Science

Exam semester 2
revision
 Chemistry Examination Revision

1. Balance each of the equations and identify the type of reaction taking place:

a. ___ Li + ___ N2 →___ Li3N _____________________________________

b. ___ Zn(NO3)2 →___ ZnO + ___ NO2 + ___ O2 _____________________________________
c. ___ H2SO4 + ___ NaOH →___ Na2SO4 + ___ H2O _____________________________________
d. ___ Cu(NO3)2 + ___ KOH →___ KNO3 + ___ Cu(OH)2 _____________________________________
e. ___ Mg + ___ AgNO3 →___ Ag + ___ Mg(NO3)2 _____________________________________

2. Identify the type of reaction taking place and complete the word equation for each of the reactions:

a. Methane + Oxygen →_______________________ + _______________________

Type of reaction: _____________________________________

b. Hydrochloric acid + potassium hydroxide →_______________________ + _______________________

Type of reaction: _____________________________________

c. Barium chloride + ammonium sulfate →_______________________ + _______________________

Type of reaction: _____________________________________

d. Calcium carbonate (heated) →_______________________ + _______________________

Type of reaction: _____________________________________

e. Consider the reaction in part a. Would the reaction be exothermic or endothermic? Explain your decision.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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f. Consider the reaction in part c. Describe ONE observation that you would note for this reaction.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

g. Consider the gas that was produced in reaction d. as a product. Describe how you would test for this gas in
the laboratory.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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3. Calculate the concentration of 3 different solutions, order them from MOST to LEAST concentrated.

Solution Mass (g) Volume (mL) Concentration (g/L) Order

A 25 200
B 240 4000
C 11 15

4. List FOUR signs that a chemical reaction has taken place.

a. _______________________________________ c. _______________________________________
b. _______________________________________ d. _______________________________________
 5. Why does butter go ‘off’ (rancid) if it’s not kept in a fridge?

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6. Why do indigestion tablets for your stomach upset work faster if they are chewed rather than just swallowed?

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7. The results recorded from a chemical reaction are shown below:

a. At what time was the reaction complete? Explain your decision.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain why a reaction will always come to a stop.

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c. Which stage of the reaction was fastest? Explain why this is the case.

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8. Write balanced chemical equations for each reaction with state symbols.

a. Silver nitrate solution with ammonium bromide solution

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b. Combustion of liquid octane (C8H18)

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c. Nitric acid solution with sodium hydroxide solution

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d. Shiny magnesium burning in oxygen gas

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e. Aluminium metal with a solution of iron (II) nitrate solution

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9. Consider the energy profile graph.

a. Identify whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic and explain your decision.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction shown in the graph and identify the type of reaction.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

c. For ONE of the gases produced in this reaction, identify how you would test for the gas in the laboratory.
 Predicting Chemical reactions

For each of the chemical reactions:

 Identify the type of reaction taking place

 Write a word equation
 Write a balanced chemical equation
 Add in state symbols for all reactants and products

List the 6 different reaction types before you start:

1. _________________________ 3. ___________________________ 5. _________________________

2. _________________________ 4. ___________________________ 6. _________________________

f. Barium choride solution with sodium sulfate solution

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

g. Combustion of gaseous butane (C4H10)

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

h. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution with potassium hydroxide solution

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

i. Sodium metal reacting with bromine gas

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( )

j. Magnesium metal with a solution of copper (II) chloride solution

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

 k. Burning of liquid ethanol (C2H5OH)

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

l. Aluminium powder reacting with oxygen gas

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( )

m. Nickel (II) nitrate solution and Lithium metal

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

n. Ammonium oxide granules and concentrated sulfuric acid solution (H2SO4)

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

o. Lead (II) nitrate solution reacts with potassium iodide solution

Type of reaction: ______________________________

___________________________________________ → __________________________________________________

__________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( ) → ___________________ ( ) + ___________________ ( )

A student investigated the rate of reaction between nitric acid and sodium carbonate powder in a Year 10
investigation. They carried out the reaction at 25oC, with 2g of sodium carbonate and 50 mL of a 2 g/L concentration
of nitric acid solution. The graph they plotted is below.

On the same graph, draw new lines for the following changes to the reaction:

a. The student repeated the reaction but changed the temperature to 50 oC.
b. The student repeated the reaction but changed the temperature to 10 oC.
c. The student repeated the reaction but only used 1g of sodium carbonate and
25 mL of nitric acid.
d. The student repeated the reaction but only used 1g of sodium carbonate and
25 mL of nitric acid and increased the temperature to 50 oC.
e. Draw a cross on the graph that represents when the reaction first stopped.
 Yr 10 Evolution
Revision
1. What were two of the original ideas held by the church with regards to how life had come about on Earth?
a. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. What caused scientists to rethink the churches ideas on evolution?

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3. Give 3 different examples of a BIOTIC selection pressure.

a.
b.
c.
4. Give 2 different examples of an ABIOTIC selection pressure.
a.
b.

5. Two types of porkfish can now be considered to be separate species and are separated by a land bridge that
joins North and South America. Both species are descended from a recent common ancestor.

A contributing factor to the speciation of the porkfish might include:

A. being subjected to the same climate.
B. being unable to interbreed because of the land bridge.
C. similar selection pressures on either side of the land bridge.
D. common mating rituals.
 6. In 1954, copper-containing waste was dumped in a river. This caused various species in the area to die out.
However, one species, the black-banded rainbow fish (Melanotaenia nigrans), increased in numbers. This
fish species has modified gills that enable the fish to filter and remove the copper before it enters their body.
With respect to the black-banded rainbow fish it is reasonable to conclude that:
A. The high levels of copper in the water changed the structure of their gills.
B. They learned how to deal with high levels of copper.
C. The ability of their gills to remove copper already existed in 1954.
D. A mutation occurred in their population in 1954.

7. Explain, using natural selection, the 3 panels of the picture shown below.

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The table below describes 4 mice that live in a beach environment. The beach is mostly sandy or tan coloured with
the occasional bush.

8. Which of the above would be described as the fittest? Explain.

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________________________________________________________
 9. What colour would you expect to become more prevalent after many generations? Why is this the case?

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Echidna (Australia) Hedgehog (Africa, Europe, North America)

The Echidna and the Hedgehog share many similar features. They both eat insects, but the Echidna is a
Monotreme (lays eggs) while the Hedgehog is a Eulipotyphia (gives birth to live young)

10. Using the pictures above:

a. Identify one structural feature that is similar in the Echidna and the Hedgehog
b. Identify whether or not this is an analogous or homologous structure.
c. Explain how this structure may assist in their survival.

Structure Function aids survival by:

The skeleton of a bird wing is shown below.

11. Name a structure on another creature that is

d. Homologous to the bird wing

e. Analogous to the bird wing

The first dinosaur fossil found was named Megalosaurus (Greek for “Great Lizard”). Early scientists believed that
dinosaurs were ancient reptiles. However, the discovery of the fossil below (Archeopteryx (old bird)) in 1861
challenged the idea that dinosaurs were related to reptiles, suggesting that dinosaurs were more closely related to
modern day birds.

Bird wing (modern day) Archeopteryx limb Lizard hand

a. Referring to the information and diagrams presented above:
i. Identify the type of anatomical structure that all three species have a common ancestor (circle the
correct response)

ANALOGOUS / HOMOLOGOUS / VESTIGIAL

ii. Provide one piece of evidence that may have led scientists to believe dinosaurs were more closely
related to birds that reptiles.
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Some people have auricular muscles that enable them to move their ears a little. These are similar to the muscles
that dogs and cats have that enable them to turn their ears in the direction of a sound. Humans, however, do not do
this with their ears.
 12. What kind of structure are the auricular muscles on a human? How do these provide evidence of evolution.

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The diagram below shows a number of organisms at various stages of embroyonc development.

13. Which creature/creatures are:

f. Most closely related to the salamander?
g. Most closely related to the calf?
h. Most distantly related to the fish?
i. Explain your responses to 6 a – c.

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

________________________________________

A scientist determined the number of amino acid differences of one protein, Cytochrome C, in different species of
vertebrates. Some amino acids are shown in the table.

Amino Acid Frog Shark Turtle Chicken Tuna

Number
42 Q Q Q Q Q
44 A Q E E E
46 F F F F Y
49 T T T T T
50 D D E D D
53 K K K K K
54 N S N N S
55 K K K K K
58 T T T T V
60 G Q G G N

14. Which species is:

j. Most closely related to the chicken

k. Most closely related to the frog

l. Most distantly related to the shark.

Scientists are examining the DNA profiles of 5 creatures. The profiles are shown below.

Creature A Creature B Creature C Creature D Creature E

A T A A T
G G G G C
G C G G C
T A T T A
C C T C C
A A G G A
T C T T C
G A G G A
C C C C C
A G G A G
A G A A G
T T T T C

Creature C became extinct only recently.

15. Draw the phylogenetic tree to show how closely related the creatures are to creature D.

The following data is collected for a particular radioactive sample.

Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(years)

Activity 30000 19500 12600 8200 5300 3400 2200 1450 938
(counts
per
second)
16. On the grid below, make a graph of the Activity vs time. Insert a curve of best fit.

17. From the

graph,
determine the
half-life of this
material.

18. State
whether this
isotope would
be suitable for
dating the
following
items.
a. A uniform
from the first
world war
b. A dinosaur
bone
c. A watch
belonging to
Bob Hawke
d. A ticket
from the latest
Taylor Swift
concert.
e. Darwin’s
original notes
on evolution.
f. A magazine
from the fall of
the Berlin wall.
19. Explain your answers to Q16.

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 Exit Pass
Chemistry Stuff
1. Complete the following table

Concentration (g/L) Mass of solute (grams) Volume of solvent (unit

stated)
3 2L
1.3 5L
1 6 (Answer in litres)
1.4 750 mL
0.45 2.7 (Answer in litres)
3.69 345 mL

2. Consider the energy profile diagram below

a. Is this an endo or exo thermic reaction?

b. Calculate the:

i. Activation Energy

ii. Energy released during the reaction

 3. For the reactions below.
a. Write a complete, balanced chemical equation.
b. Correctly predict states.
c. Where necessary, determine if reaction will occur (displacement reactions only)
d. State the type of reaction that has occurred.

Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) breaking down into Water and Oxygen gas.

Reaction type:
A piece of Calcium Carbonate is dropped into a solution of Hydrochloric Acid

Reaction type:
A piece of lead is dropped into a solution of Copper (II) Nitrate

Reaction type:
A solution of Sodium Phosphate is mixed with a solution of Calcium Nitrate

Reaction type:
Burning liquid Methanol (CH3OH)

Reaction type:
A block of sodium reacts with Chlorine gas to create solid Sodium Chloride

Reaction type:
A solution of Ammonium Hydroxide is mixed with a solution of Silver Sulfate

Reaction type:
A piece of Gold is dropped into a solution of Aluminium Sulfate.

Reaction type:
 Exit pass
Physics stuff
1. Complete the following table
Net Force (∑F) (N) Mass (kg) Acceleration (m/s/s)

100 50

25 2.5

15 1.5

36 0.8

20 1.2

14 39

2. Complete the following table

Work (J) Force (N) Distance (m)

10 7

180 20

260 65

37 1.8

12.5 0.6

0.24 0.015

3. A spring with a spring constant of 150 N/m is stretched 1.5m. Calculate the force applied to the spring.

4. A 10 kg object is pushed along the ground. There is an applied force of 25N to the right () and a resistance
force of 16N to the left ().
a. Draw force diagram of the situation described. There is no need to put in any other forces not stated.

b. Calculate the Net force on the object and state its direction.

c. Calculate the acceleration of the object.

5. A 5 kg ball stands on top of a 1.7m ramp.

a. Calculate the Gravitational Potential energy of the ball at the top of the ramp.

b. The ball then rolls down the ramp. Calculate its speed at the bottom of the ramp.
6. Explain (using the 2nd Law) why your phone is more likely to break if it is dropped on a concrete floor, as
opposed to dropping it on carpeted floor.

7. Explain (using the 1st Law) why loose items in a car suddenly move forward when you car stops suddenly.
 Exam Revision
Exit Pass: Evolution

1. What is meant by the term “survival of the fittest?”

In a population of organisms, some organisms have tan skin, some have green skin, some have white fur, and
some have black fur. A change in the environment occurs and the land is now covered in sand and the
temperature rises.
2. Identify the selection pressures the organisms are subjected to.

3. Using Darwins theory, explain what will happen to the population of this organism over time.

Lions and Tigers are commonly referred to as Big Cats. In captivity, they have been breed together to produce
a creature known as a Lyger, which is sterile (cannot breed).
4. Are Lions and Tigers the same or different species? How do we know?

Modern Day Lions and Tigers are both descended from the Dormaalocyon latouri, shown below.

Lion (found on the grass Dormaalocyon Tiger (found in Asia jungles and grass
plains of Africa) latouri lands)

5. Explain, using the different fur colours and patterns found on the Lion and Tiger, how natural selection has
resulted in these two different Big Cats on different continents.

The skeleton of a bird wing is shown below.

6. Name a structure on another creature that is

a. Homologous to the bird wing

b. Analogous to the bird wing