Scribd
Upload
12 views

Presentation

Uploaded by

traderansari181
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Presentation

Uploaded by

traderansari181
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

LIGHT AND OPTICS

Study about light


LIGHT AND OPTICS
Introduction to light

1. Ist definition of light


Light is a source of energy
2. 2nd definition of light
Light is a part of electromagnetic wave
▪ Electro magnetic wave
Electromagnetic waves are waves that do not require
a medium to propagate. This means they can travel
through space, air, and solid materials, including a
vacuum.
Electromagnetic waves are created by changing the
electric and magnetic fields, which do not require a
medium to propagate. Examples of electromagnetic
waves include radio waves, visible light, and x-rays.
LIGHT AND OPTICS
Define light and optics

Light: Light is a form of energy that allows us to


see. It travels in straight lines as waves or
particles.
Optics: Optics is the study of how light behaves
when it travels through different materials, like
lenses and mirrors.
The image shows how light passes through a lens
and focuses at a point.
LIGHT AND OPTICS
The nature of light
The nature of light is a fundamental concept in physics that has been studied and
debated for centuries. Here’s an overview:
In which we discuss about nature of light
1. Light behave as a particle Isaac newton
2. Light behave as a wave Huygens crustiness
3. Light behave like dual nature
LIGHT AND OPTICS
Newton corpuscular theory
Isaac Newton’s
Newton corpuscular Theory

Born 4 Died 31
January March
1643 1727
LIGHT AND OPTICS
Newton corpuscular Theory
Isaac Newton's corpuscular theory of light is a historical scientific
theory that posits that light is composed of tiny particles or
"corpuscles." This theory was one of the earliest attempts to explain
the nature of light and was first proposed by Newton in the 17th
century. Below are the key aspects of this theory:
▪ Particle Nature of Light:
Newton suggested that light consists of small, discrete particles
(corpuscles) emitted by luminous objects.
▪ Straight-Line Propagation:
The corpuscles travel in straight lines, which explains phenomena like
the formation of shadows and the rectilinear propagation of light.
LIGHT AND OPTICS
▪ Reflection
According to the theory, when corpuscles strike a reflective surface, they bounce back
elastically, explaining the law of reflection
▪ Refraction
Newton explained refraction by suggesting that corpuscles accelerate when entering a
denser medium, influenced by an attractive force exerted by the medium.
▪ Colour
Newton believed that different colors of light correspond to corpuscles of varying sizes
▪ Support for geo metric optics
The theory successfully explained many optical phenomena like reflection, refraction,
and the behavior of light in lenses and prisms.
LIGHT AND OPTICS
Christiaan Huygens theory
Born. April 14, 1629
Died July 8, 1695,

died July 8, 1695,


Huygens’ theory
▪ Huygens' theory of light, proposed by the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens in
1678, is known as the Huygens' Principle. It provides a wave-based explanation of
the behavior of light is in the form of wave
▪ Key Ideas of Huygens' Principle:
1. Wave Nature of Light:
2. Waves fronts
3. Secondary wavelets
4. New waves front
LIGHT AND OPTICS
▪ Applications of Huygens' Principle
▪ Reflection:
It explains the law of reflection. When a wavefront hits a reflective surface, the angle
of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
▪ Refraction:
It explains the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, following
Snell's law.
▪ Diffraction:
The principle accounts for the bending of light around obstacles and openings, a
phenomenon better understood later.
LIGHT AND OPTICS
Dual nature of light
Light consists of dual nature which means sometimes it behaves like a particle
(known as photon), which explains how the light travels in straight lines. Sometimes
light behaves as the wave, which explains how light bends (or diffract) around an
object
MEASURED THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Ist scientist Galileo Galilei,
Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist, attempted to measure the speed of light in the
early 17th century. His experiment involved two people standing a known distance
apart, each with a lantern that had a shutter:
One person would open the shutter of their lantern.
The other person would open their shutter as soon as they saw the light.
Galileo would measure the time between the two people opening their shutters.
Galileo was unable to measure the speed of light using this method because light
travels too fast. Light travels about 186,000 miles in one second.
MEASURED THE SPEED OF LIGHT
MEASURED THE SPEED OF LIGHT
MEASURED THE SPEED OF LIGHT
MEASURED THE SPEED OF LIGHT
▪ The formula for the Romer method for determining the speed of light is:
▪ Distance traveled: Measure the distance covered in a journey from Earth
▪ Time: Divide the distance traveled by the time
▪ Speed of light: Estimate the speed of light
MEASURED THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Fizeau method
The Fizeau method is a technique for measuring the speed of light on Earth
that involves a spinning toothed wheel and a distant mirror:
A light source is focused onto a beamsplitter
A toothed wheel is placed in the image plane and spun at high speed
Light passes through the gaps between the wheel's teeth and is projected to
a distant mirror
The light is reflected back to the point of origin, passing through the teeth of
the wheel in the opposite direction
The rotational speed of the wheel is increased until the returning light is
blocked by a tooth
The time it takes for the wheel to move the width of a single cog is the same
as the time it takes for the light beam to travel to the mirror and back. The
speed of light can be calculated using the known distance to the mirror, the
width of a single cog, and the speed at which the cogwheel is rotating.
The Fizeau method was developed by French physicist Armand-Hippolyta-
Louis Fizeau in 1849. His experiment produced a value of 313,300 kilometres
per second for the speed of light, which was about 5% too high.
FIZEAU METHOD LINK
https://youtu.be/a6gl8KZM0PM?feature=shared

https://youtu.be/a6gl8KZM0PM?feature=shared
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Definition
▪ Light reflects when it hits a surface or boundary and
bounces away.
▪ The light ray that hits the surface is called the incident ray,
and the ray that bounces back is called the reflected ray.
Angle of incidence and reflection
▪ The angle at which light hits a surface is called the angle of
incidence, and the angle at which it bounces off is called
the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is always
equal to the angle of reflection
TYPES OF REFLECTION
▪ Types of reflection
Depending on the surface, light reflects differently:
▪ Specular reflection: Light reflects off a smooth, shiny surface at the same angle it hit the
surface. For example, light reflecting off a mirror.
▪ Diffuse reflection: Light reflects off a rough surface in many different directions. For example,
light reflecting off a bird.
LAW OF REFLECTION
▪ The law of reflection states that when light reflects off a smooth surface, the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection:
Example
▪ If a light ray hits a surface at a 45° angle, it will reflect off at a 45° angle
LAW OF. REFLECTION
▪ The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of
reflection:
θr=θitheta r equals theta i
▪ 𝜃𝑟=𝜃𝑖
MULTIPLE REFLECTION
Multiple reflection is the phenomenon of light or sound waves bouncing back and forth
between reflecting surfaces or obstacles multiple times. It can occur when a reflected light ray
hits another surface and is reflected again
RETROFLECTION
▪ Retroflection

Retro reflection is an optical phenomenon that occurs when


light reflects back in the direction it came from. Retro
reflective materials are designed to reflect light back to the
observer, making them appear brighter.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
▪ Defining Refraction
▪ “Refraction is the change in the direction of a wave passing from one medium to
another.”
THE INDEX REFRACTION
▪ Definition of the Index of Refraction
▪ The index of refraction is a numerical value that represents the ratio between the
speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in a given material. It determines
how much the direction of light changes as it passes through a medium, such as air,
water, or glass.
▪ The higher the value, the slower light travels through the material, resulting in a
greater bending or refraction of the light ray. This is due to the interaction between the
electromagnetic waves of light and the charged particles within the medium.
Formula. n=c/v
LAW OF REFRACTION OR SNELL,S LAW
▪ The law of refraction, also known as Snell's Law, describes how light or other waves
change direction when passing from one medium to another with a different
refractive index.
▪ 1. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the interface all lie in the
same plane.
▪ 2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence () to the sine of the angle of
refraction () is constant and equals the ratio of the refractive indices of the two
media.
and are the refractive indices of the first and second media, respectively. is the
angle of incidence (measured from the normal to the surface). is the angle of
refraction (measured from the normal).
SNELL LAW FORMULA

You might also like