MAE 101C – Heat Transfer

Prof. Lisa Poulikakos – Week 0, Lecture 1

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Practical Information about the Course
Lectures on: Tuesday/Thursday 11 am - 12.20 pm in MANDE B-202

Discussion Sessions on: Friday 2 pm - 2.50 pm MANDE B-202 (starts Friday, Oct 4th)

Instructor: Prof. Lisa V. Poulikakos

Teaching Assistant: Mr. Cesar Martinez Cruz
Readers: Mr. David Yount
Mr. Eduard Yu

Class email address: [email protected]

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Practical Information about the Course
Lectures on: Tuesday/Thursday 11 am - 12.20 pm in MANDE B-202

Discussion Sessions on: Friday 2 pm - 2.50 pm MANDE B-202 (starts Friday, Oct 4th)

Office Hours: Mr. David Yount: Mon 9 am – 10 am on zoom

Mr. Edward Yu: Tue 7 pm – 8 pm on zoom
Mr. Cesar Martinez Cruz: Wed 11 am – 12 pm, in person, EBU2 364 (or zoom)
Prof. Poulikakos: Thur, 1 pm – 2 pm, in person, EBU2 358

Zoom link:
https://ucsd.zoom.us/j/94561803557?pwd=d1hoRUVhNmNtNVgrUkdkamJhQWl0Zz09
Password: He@t101C

Who is who? Take 1 minute to say hi to your neighbors!

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Practical Information about the Course

Textbook:
Mills and Coimbra – Basic Heat Transfer, 3rd Ed.
A. F. Mills & C. F .M. Coimbra, 3rd Edition, Temporal Publishing
ISBN 978-0-9963053-1-0. The UCSD Bookstore carries hardcopy ($120)
and e-book ($75) available on Redshelf.

Canvas:
Class material, assignments, announcements, discussions (via Piazza),
questionnaires will be distributed and communicated via the course canvas site.

Grade Policy:
30% First Midterm; 30% Second Midterm; 35% Final, 5% Participation
Note: Participation boosted to 10% if maximum points reached.
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Practical Information about the Course

Exams
Homework
Participation
Academic Integrity
Overall Learning Goals
Tentative Class Schedule

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Practical Information about the Course

Exams:
• Open notes. Consultations to internet resources or any communication with
others NOT allowed during exams.

Midterm 1: Week 4, 10/24 during Thursday lecture

Midterm 2: Week 8, 11/21, during Thursday lecture
Final Exam: Week 11, 12/11/2024 (Wednesday) 11.30 am - 1.30 pm TBA

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Practical Information about the Course

Exams:
• Systematic problem solving to maximize your grade:
a) Draw sketch of your problem.
b) State governing equations for the problem.
c) Indicate boundary and initial conditions when appropriate.
d) Solve problem algebraically first.
e) List all physical properties pertinent to your problem.
f) Substitute numerical values and reach good approx. of solution.
g) Justify all assumptions.

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 Practical Information about the Course
Homework:
• Relevant problems assigned starting week 0 (n = 0, 1, 2, 3 … 10. – the final is on week
11) before the start of the Friday discussion session.
• Homework assigned on week “n” solved in the discussion session of week “n+1”.
• Weekly homework questionnaire contributes 1 point / week to participation grade
• Questionnaire for HW assigned week “n” due Wednesday 11:59 pm week “n+1”

• Mr. Martinez Cruz will discuss solutions of HW in discussion session Friday 2-2.50 pm
• Written solutions of the homework will not be provided.
• All students encouraged to actively participate in office hours and discussion sessions.

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Practical Information about the Course

Participation:
• 5% of total grade – enhance participation, inclusive to all forms of learning
• 4 types of participation will be awarded 1 point each, 20 points = 100% score

• If students receive 100% score for the participation grade, it will count
10% (instead of 5%) of their total grade and the midterm or final exam
where they had the lowest score will count 5% less.
• 20 participation points will result in 100% score for the participation grade.
Fewer than 20 participation points will be calculated accordingly to result in the
final grade.

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Practical Information about the Course

Participation:
1. Class participation via iClicker in lectures and discussion sections: 1
participation point will be given for every iClicker question. Please register iClicker
or mobile app by October 2nd at 11.59pm
2. Completing and submitting homework questionnaire: homework questionnaire
regarding homework “n” is due on Wednesday of week “n+1” before 11:59 pm. Points will
only be awarded if all questions are answered. Late submissions will not be awarded
participation points.
3. Asking (can also be anonymous) or correctly answering questions from your peers in
the discussion forum on Piazza
4. IR Camera Photo Competition

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Practical Information about the Course

IR Camera Photo Competition:

• MAE 101C students have the opportunity to participate in a voluntary infrared (IR)
Camera Photo Competition.
• In the second half of the quarter, teams of 3-4 students will have the opportunity to
borrow an IR camera from the MAE undergraduate student laboratories. Students can
upload their best photos to a digital sharing platform and submit descriptions of heat
transfer processes involved in the photos.
• All teams who participate and meet the requirements will be awarded 10 participation
points.
• The best three teams (determined by popular vote) will be boosted to maximum
participation points at the end of the quarter!

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Practical Information about the Course

Academic Integrity:
• HW solved individually – encouraged to discuss and collaborate with colleagues but
should be able to solve on your own.
• Understanding and solving HW sets – throughout the quarter – critically important for
better performance in exams.
• Participating in / watching all lectures and discussion sessions very important –
discusses content needed to solve homework and exam problems.
• Every student expected to know and abide by the UCSD Honor Code.

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Practical Information about the Course

Absence and Illness: If you are feeling sick, please take proper precautions and follow all
university policies and guidelines, which can be found Here. Please notify the instructional
team if you will be missing a class or section due to illness.
If you are unable to take an exam due to illness, please contact the instructional team with
as much advance notice as possible with a doctor’s note confirming illness. Alternative
exam dates can only be accommodated if a doctor’s note is provided.

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Practical Information about the Course

COVID-19 regulations:
• All students attending the class must comply with the UCSD COVID-19 safety
requirements: regular testing, the vaccination requirement (or an accepted exemption
combined with testing).
• All students must wear face masks at all times which cover the nose and mouth
completely.
• In case of a positive COVID-19 test result, students must submit the positive test result to
Prof. Poulikakos and follow the appropriate guidelines for recovery and quarantine.

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Practical Information about the Course

Podcasting: A podcast of MAE 101C lectures and discussion sections will be provided with
video and audio. The podcast can be accessed at https://podcast.ucsd.edu. Note that the
podcast serves as a supplement to the in-person lectures and discussion sections, e.g. to
review material before exams. However, the podcast does not replace in-person attendance
of the lecture and discussion sections. Previous quarters have shown a correlation between
in-person class attendance and the student’s final grade indicating that attending lectures
and discussion sections in person improves student learning.

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 DRACARYS
Julissa Villalobos
Manuel Ochoa

For this photo, my teammate and I decided to light up butane filled bubbles. As you can see, my
hand looks like it’s on fire, but it’s just the butane gas burning. It was a chilly day so the soapy
water butane bubbles were also very cold. That is why my hand in the photo is blue. The fire has
a distinct shape and its center is the hottest. As we move further away from the center, the
temperature decreases, evident from the change in colors from white to blue.

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 Adam Douglas
Midnight Mood Hannah Haider

Team Members: Hans Chen, Jose Mercado, Minh Quan Ly

SuperNova the Super Insulator

Mammals (like us) developed hair/fur evolutionarily to protect against colder climates.
Nova, the kitty, demonstrates the poor conductive properties of fur, keeping him warm in a very
When I could not sleep at night because my room was freezing cold, seen by the dark cold San Diego. The room temperature can be assumed to reach a steady state as seen by the
uniform cold temperature in the background. Nova however has a higher temperature because his
purple color everywhere, I turned to the hottest album released this year to warm me up. Seen by
fur acts as a natural insulator, a.k.a. being really fluffy makes him super resistant to heat loss by
how bright orange/ white my monitor was when playing Midnights (3AM Edition), I realized conduction. The infrared image captures the small temperature gradient between Nova and the
how much of a Mastermind I was in using this to make my room nice and cozy. ambient, where his outer fur boundary is colder than the inner.

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Evi Gedmina an Antoinett Gautier Present ….

Jos . ak : Go d ’ JO Sofia Guerrero

Gabrielle Hart
Team 15

Flashdance: Infrared Edition

In this image, we pay homage to the iconic scene from the movie Flashdance, where a dancer
Aight everyone I’d like you to meet good ol’ joe; a certifiedTM Joshua Tree from Joshua Tree pulls a rope and is drenched in water while doing this famous pose. We recreated this in the
National Park itself. You best believe we drove 7.5 hours (yes I made a few wrong turns, no worries) shower so you can see the shower head is the bright yellow in the upper left corner. You can see
to take this picture. So enjoy; no trees were harmed in the making of this photo. As you can see, the the stream of water pouring down on the dancer. You can also see that the hottest point in this
sky is a chill -40ºF and the ground and greenery range from 60-80ºF. Interestingly, the branches image is where the water hits the dancer on her chest.
appear to be cooler than the trunk, perhaps acting as convective cooling fins! The thermal map is
o set from the tree because of long exposure.

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Overall Learning Goals for Heat Transfer MAE 101C

• Be able to understand and quantify heat transfer processes.

• Discuss and estimate relative contribution of heat transfer modes affecting a particular
phenomenon.
• Quantify and support estimates by physical reasoning and specific mathematical
methods.
• Introduction to and understanding of fundamental techniques used in the field – should
feel comfortable enrolling in advanced heat transfer courses after this course.

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Tentative Class Schedule for Heat Transfer MAE 101C
Week 0-1 Introduction
Course Outline, Introduction to Heat Transfer, Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics, Energy Balances,
Elementary Modes of Heat Transfer.
Weeks 1-5 Conduction
Conduction Heat Transfer, Fourier’s Law, The Heat Conduction Equation, 1-D Conduction, Multi-
dimensional Conduction, Fins, Unsteady Conduction
First Midterm on Thursday, 10/24 (Week 4)
Weeks 5-7 Convection
Fundamentals of Convection, Continuity, N-S and Energy Equations in BL flows, Scaling Analysis,
Prandtl Number Effects, Convection Correlations, Determination of Convective Heat Transfer
Coefficients, Problem Solving, Internal and External Flows.
Second Midterm on Thursday, 11/28 (Week 8)
Weeks 8-10 Radiation
Basic Radiation Theory, Surface Radiation, View Factors, Solar Radiation, Kirchhoff’s Law. Directional
and Spectral Characteristics of Radiation, Engineering Calculations.
Final Exam on Wednesday, 12/11 (Week 11) 21
Introduction to Heat Transfer

q Heat Transfer Mechanisms – Ch. 1.1

q From Thermodynamics to Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.2
q Modes of Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.3

Learning Objectives:
q From real-world to model:
§ identify the system and its boundaries
§ Identify heat transfer mechanisms involved
q Solve basic heat transfer problems
22
Current Events – Heat Transfer in the News
Wildfires Storage of Covid-19 Vaccine

CA 2021 Incident Archive: Pfizer -70°C

7604 fires, 1’968’326 acres Moderna -20°C

nationalgeographic.com
bbc.com
fire.ca.gov 23
Heat Transfer is Abundant in Nature and Technology
5000 MW solar park computer chip cooling
space shuttle reentry

c40.org

racecar cooling systems nature.com

natural cooling of human body

technologyreview.com
motorsport.tech self.com 24
Engineering Applications of Heat Transfer – Increase Rates

Enhanced geothermal power plants Solar water heaters

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Engineering Applications of Heat Transfer – Decrease Rates

Thermal insulation of buildings Thermal tiles of space shuttle

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Engineering Applications of Heat Transfer – Temperature Control

Temperature control of electronics Temperature control of space stations

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Introduction to Heat Transfer

Q1. What is heat transfer?

Q2. What drives the motion of thermal energy (heat)?

Q3. How does heat transfer take place?

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Introduction to Heat Transfer

Imagine being at home in a winter evening.

• Why do you need a heating system?

• What determines how much you spend on heating
at the end of the winter?
• What can you do to reduce the costs?

Please take 1 minute to write down your answers.

29
Introduction to Heat Transfer

Imagine a house in the desert.

• How can you keep it cool?

Please take 1 minute to write down your answers.

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Introduction to Heat Transfer

• What kind of energy is transferred?

• In what direction energy is transferred?
• Why do we have energy transfer?

Please take 5 minutes to discuss all of your answers with

your neighbor before we discuss in class.
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Introduction to Heat Transfer

Q1. What is heat transfer?

A1. Heat transfer is thermal energy in motion.
Q2. What drives the motion of thermal energy (heat)?
A2. Temperature differences.

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Introduction to Heat Transfer

• What is hot? What is cold?

• How is heat transferred from outside
to inside and vice versa?

Please take 1 minute to write down your answers before

we discuss in class.
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Introduction to Heat Transfer

Q1. What is heat transfer?

A1. Heat transfer is thermal energy in motion.
Q2. What drives the motion of thermal energy (heat)?
A2. Temperature differences.

Q3. What are the mechanisms of heat transfer?

A3. 3 mechanisms: conduction (through solids or stationary fluids), convection
(in liquids) and via radiation.
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Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Heat flow does

Heat flows within Heat flows
not require
solids between a
a medium
(or stationary moving fluid and
(electromagnetic
fluids) a solid
wave)

conduction convection radiation

35
Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Involves mass transport

conduction convection radiation

Involve physical contact
36
Introduction to Heat Transfer

Choose one of these two situations.

• Where does conduction happen?

• Where does convection happen?
• Where does radiation happen?
Please take 5 minutes to discuss all of your answers
with a classmate before we discuss in class.
37
Introduction to Heat Transfer

q Heat Transfer Mechanisms – Ch. 1.1

q From Thermodynamics to Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.2
q Modes of Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.3

Learning Objectives:
q From real-world to model:
§ identify the system and its boundaries
§ Identify heat transfer mechanisms involved
q Solve basic heat transfer problems
38
From Thermodynamics to Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.2

Thermodynamics Heat Transfer

• Energy conversion processes • Rate of thermal energy transfer

• System progresses through • Non-equilibrium
equilibrium states (quasistatic) • Studies the motion of heat due
• Conversion heat (e.g. sun, to temperature gradients
combustion, chemical) to work • Work not involved in heat
(e.g. mechanical, electrical…) transfer problems

39
From Thermodynamics to Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.2

Thermodynamics Heat Transfer

Energy Conservation Energy Conservation

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊 ∆𝑈 = 𝑄

2 examples of energy conservation: 1. open and 2. closed system.

40
1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) – Ch 1.2

• Example 1: Closed System (NO mass flow across the boundary)

change in internal net heat

= + heat generated
energy within the system transferred into
within the system
the system

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑄!
thermal net heat volumetric heat
internal transfer into generation
energy the system

Units: [∆𝑈] = Joule Units: [𝑄, 𝑄! ] = Joule

41
1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) – Ch 1.2

• Example 1: Closed System for a time interval 𝚫𝒕

change in internal net heat

= + heat generated
energy within the system transferred into
within the system
the system

̇ + 𝑄!̇ Δ𝑡
∆𝑈 = 𝑄𝛥𝑡
thermal net heat volumetric heat
internal transfer rate generation rate
energy into the system

Units: [∆𝑈] = Joule Units: [𝑄,̇ 𝑄!̇ ] = Watt = Joule/second

[Δ𝑡] = second (time) 42
1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) - Ch 1.2

• Example 1: Closed System for 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝚫𝒕 → 𝟎

change in internal net heat

= + heat generated
energy within the system transferred into
within the system
the system

𝑑𝑈
= 𝑈̇ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑄!̇
𝑑𝑡
[ J/s ] = [ W ]

43
1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) - Ch 1.2

• Example 1: Closed System – a closer look at internal energy U

𝑑𝑈 = 𝑚𝑑𝑢 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑢 change in internal =

net heat
+ heat generated
energy within the system transferred into
within the system
the system
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐! 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑈
= 𝑈̇ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑄!̇
𝑑𝑡
Units:
%
Mass 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑔 Specific internal energy 𝑢 =
"#
Volume 𝑉 = 𝑚!
"# Temperature 𝑇 = 𝐾
Density 𝜌 = ! Specific heat capacity (constant volume) 𝑐& =
%
$
"# ' 44
1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) - Ch 1.2

• Assumption: Closed System – a closer look at internal energy U

𝑑𝑈 = 𝑚𝑑𝑢 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑢 change in internal =

net heat
+ heat generated
energy within the system transferred into
within the system
the system
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐! 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝜌𝑉𝑐! = 𝑈̇ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑄!̇
𝑑𝑡
Units:
%
Mass 𝑚 = 𝑘𝑔 Specific internal energy 𝑢 =
"#
Volume 𝑉 = 𝑚!
"# Temperature 𝑇 = 𝐾
Density 𝜌 = ! Specific heat capacity (constant volume) 𝑐& =
%
$
"# ' 45
 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) – Ch. 1.2

• Example 2: Open System → Definitions

𝑊̇ fluid specific enthalpy:
mass, heat and work exchanged with surroundings
𝑚̇
(ℎ#, 𝑉#)
ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝𝑣
𝑄̇
%
ℎ = specific enthalpy
𝑚̇ "#
(ℎ", 𝑉") $
𝑧" 𝑧# 𝑉 = velocity (
%
𝑢 = specific internal energy
"#
) * $!
𝑣= = = specific volume
$ + "#
,
𝑝 = pressure $!
$
g = gravitational acceleration
("
46
 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) – Ch. 1.2

• Example 2: Open System → Conservation of Energy

𝑊̇

𝑚̇
𝑄̇ (ℎ#, 𝑉#)

𝑚̇
(ℎ", 𝑉")
𝑧" 𝑧#

47
 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) - 2

• Example 2: Open System → Conservation of Energy

𝑊̇

𝑚̇ (Energy Flow In) +𝑄̇ /0 + 𝑊̇ /0

𝑄̇ (ℎ#, 𝑉#)

𝑚̇ = (Energy Flow Out)

(ℎ", 𝑉")
𝑧" 𝑧#

2!"
(Energy Flow In) = 𝑚(ℎ
̇ 1+ + 𝑔𝑧1 )
3
2""
(Energy Flow Out) = 𝑚(ℎ
̇ 3+ + 𝑔𝑧3 )
3
48
 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) - 2

• Assumption: Open System → Conservation of Energy

𝑊̇

𝑚̇ (Energy Flow In) +𝑄̇ /0 + 𝑊̇ /0

𝑄̇ (ℎ#, 𝑉#)

𝑚̇ = (Energy Flow Out)

(ℎ", 𝑉")
𝑧" 𝑧#

𝑉33 𝑉13
𝑚(ℎ
̇ 3+ + 𝑔𝑧3 ) − 𝑚(ℎ
̇ 1+ + 𝑔𝑧1 ) = 𝑄̇ /0 + 𝑊̇ /0
2 2
Energy Flow Out Energy Flow In
49
 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Total Energy) - 2

• Assumption: Open System → Conservation of Energy

𝑊̇

𝑚̇ (Energy Flow In) +𝑄̇ /0 + 𝑊̇ /0

𝑄̇ (ℎ#, 𝑉#)

𝑚̇ = (Energy Flow Out)

(ℎ", 𝑉")
𝑧" 𝑧#

𝑉33 𝑉13
𝑚(ℎ
̇ 3+ + 𝑔𝑧3 ) − 𝑚(ℎ
̇ 1+ + 𝑔𝑧1 ) = 𝑄̇ /0 + 𝑊̇ /0
2 2
[ kg/s ] [ J/kg ] Enthalpy [W] 50
Introduction to Heat Transfer

q Heat Transfer Mechanisms – Ch. 1.1

q From Thermodynamics to Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.2
q Elementary Modes of Heat Transfer – Ch. 1.3

Learning Objectives:
q From real-world to model:
§ identify the system and its boundaries
§ Identify heat transfer mechanisms involved
q Solve basic heat transfer problems
51
Tentative Class Schedule for Heat Transfer MAE 101C
Week 0-1 Introduction
Course Outline, Introduction to Heat Transfer, Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics, Energy Balances,
Elementary Modes of Heat Transfer.
Weeks 1-5 Conduction
Conduction Heat Transfer, Fourier’s Law, The Heat Conduction Equation, 1-D Conduction, Multi-
dimensional Conduction, Fins, Unsteady Conduction
First Midterm on Thursday, 10/24 (Week 4)
Weeks 5-7 Convection
Fundamentals of Convection, Continuity, N-S and Energy Equations in BL flows, Scaling Analysis,
Prandtl Number Effects, Convection Correlations, Determination of Convective Heat Transfer
Coefficients, Problem Solving, Internal and External Flows.
Second Midterm on Thursday, 11/28 (Week 8)
Weeks 8-10 Radiation
Basic Radiation Theory, Surface Radiation, View Factors, Solar Radiation, Kirchhoff’s Law. Directional
and Spectral Characteristics of Radiation, Engineering Calculations.
Final Exam on Wednesday, 12/11 (Week 11) 52