutance
ot dut once ofo-9to-6 =j2o
be lowA 2

) foxce fi- Area ot trlon gle EF(widthof teaf

EF xECxs

Thu force will be actug at the CiG ot the tvionale

at a dytance ot O-9 + 2 X0-6 =-30 m
beleu A.
2Total prcesuYe toxce
foYCe o0e vevtlcal tace of the
ton k
F: f t FutF
S363-6t7 s|-S t 2648

Positloa
Let the
f cent ve
total force fb actng at ea depth ot h fnm
the fyee suxface of iguide fom A
Teacher's Sign.:
 Tak tu the mometeaff all forces obout A we get
ollfores

h S363-6x 6+2(SJ-SxI-2 f 26 4e9xJ

|sJ63-8
LK1.o0SM

pressvye foYce a dcetye o t pxessure

QIEExplau tot a xe force cen tye ot
for o
tot x essu
Dexire expxcaslen immexscd lam Ma o a ltguld
pYessure of ve tlcally
defued a the force excxted byastatic
AmTtal xesure u cUY Ved when the flid
fluid on a Suface cther plase
with the suytaces Thu force always acts
Comcs in contect
novma to the suxta co
Centreof pxesSuYe ia defued o the pout of opphc tan
f the total pressvxe on the Surta ce ThexC axe touy
of sumexged Suxtace on which the tota presure
to be detc Ym Wed. The
Caes
fovce and centye of prsure
Suhmeyaed suzface may be i
SuYtace
(9 Hoxizontal plane suxtace
Iosnedplane Suxf ace
O. Cuy ved suface
Con slder o
o plare
plare vestical
veytlcal Surface of oybtroy shagt
ia a liquid showan
Let ATotal axe eo ot the suyface
h= Dutonce at (Got the arta trem frce
P= Centre ot pcsvYe
Teacher's Sign.:
 GCentye ot gvevlty of plane sustace suxtace
ec of cutre ofpxre from frce
h2 Autat
sf lkguid pressuYe on the sutece
a)Totalres$ uxe (F;- The tota
may behe detexelne cd by dludé g the en tive Suytoce nto a
a bexf Smallpavole stys. The foe on smoll stxlp
At
i thee calculatcad the totalhxessure torcc on the
whole iatexatug the tarce on
caleulate d by inteatug
SMal strip
Cen sidera stup of thieknes s dh an d wdth b at e degth
ef h fromfree suxface of Stguid a showoin fig 3-L
Pressure utenslty Gn the strp
Area af the style dA- bxdi
Total presvYe tozce onA ctytpdf=pxAyca
Rah xbxdh

lotalpreasure texce on the whole suvtate.

F Jf=(egh xbxdhe p fbx hxdh
But Sbxhxdh = hx dA
Moment ot surface avea aboutthe tree

Teacher's Sign.:
 Axtaof sutace0torceotfer fut
Suxface

Fev water the yaluc of f: locokgleondae 4lalh T,

Neuto
cett sf Puesvxe (1)- Ceste of praselesbelalated
by ng the"risLiple of Msmatawhich stote thet the
Lmement of the yCsultent fate abuut an oreegelto fhe
of memets ot the comeonents about the Gane
The Yeultant foxce F octiag_t P at dutatte
fron frec suface of the igul d ey shoen Fg ell
Hence Mo men t ot the foyce f abeyt trce sutacc f the

Momeat f force dF tug onastyieabout frec.

suxface of liguic
=Jfrh
egh xhxdhxh
Sun of eomenfs f all such foxces about fee sufaet
iguld
=fphxb xdhxh= f:lbxhxhdh
But
= Momes t of Tnetla of the sufae
ohout fxee surface of lkguld
2Sumot momets ahve treesuYface
I
Equatug
Teacher's Sign
 But
(34
Ah
&y the theorem f poxalle we have
axu
Io = Tg t Axh
whereIa: Noment f Inevtta of area about an axu
posing thcugh the C-ai of the and paralle tethe
ayed

free suxtere of Itguid

Substitutuy Te in eguatioh (34 qet we

6-5)
Ah Ah
Ia egua tlen (3s) o thedut aceof cG-ef the
axea of the vedtical surtace
surt ace fro frec Svtace of the
Jtquid- Heace fam eguatisn3-s) it s cley thot
O Centye ot pYe,SUYe (ic kt lle
ie
of xevty of the vertica sutace heloy the centre
The dutance afof centre of pY Cj SUYe fy om txee
f liqutdu Surfece
ndeperdent of the donstty of the Lguid.
Q:21 Matetre me t acentrlc helght
Buoy ancy Bucyan t torce ExplauArchnedea pruciple
types of egullthrlum
Lof foatug
Hoatiay nd
aAd sub mntxgtd badhe
Buoy an cy When a bod
torce cheted by bady omexsed in afald, an upwavd
hy thefluidonthe body Thy upuard
foYce y equal ts the weLyht ot the
the body nd called fluteduplacec by

Teacher's Sign.:
 u defued the poat threugh which
Centteot Btoy cacy: It As the force
buoyodCyy sug Poseel te
to oct
the torce af ond isegual to fke the welyh t
buoyancy avetlal forcc centre f
of
by thehud the
of the fluld duplacedcentre
ot of qvavity_ of the fluid
Doy ancy will be the
Lduplaced pout about which a
eta-centre Tt y defnceda the body tilted by asmal
staxts oscillating whea the defued o the pant
bady meta- ce tre may also be
angle The
octlon of the force of beyanCy
twhich the lre of axyof the bedy wher the bedy
meet the no Ymal al qx y
qlvena smel
an quley duplacement
dutonce MGe. the catoase
The
Mete- cette helght itre of o flogting body and the
hetween the meta- centhe body yu colled meta-certre
cestre of gxavtty of
helght sald to be stehletf
or a flost ug bady u
AA Suh- mexged
eostt hen ofter a slight
back to its orlqina qraytty ()
it com es
of the cente sf
duterbas ce- The velatlve posltlonof a hody deteym ue the
and certre of bue yan(y (B hody
stobility of a sub-mexyed The pasltlon f
osto bthty of Cub mexfed Bey
buoy anCy c ye
d ces tye t
cettre of graulty
qxavtty
d. Consider o
a balasa
bodyave fixe
com pletely suh-tevgtd suhmer4ed u aly Let the lawtr
hich completely heavler matertal, s tht
balloencon tans
povt lon of the thay
than Its cen trc ot husy
tscer tre ot gxavlqxa vl ty uy lo
lo wer
Let thewelghtt the
Teacher's Sign.:
 b llen W The wt bt Wactug thxoMj G Ye
a the dowo wayd diyectlenw hule the dhuoy ut faree
F6 actug vextlcally up thrauyh Bfoy the cqutlhbrle
ef the ballosn W
w=F8 IfTf the ballaoh a qiren
duplacement n the clackw ye dxecton show in
E 42o then w and Fo coo stitute a a co uple actuq
in the anti-dock wye diyecfion an d hyings the ballo on uthe
oYlglal position Jhy the ballosn u the pocltien, shoua
by nsta le eq ulbxl m

STA BLE FQUIL IARTWm UNSTABLE FQuI LIBRIUM

NEUTRALFQUILTBRIUM
Flq.k 2 Stobtttle fsyb-nergcd bodie
aStable Eoulhbytun When W: fo ond pout Bu ahue
G the body sqid nstable cguttbytu
to be
Unstable Fgutltbrtun i the centre
f WeFA but the
Teacher's Sign.:
 of bueycncy (8) belou cutre of 4xavi ty ( the had
anstable equthbru ou sheuwh nlfiy 42 6)
sliaht duplaceen to the bodyn the ceck wve directet
lvg the Couple due to W d fo also in the
dxe cte . Thy the hudy doe an clockuwe
not yctuxn to its criginel
Resltor hence the body ta ws tahle eguhri
(d Ne utral Eglbylum 14 fR = Won d B on d Gare
a e came pout showa
body 4 sald to be n Neutrol Equihbyiwe
oStabili ty of Eloating Body Thc stabhty sfof aflste
ho dy determ ued from the posltlon of Meto- (catrelm
Ta coe of float ng bady the welght otf the hedy
egual to the wclg ht at lLqu ld dupleced
A Steble Egulbyl wn Tt the pot Mis above Cr the
flostu body wl be u stoble equtltbxtwe oyy sheounin
F43a)Ia slight anaulay duplacemeata given t the
fleating hsdy in the clockwbe diyectiu the cent re ofhuoyoacy
shfts fvom B to B, such thot the vevtcol liec through B
cuts otM Then the buoy ont forcefo through & and weight
W thyegh G constitute couple actug in the anti
clockuse divecton ond thy nging the flo atuq body
po sition.
DuTuvbug
Couple

6
Fe

a)Stable eguikbrlun Mi above G6cnstahle egutlkbytum Mea

belo w
Teacher's Sign.:
 the_poiat M belau C
nctable favilibylunIf eyvilibxlun a s hown
6 wil be u unstahle wye
Ln

Lfloatiny hedy in fhe clock

413 (6l The duterhg ceuple à actng aMd Wualse
buoyot torce fa
dixetien The covple due te tion ond thus oV
ov cvturnng the
actug n the clockwye dive
floatuy body
Metal Eguilhhyiua Tf the potn t Moot the centre
at grovity of the hody the floatu body wil be in aeat ral
cguiltbyluem

QD Wth wuoaotatteM prove that ME I/

As:D Anelytical methed foy Meta-centre Helght
Angulay
Daplacent

A
Ay

(b

Ft46 Meta-cente heíght

of floatus bod y!
Adc

Couple Due to Wedye ' Con sider towaxeh the ylg ht o

the axi 4 small stytp of thickaess dx ot ea duturce c
fyom 0 o Shown in Fiy4S (b The helght of stoip
Teacher's Sign.:
 Area of strip= Height Thleknasxlhd
E Lu the length of the tlootug hody the
Valute of stie AYeo xL
Axea

Welg ht cf strle fax Valune = eyx l de

Moment of thu couple Welght of each stup x Duteare betea
theae tuwe welghts
-fgx L doe x 2x

Monert of the Couple foy the whole wedee

ot busyancy fuo
DMomeat af couple due tashiffny of centre of
to &

W Mx ( very sme

But thec tus couple axe the sare Hence eguatu;e4

Wx &MXO 2e13c'8 Ldsc
WxBM= 2 e Lds
Now Ld Elemental aYeq on the watex lue shawa alFtg

Rut fromfig.4sel t clear thot 2dAthe setcand

Moment t ayea of the plon of the body at watex cusface

Teacher's Sign.:
 about theax y-y Thexclere
whexe I=2x

Bt N- Welght of the body

Metght of the flud daplaced b the bedy
C Volune of fhe fluid duplaccd by the
hedy
Efyx Valume of the bedy sub -mergeding
watey
ly x

G M= ß M - B G= I - BG

Mete-cetrle helght GMI- GG

AYetorgulav pontoon lOm Lang tn wide d2s decp
welahs6s6-kN an d also Caxyle a halley welgh ng
S8kN on t s uppey deck The cestre of gyavity
both ase at thely yespectle cen tyca alony the vextialluc
Calculate 4he
the mefucen tyle helg ht The derslty ot sea
S6k

An:l Give lom J 2a w, 2-5 deep

2Sp
Wh S88 6IkN
fiu d GMe?

Teacher's Sign.:
 4)
BM
I 2
BM=I D

6367x Wy
t
V 12 2S3
IXh=
OX Y
6d oB=h W12S KN
3
S3=1262
E129 2 (686-?
+SS8.6
l2s 2
303 hm
28583
126.22-265
2 636tS86
t
S86 O40 2 10(0
-2§
S.83 m
x{3

9
sfoble GM
522GS
OYYasJem cn
Bm-
6867 posltive2265-OG-ol
B
2Som
 Ass
Q
Positen
0Y a t Foy um
Density VolWdth:2-Sm
1sFad
ives
haylzontally
weedenbl ock
wetey woc
Valuneegy(lbylu Welbloe
ght of e
62S09 he
Sa 2S den of the
of Lenq
th= Gm
f Depthe Sm
[:
= ot bock
wesd the alne
VolxhumeCentre inof
x6 wateY hlock
=L4
=the :f=6so
l43
of ot
waterwidth of
dupacem
dulacem 2-5x1-SK6-0 watey
wotey Buoy 491N 22-So m
2 625 l434| welght
welght 6So
14347 N. kgla The 2:Sm
3 dapl acedatd
mancy
duplace ent X density
ot 98|
of anddep1h
blockn
watevwhere Valune a V.ume
d WeWel
le ght watwatexer x22So ot
h
4-62sm ht 2Sm the
acher's
Sign.: ot Jen
io dfrsity ofduplaced itfla
wher
Se,
depth wesder N
peslitlen
wotex
ot of of
bloc duplacea a fey
lk weter Wels
wcoder
ht
 An pn tok Sm lus_ 2n dep ond 2ewide ctatas okot
xelatie destty O.odepih ofodoIf the fok
acceleated
Censtont
alen ts, Jugth onhorizan taltrock ata
Jeterme a) the newposttla
valut 3
o theil sfacc. Omls
() Preeeot fhe hattacfe
An: 16
torkat the frort ondreor edqes Oxiginslfrec
Give Ta k dimensisA. oil sufce
2n deep 2m wide SnLens gonl
Relative density o1
Depth =0-9m

ONc positien of oil suxfece

9-81
6: tor'o3oss)
6- 17:oo42'
c

OPressure st the betten af the tank

The depth of oil at the tront edgeN
2

-03sS

Fl6645m
PN Yh = 09x9:31x 0:3SS |19633

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