WHAT TO STUDY

At the end of the activity, the student will be able to:

1. describe different types of scientific models used to represent phenomena that cannot be easily seen or

detected;

2. classify different models into physical, conceptual, and mathematical model; and

3. cite the importance of scientific models in understanding phenomena that cannot be easily seen or

detected.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
 Scientific Models (pictures and videos)

 Reading Material

 Worksheets

STEPS TO FOLLOW
 Pictures will be shown to the student.

 Globe

 Water Cycle

 Pythagorean Theorem

 Discussion on the different classifications of scientific models.

 The tutor will show the different diagrams for the student to:

a. Classify them into the types of scientific models.

 Physical Models

 Conceptual Models

 Mathematical Models

b. Depict the different types of scientific models using other examples.

 c. Relate the significance of scientific models in understanding unseen

phenomenon.

DEMONSTRATION OF CONCEPTS
Have you ever wondered how scientists understand things we can’t see with our eyes, like the

structure of an atom or the movements of distant planets? How do they predict the weather or explain how living

things grow and change? The answer lies in scientific models—incredible tools that simplify and represent

complex ideas, helping us explore and explain the world around us.

What is a Scientific Model?

A scientific model is a simplified representation of an object, system, or process used by scientists to

study, explain, and predict phenomena. These models are vital tools for exploring the natural world, especially

when direct observation is challenging.

Purposes of Scientific Models

1. Description

 Scientific models help describe phenomena that cannot be directly observed, such as

microscopic cells or distant galaxies.

2. Prediction

 Models allow scientists to make informed predictions about outcomes or behaviors, such as

weather patterns or population growth.

3. Testing Theories

 They are used to test hypotheses and validate scientific theories, serving as frameworks for

experiments and simulations.

Types of Scientific Models

1. Physical Models

o Tangible and often scaled-down representations.

o Examples:
  DNA Double Helix: Visualizing genetic structure.

 Solar System Model: Showing planet positions and orbits.

 Human Skeleton Replica: Understanding anatomy.

2. Conceptual Models

o Mental or visual representations to organize and explain ideas.

o Examples:

 Water Cycle: Illustrating evaporation,

condensation, and precipitation.

 Cell Structure: Highlighting organelle

functions.

 Food Web: Depicting relationships in an

ecosystem.

3.

Mathematical Models

o Use equations, formulas, or simulations to represent phenomena.

o Examples:

 Weather Models: Predicting storms and temperature changes.

 Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: Describes

how force on an object depends on its

mass and acceleration.

 Physics Formulas: Describing motion,

energy, and forces.

More Examples of Scientific Models

1. Bohr Model of the Atom

o Simplifies the structure of atoms, showing electrons orbiting the nucleus.

o Importance: Helps in understanding atomic interactions and chemical bonding.

2. Climate Models

o Use simulations to predict global temperature changes and

assess the impact of human activities.

o Importance: Crucial for addressing climate change and

formulating environmental policies.

3. Plate Tectonics Models

o Explain the movement of Earth's crustal

plates and predict earthquakes or volcanic

activity.

o Importance: Enhance disaster

preparedness and understanding of Earth's

evolution.
 OPPORTUNITY TO GENERALIZE IDEAS
Venn Diagram

Instructions: Write unique details in the outer circles and shared characteristics in the overlapping areas,

showing how each model differs and connects.

PHYSICAL CONCEPTUAL
MODEL MODEL

MATHEMATICAL
MODEL

MEASUREMENT OF RESULTS/OUTCOMES
Multiple Choice

Instructions: Choose the best answer for each question.

1. What is a scientific model?

A. A scientific law that explains natural phenomena

B. A representation of an object, system, or process

C. A collection of scientific experiments

D. A set of instructions for conducting research

2. Which of the following is an example of a conceptual model?

A. An RNA single strand model

B. A mathematical formula for gravity

C. A diagram of the oxygen cycle

D. A scale model of the reproductive system

3. Why are scientific models important?

A. They replace real-world experiments entirely

B. They prove all scientific theories are correct

C. They simplify complex phenomena for better understanding

D. They eliminate the need for scientific observation

4. Which of the following is the limitation of scientific models?

A. They provide too much detail

B. They can oversimplify the real-world phenomena

C. They are always mathematically complex

D. They cannot be updated once created

5. Which type of model uses equations and data to simulate phenomena?

A. Physical model

B. Conceptual model

C. Mathematical model

D. Hypothetical model
 Understanding Scientific Models

In science, we often study things that are too small, too large, or too complex to observe directly. To help

understand these things, scientists use something called scientific models. These models are like blueprints

that represent real-life objects, systems, or processes. They help scientists explain, predict, and test ideas in a

way that’s easier to understand.

What is a Scientific Model?

A scientific model is a representation of something that helps explain how it works. It's like a tool that

helps us understand things we can’t see or easily measure. For example, we can’t see atoms with our eyes, but

scientists use models to show us what atoms might look like. Models are useful for testing ideas, solving

problems, and predicting what might happen in the future.

Why Do We Use Models?

1. To Simplify Complex Ideas

  Some things, like the weather or the structure of an atom, are very complicated. Models break

these things down into simpler parts so we can understand them better.

2. To Make Predictions

 Scientists use models to predict what will happen in different situations. For example, weather

models predict when it will rain or if a storm will form.

3. To Test Ideas

 Sometimes, scientists can't test their ideas in real life. For example, they can’t create an entire

planet or a living creature to study. Models allow scientists to experiment with different ideas safely

and efficiently.

Types of Scientific Models

There are three main types of scientific models:

1. Physical Models

 These are 3D models that we can touch and see. They help us understand how something looks or

works in the real world.

o Example: A model of the Earth, or a replica of the human skeleton.

o Why it’s useful: Physical models help us visualize things that are hard to imagine, like how the

planets move around the sun.

2. Conceptual Models

 These models are ideas or representations that help us understand how something works. They

might not be physical objects but are often shown as diagrams or drawings.

o Example: A diagram of the water cycle, showing how water moves through the Earth

(evaporation, condensation, and precipitation).

 o Why it’s useful: Conceptual models make it easier to understand processes, like how energy

flows through an ecosystem.

3. Mathematical Models

 These models use numbers, equations, and formulas to describe how things work. Scientists use

mathematical models to make predictions about how things will behave in the future.

o Example: Newton's 2nd Law of Motion (F = ma), which explains how force, mass, and

acceleration are related.

o Why it’s useful: Mathematical models are important for predicting things like how fast an

object will move or how a population will grow.

How Do Models Help Us in Everyday Life?

Models are not just used in science labs. They help us in real life too:

 Weather Prediction

 Meteorologists use weather models to predict rain or storms, helping people plan their day.

 Medicine

 Doctors use models to understand how diseases spread or how the body works. For example,

models help doctors test how medicines might work before giving them to patients.

 Technology

 Engineers use models to design things like cars, airplanes, and bridges, ensuring that they will

be safe and work as planned.

Conclusion

Scientific models are powerful tools that make complex ideas easier to understand. By using physical,

conceptual, and mathematical models, scientists can study, explain, and predict how things work in the world.
Whether it’s understanding the Earth’s weather, how the body functions, or the universe, models play a big role in

helping us make sense of everything around us.