PYTHON REVISION 5) Integra on Capabili es:

Easily integrates with other

TOUR FOR CLASS 12 languages.
6) Rapid Development: Quick
prototyping and
GETTING STARTED WITH development.
PYTHON 7) Cross-Pla orm: Compa ble
with major opera ng systems.
Introduc on to Python: 8) Scalability: Can be used in
 Python is an interpreted, large-scale applica ons.
high-level, and general-
purpose programming Disadvantages of Python:
language.
 It emphasizes code readability 1) Speed: Interpreted nature
with its notable use of may be slower than compiled
significant indenta on. languages.
2) Global Interpreter Lock (GIL):
Features of Python: Limits thread execu on on
 Easy to learn and use. mul -core systems.
 Open-source and free. 3) Mobile Development: Not the
 Extensive library support. primary choice for mobile app
 Pla orm-independent. development.
4) Design Restric ons: Some
Advantages of Python: developers may find design
philosophies limi ng.
1) Readability: Clear and easy- 5) Memory Consump on: May
to-understand syntax. use more memory, especially
2) Large Standard Library: in resource-constrained
Extensive pre-built modules environments.
for various tasks. 6) Threading Limita ons:
3) Versa lity: Suitable for web Challenges in leveraging
development, data science, mul -core processors.
and more. 7) Packaging Issues: Managing
4) Community Support: Ac ve dependencies can be
community providing challenging.
resources and libraries. 8) Less Suitable for Resource-
Intensive Tasks: Performance
 may not match languages 3) Literals:
designed for resource- Fixed values in a program.
intensive tasks Types of literals:
Numeric Literals:
TOKENS Integers, floats,
complex numbers.
Introduc on to Tokens: x = 10
 Tokens are the smallest units y = 3.14
of a Python program. They z = 2 + 3j
are the building blocks of a i. String Literals:
Python script. s = "Hello"
 ii. Boolean Literals:
Types of Tokens: True and False.
1) Keywords: status = True
Reserved words in Python 4) Operators:
that have predefined Operators are special symbols or
meanings. keywords in Python that perform
Examples: if, else, while, operations on operands. Operands
for, import, True, False. are the values or variables on which
if True: the operation is performed. Python
print("This is a keyword example") supports a wide range of operators
classified into several categories.
2) Iden fiers:
Names used to iden fy Types of Operators:
variables, func ons, a) Arithmetic Operators:
classes, etc. These operators are
used to perform
Must begin with a le er
mathematical
(A-Z or a-z) or an
operations.
underscore (_), followed
Operato
by le ers, digits (0-9), or Description Example
r
underscores. + Addition 5+3→8
Examples: my_var, _temp, - Subtraction 10 - 4 → 6
Counter. * Multiplication 6 * 3 → 18
my_var = 10 / Division 15 / 2 → 7.5
print(my_var) // Floor Division 15 // 2 → 7
Modulus
% 15 % 4 → 3
(Remainder)
Operato used to assign values to
Description Example
r variables.
2 *
*
Exponentiatio 3 Operator Description Example
**
n → = Assign x = 10
8
x += 5 →
+= Add and assign
15
b) Relational x -= 3 →
(Comparison) -= Subtract and assign
12
Operators: These x *= 2 →
*= Multiply and assign
operators compare two 24
values and return a /= Divide and assign x /= 4 → 6
Boolean (True or False). Floor divide and
//= x //= 2 → 3
Operator Description Example assign
5 == 5 → Exponent and
== Equal to **= x **= 2 → 9
True assign
5 != 3 → Modulus and
!= Not equal to %= x %= 2 → 1
True
assign
7>5→
> Greater than
True
e) Bitwise Operators:
3<5→
< Less than These operators
True
Greater than or 5 >= 5 →
perform operations at
>=
equal to True the bit level.
Less than or equal 4 <= 5 → Operator Description Example
<=
to True & AND 5&3→1
` ` OR
c) Logical Operators: ^ XOR 5^3→6
These operators are ~ NOT ~5 → -6
used to combine << Left Shift 5 << 1 → 10
conditional statements.
5 >> 1 →
Operator Description Example >> Right Shift
2
Returns True if (5 > 3) and (6
and
both are true > 4) → True
f) Membership
Returns True if (5 > 3) or (3 > Operators These
or
one is true 7) → True
operators test
Reverses the not(5 > 3) → membership in a
not
Boolean result False
sequence (e.g., list,
string).
d) Assignment Operators:
These operators are
Operator Description Example
'a' in 'apple' → Strings
in True if present
True
Introduc on:
True if not 'x' not in
not in  Strings in Python are
present 'apple' → True
sequences of characters
g) Identity Operators enclosed in quotes.
These operators s = "Hello"
compare memory
locations of two String Opera ons:
objects.
Operator Description Example  Concatena on:
is True if same object x is y "Hello" + " World"
is not
True if not the same x is not # Output: "Hello World"
object y
 Repe on:
Python Execu on Modes: "Hi " * 3
 Interac ve Mode: Commands # Output: "Hi Hi Hi "
are executed one at a me in
a Python shell.  Membership:
 Script Mode: A program is 'a' in 'apple'
wri en in a file with .py # Output: True
extension and executed.
String Slicing:
Basic Syntax:  Slicing allows you to extract
por ons of a string using
Comments: indices.
# This is a comment Syntax:
string[start:stop:step]
Variables:
x = 10 Examples:
y = "Hello" s = "Hello, World!"
Example Program:
print("Hello, Python!") print(s[1:5])
x=5 # Output: "ello"
print(x * 2)
# Output: 10 print(s[:5])
# Output: "Hello" (start is omi ed,  upper(): Converts the string
default is 0) to uppercase.
print("hello".upper())
print(s[7:]) #Output: "HELLO"
# Output: "World!" (stop is omi ed,
goes ll the end)  strip(): Removes leading and
trailing spaces.
print(s[::2]) print(" hello ".strip())
# Output: "Hlo ol!" (every second # Output: "hello"
character)
 replace(): Replaces a
print(s[::-1]) substring with another
# Output: "!dlroW ,olleH" (reverses substring.
the string) print("apple".replace("a", "A"))
# Output: "Apple"
Nega ve Indexing:
Nega ve indices count from the  find(): Returns the index of
end of the string. the first occurrence of a
print(s[-1]) substring.
# Output: "!" (last character) print("banana".find("na"))
# Output: 2
print(s[-6:-1])
# Output: "World" (slicing with Example Program:
nega ve indices) s = "Hello, World!"
print(s.lower())
Built-in String Methods:

 len(): Returns the length of Lists

the string. Introduc on:
print(len("Hello"))  A list is a collec on of items,
# Output: 5 which can be of different data
types.
 lower(): Converts the string to
lowercase. lst = [1, 2, "Apple", 3.5]
print("HELLO".lower())
# Output: "hello" List Opera ons:
 Concatena on:
[1, 2] + [3, 4]  insert(): Inserts an element at
# Output: [1, 2, 3, 4] a specified posi on.
lst.insert(2, "New")
 Repe on:
["Hi"] * 3  remove(): Removes the first
# Output: ["Hi", "Hi", "Hi"] occurrence of a value.
lst.remove(3)
 Membership:
3 in [1, 2, 3]  pop(): Removes and returns
# Output: True the element at the specified
posi on.
List Slicing: lst.pop(1)
Similar to string slicing.
lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  sort(): Sorts the list in
ascending order.
print(lst[1:4]) lst.sort()
# Output: [2, 3, 4]
 reverse(): Reverses the order
print(lst[:3]) of elements in the list.
# Output: [1, 2, 3] lst.reverse()

print(lst[3:]) Example Program:

# Output: [4, 5] lst = [1, 3, 2]
lst.sort()
print(lst[::-1]) print(lst)
# Output: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1] (reverses # Output: [1, 2, 3]
the list)

Built-in List Methods:

 append(): Adds an element to
the end of the list.
lst.append(6)

 extend(): Adds elements of Tuples

another list.
lst.extend([7, 8]) Introduc on:
  A tuple is a collec on of print((1, 2, 1).count(1))
immutable items. # Output: 2
tpl = (1, 2, "Apple")
 index(): Returns the index of
Tuple Opera ons: the first occurrence of a
 Concatena on: value.
(1, 2) + (3, 4) print((1, 2, 3).index(2))
# Output: (1, 2, 3, 4) # Output: 1

 Repe on: Example Program:

("Hi",) * 3 tpl = (1, 2, 3)
# Output: ("Hi", "Hi", "Hi") print(tpl.index(2))
# Output: 1
 Membership:
3 in (1, 2, 3)
# Output: True
Dic onary
Tuple Slicing: Introduc on:
Similar to lists.  A dic onary is a collec on of
tpl = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) key-value pairs.

print(tpl[1:4]) dct = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}

# Output: (2, 3, 4)
Dic onary Opera ons:
print(tpl[:3])  Accessing Values:
# Output: (1, 2, 3) print(dct["name"])
# Output: "Alice"
print(tpl[3:])
# Output: (4, 5)  Adding Items:
dct["city"] = "New York"
print(tpl[::-1])
# Output: (5, 4, 3, 2, 1) (reverses  Removing Items:
the tuple) dct.pop("age")

Built-in Tuple Methods: Built-in Dic onary Methods:

 count(): Counts the
occurrences of a value.
  keys(): Returns all keys in the
dic onary.
print(dct.keys())

 values(): Returns all values in

the dic onary.
print(dct.values())

 items(): Returns all key-value

pairs as tuples.
print(dct.items())

 get(): Returns the value for a

specified key.
print(dct.get("name"))
# Output: "Alice"

 update(): Updates the

dic onary with key-value
pairs from another dic onary.
dct.update({"age": 26})

 clear(): Removes all items

from the dic onary.
dct.clear()