1. Solve the following problem. Provide a detailed step-by-step solution.

Please have a blank sheet of

Instruction: Solution to be solved on a blank paper sheet. Photo/scanned copy of the solution is to be sent for
grading.

Problem: Air at 4.7 MPa and 500°C is expanded in an adiabatic gas turbine to 0.2 MPa. Calculate the
maximum work that this turbine can produce in kJ/kg.

2. Given below is a problem and its solution. Spot errors, if any, in the solution.
Instruction: Please use Adobe Reader to open the pdf. Select the step number in the pdf, right click, and click
on “Add a comment” (screenshot below for your reference). Leave a comment if you think there is an error.
Do not leave any comment if you think there is no error.

Problem: Steam enters a nozzle at 400°C and 800 kPa with a velocity of 10 m/s, and leaves at 375°C and 400
kPa while losing heat at a rate of 27 kW. For an inlet area of 800 cm2, determine the velocity and the volume
flow rate of the steam at the nozzle exit.

Solution:

Step 1
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential energy change is
negligible.
3 There are no work interactions.

Step 2
Analysis We take the steam as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The
energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
Energy balance:
0 (steady)
Ein Eout Esystem 0
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies

Ein Eout
2
V 1 V22
m h1 m h2 Qout since W pe 0)
2 2

V12 V22 Qout

or h1 h2
2 2 m
The properties of steam at the inlet and exit are (Table A-6)

Step 3
P1 400 kPa v1 0.38429 m3 /kg
T1 375 C h1 3267.7 kJ/kg
Step 4
P2 800 kPa v 2 0.74334 m3 /kg
T1 400 C h2 3221.8 kJ/kg

Step 5
The mass flow rate of the steam is
1 1
m AV
1 1 3
(0.008 m 2 )(10 m/s) 0.2082 kg/s
v1 0.38429 m /s
Substituting,
(10 m/s) 2 1 kJ/kg V22 1 kJ/kg 27 kJ/s
3267.7 kJ/kg 3221.8 kJ/kg
2 1000 m 2 /s 2 2 1000 m 2 /s 2 0.2082 kg/s
V2 226.8334 m / s

Step 6
The volume flow rate at the exit of the nozzle is
V2 mv2 (0.2082 kg/s)(0.74334 m3 /kg) 0.155 m3 / s

3. Given below is a problem and its solution. Spot the errors if any in the solution. Leave a comment
against every error that you find. Do not leave any comment if there is no error in the solution.

Problem: A gas refrigeration system using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 5. Air enters the
compressor at 0°C. The high-pressure air is cooled to 35°C by rejecting heat to the surroundings. The refrigerant
leaves the turbine at −80°C and then it absorbs heat from the refrigerated space before entering the regenerator.
The mass flow rate of air is 0.5 kg/s. Assuming isentropic efficiencies of 80 percent for the compressor and 85
percent for the turbine and using constant specific heats at room temperature, determine (a) the effectiveness of
the regenerator, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the COP of the cycle. Also,
determine (d) the refrigeration load and the COP if this system operated on the simple gas refrigeration cycle.
Use the same compressor inlet temperature as given, the same turbine inlet temperature as calculated, and the
same compressor and turbine efficiencies.

Solution:

Step 1
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).

Step 2
Analysis (a) From the isentropic relations,
k 1 /k
P 0.4/1.4
T2 s T1 2 273.2 K 5 432.4 K
P1
h2 s h1 T2 s T1
C
h2 h1 T2 T1
432.4 273.2
0.80 T2 472.5 K
T2 273.2
Step 3
The temperature at state 4 can be determined by solving the following two equations simultaneously:
k 1 /k 0.4/1.4
P5 1
T5 s T4 T4
P4 5
h4 h5 T4 193.2
T 0.85
h4 h5 s T4 T5 s
We obtain
T4 = 301.3 K.

Step 4
An energy balance on the regenerator may be written as
mc p T3 T4 mc p T1 T6 T3 T4 T1 T6
or,
T6 T1 T3 T4 273.2 308.2 301.3 266.3 K
The effectiveness of the regenerator is
h3 h4 T3 T4 308.2 301.3
regen 0.434
h3 h6 T3 T6 308.2 266.3

Step 5
(b) The refrigeration load is
QL mc p (T6 T5 ) (0.5 kg/s)(1.005 kJ/kg.K)(266.3 193.2)K 36.68 kW

Step 6
(c) The turbine and compressor powers and the COP of the cycle are
WC, in mc p (T2 T1 ) (0.5 kg/s)(1.005 kJ/kg.K)(472.5 273.2)K 100.15 kW
WT, out mc p (T4 T5 ) (0.5 kg/s)(1.005 kJ/kg.K)(301.3 193.2)kJ/kg 44.27 kW
QL QL 26.68
COP 0.4775
Wnet, in WC, in WT, out 100.15 44.27
Step 7
(d) The simple gas refrigeration cycle analysis is as follows:
k 1 /k 0.4/1.4
1 1
T4 s T3 308.2 K 194.6 K
r 5
T3 T4 308.2 T4
T 0.85 T4 211.6 K
T3 T4 s 308.2 194.6

Step 8
QL mc p (T1 T4 )
(0.5 kg/s)(1.005 kJ/kg.K)(273.2 211.6)kJ/kg
30.95 kW

Step 9
1
Wnet, in mc p (T2 T1 ) mc p (T3 T4 )
(0.5 kg/s)(1.005 kJ/kg.K) (472.5 273.2) (308.2 211.6)kJ/kg
51.61 kW

Step 10
QL 30.95
COP 0.5998
Wnet, in 51.61