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Chapter 3 Mathematical English_M1&M2

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8 views

Chapter 3 Mathematical English_M1&M2

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Miya Mokh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 3:

Sequence, Series, and Plane Geometry


1. Sequence :
• A sequence is:
 a particular order in which related things follow each other.
 a set of related events, movements, or items that follow each other in a
particular order.
• In mathematics, informally speaking, a sequence is an ordered list of objects (or
events). Like a set, it contains members (also called elements, or terms). The
number of ordered elements (possibly infinite) is called the length of the
sequence.
• There are four main types of different sequences you need to know, they are
arithmetic sequences, geometric sequences, quadratic sequences and special
sequences.
1.a. Arithmetic Sequence:
Arithmetic Sequence/Progression :

An arithmetic sequence is a sequence of the form a, a+d, a+2d, …

• The number a is the first term , and d is the common


difference of the sequence.

• The difference between two consecutive terms is d:


𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛;1 = 𝑑
"a sub n minus a sub n minus 1 equals d."
• The 𝑛𝑡ℎ Term of an Arithmetic Sequence:

The 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of the arithmetic sequence a, a+d, a+2d, … is a + (n-1) d.


𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 are the first three terms.
𝑎(𝑛:1)/2 is called middle term.
𝑎𝑛 and 𝑎𝑛:1 are two consecutive terms

• Partial sum of Arithmetic Sequence:


For arithmetic sequence a, a+d, a+2d, …, the 𝑛𝑡ℎ partial sum:

𝑺𝒏 = (n/2)(2a + (n - 1)d
Or 𝑺𝒏 = (n/2)(a + 𝒂𝒏 )
• The two expressions can be pronounced as follows:

1. 𝑆𝑛 = (n/2)(2a + (n - 1)d :
• "S sub n equals n divided by 2 times the quantity 2a plus the quantity n minus 1
times d.“
2. 𝑆𝑛 = (n/2)(a + 𝑎𝑛 )
• "S sub n equals n divided by 2 times the quantity a plus a sub n.“

• These formulas represent the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence,
where a is the first term, d is the common difference, and 𝑎𝑛 ​ is the n-th term.
• Exercise:

In the arithmetic sequence 1,4,7,10,13,…


1. Find The first term of this sequence?
2. The common difference d ?
3. What’s the formula for the n-th term?
4. Find the 100-th term?
5. The formula for the partial sum 𝑆𝑛 of this sequence?
• Exercise:

1. Generate a sequence by starting with the number 5 and repeatedly subtracting


1 to find the next term. Write out the first five terms of this sequence. Then, to
find the previous term for a given term in the sequence, apply the reverse rule
by adding 1. Write out the two previous terms of this sequence that precede
the term 5 in this sequence.
2. Find The first term of this sequence?
3. The common difference d ?
4. What’s the formula for the n-th term?
5. The formula for the partial sum 𝑆𝑛 of this sequence?
1.b. Geometric Sequence:
• Geometric Sequence:
In mathematics, a geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a
sequence of non-zero numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying
the previous one by a fixed, non-zero number called the common ratio.
a, ar, a𝑟 2 , …, (a times r squared, and so on ) is a geometric sequence. Where:

1. 𝑎1 = 𝑎 is the first term. (a sub 1 equals a)


2. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛;1 is the n-th term of the geometric sequence.
(a sub n equals a times r to the power of n minus 1)
3. r is the common ratio .
• Partial Sum of Geometric Sequence:

Let 𝑆𝑛 be the partial sum of the geometric sequence. The


𝑛;1 𝑟 𝑛 ;1
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑟 or 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑟;1

"S sub n equals a plus a r plus, and so on, plus a r to the power of n minus 1, or S
sub n equals a times the absolute value of r to the power of n minus 1 divided by
the absolute value of r minus 1."
• Examples of Geometric Sequence:

Find the sum of the geometric sequence for Which a=4, r=3, n=8:

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
(1 − 𝑟)
𝑎(1 − 38 )
𝑆𝑛 =
(1 − 3)
4(−6560)
𝑆𝑛 =
−2
𝑆𝑛 = 13120.
• Exercises:

a) Let (𝑢𝑛 ) be a geometric sequence such that 𝑢0 =7 and its common ratio is
equal to 3.
1. Calculate the 3 terms following 𝑢0 ​.
2. Calculate 𝑢9 .
3. Calculate the sum S=𝑢0 +𝑢1 +𝑢2 +...+𝑢9 .

b) The 10th term of an arithmetic sequence is 55 and the 2nd term is 7. Find the
1st term?
c) Find the sum of the first 5 terms of the geometric sequence 1, 0.7, 0.49,
0.343, ...?
• Solutions:
a) 1. u0 = 7 ; u1 = 21 ; u2 = 3 × 21 = 63; u3 = 3 × 63 = 189.
a) 2. un = qn × u0 d'où u9 = 39 × 7 = 137781.
a) 3. S = u0 + u1 + ... + u9 = 7 × [ 30 + 31 + 32 + ... + 39 ]
= 7 × [ 1 − 3 10 ] ÷ [ 1 − 3 ]
= 7 × [ 310 − 1 ] ÷ 2
= 206668.
b) Let the first term be 𝑎1 and the common difference be d. From the problem:
𝑎10 = 𝑎1 +9d=55 (1)
𝑎2 = 𝑎1 + d = 7 (2)
From equation (2), we can express d in terms of 𝑎1 : d=7− 𝑎1
Substituting d into equation (1):
𝑎1 +9(7− 𝑎1 )=55
−8 𝑎1 ​+63=55
−8 𝑎1 =55−63
−8 𝑎1 =−8
𝑎1 =1
c) The first term 𝑎1 =1 and the common ratio r:
r=0.7.
The formula for the sum of the first n terms of a geometric sequence:
𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
(1 − 𝑟)
• 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 5,
𝑎(1 − 0.75 )
𝑆5 =
(1 − 0.7)
Calculating 0.75 ≈0.16807:
1;0.168075
𝑆5 = ≈ 2.7731
0.3
2. Series:
• In mathematics, a series refers to the process of sequentially adding an infinite
number of terms to an initial value.

• The sum of finite or infinite sequence:


𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 +.. is called series.

"The summation of 𝑎𝑛 equals 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + and so on, is


called a series." ​
3. Plane Geometry:
• Geometry objects:
Geometry is concerned with properties of space such as the distance, shape, size, and relative
position of figures.
• Objects in plane geometry are points, lines, and two-dimensional figures.
• A point is an exact location in space. A point has no size. Points are represented by dots, and
named with capital letters.
• A line is a straight arrangement of points. Lines extend forever in opposite directions.
Lines are named using a lower case letter. For example: points A,B, and C and line m.
• A line could be straight or curvy. A straight line could be horizontal, vertical, or oblique. Examples:
• Line k is a horizontal line
• Line l is a vertical line.
• Line m is an oblique line.
• Lines k, l, and m are straight line
• Line n is a curved line.
• Position of lines in a plane: Two lines in a plane could be parallel , or intersecting.
example:
Line Segments and Rays:
Line Segments
• A line segment is part of a line. Line segments consist of 2 endpoints and all the points in
between. Line segments are named using their endpoints.
Example : line segment AB or AB.

Rays
• A ray is a part of a line that has one endpoint and extends forever in one direction. Rays
are named by writing the endpoint first, then another point on the ray. Example:
Angles:
• Angle
An angle is formed by rotating a ray around its end point. One ray is fixed, and is called the initial
side. The second ray is called the terminal side. The common end point is called the vertex .

• Positive, Negative & Coterminal Angles:


 A positive angle results from a counter-clockwise rotation.
 A negative angle results from a clockwise rotation.
 Two angles with the same terminal side are coterminal.
So + 135 º and - 225 º are coterminal!
• Two Dimensional Figures:
There are two groups of two-dimensional figures: Polygon and Circle.
• Polygon:
Polygon are two-dimensional figures which consists of n points and nearby points connected by
straight lines which are called sides. They are named by the number of the sides.
Circle :
Circle is the set of all points in a plane that are a given distance from the
center.
• Trigonometry:
- Trigonometry is the study of angle measurement.
- When you have a right triangle there are 5 things we can know about it: the lengths of the sides
(A, B, and C), and the measures of the acute angles (a and b)
Some terminology:
 The hypotenuse will always be the longest side, and opposite from the right angle.
 The opposite side is the side directly across from the angle you are considering (angle a).
 The adjacent side is the side next to angle you are considering (angle b).
• Greek Alphabets :

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