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21 views

Ch2

Uploaded by

ruba.abu1zir
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Atoms,
Molecules,
and Ions

©2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted
in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2|1
 Required sections:
2.3 Nuclear Structure and Isotopes
2.4 Atomic Weights
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds
2.9 Writing Chemical Equations
2.10 Balancing Chemical Equations

 Excluded sections: 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7

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2.3 Nuclear Structure; Isotopes

Ca
Cation
Ca2+
Anaion

Cl-

Example 2.1:What is the nuclide symbol for a nucleus 3


that contains 38 protons and 50 neutrons?
Periodic Table of The Elements

4
2.4 Atomic Masses and atomic mass Units (amu)
One atomic mass unit (amu) is a mass unit = 1/12 of the mass
of a carbon-12 (12C)atom.
Diagram of a simple mass spectrometer,
showing the separation of neon isotopes.

-Ne gas atoms form +ve ions when they collide with
electrons.
-Ne+ atoms are accelerated from this region by the
negative grid and pass between the poles of a magnet.
-The beam of positively charged atoms is split into three
20Ne (90.48%) beams by the magnetic field according to the
21Ne (0.27%) mass/charge ratios.
22Ne (9.25%) -The three beams then travel to a detector at the end of
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the tube
Relative Atomic Masses (Ar)

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Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds (Chemical nomenclature)
-nomenclature of some simple inorganic compounds
Naming ionic Compounds Cation - Anion Formula
(Most ionic compounds contain metal + nonmetal atoms)
Cations Examples:
– Positively charged ions NaCl
K2SO4
– Formed from metals
– Atoms lose electrons Exception: NH4Cl
e.g., Na has 11 e– and 11 p Na+ has 10 e– and 11 p
Anions
– Negatively charged ions
– Formed from non-metals
– Atoms gain electrons
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e.g., Cl has 17 e– and 17 p Cl– has 18 e– and 17 p
Transition metal

 Rules for Predicting the Charges on Monatomic Ions:

1. In most main-group metallic elements :


charge = group number in the periodic table (the Roman
numeral).
2. Some metallic elements of high atomic number have more
than one cation:
(i) Common cations, charge = (group number – 2)
(ii) Charge = group number.
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Example (Pb): common ion Pb2+ in addition to Pb4+
3. Most transition elements form more than one monatomic
cation.
-Most of these elements have one ion with a charge of 2+.
Examples: (Fe) has common cations Fe2+ and Fe3+.
(Cu) has common cations Cu+ and Cu2+.
4. Charge on a monatomic anion for a nonmetallic main-group
element = (group number – 8).
Example: (O) has the monatomic anion O2-.
(The group number is 6; the charge is [(6-8)= -2]

 Rules for Naming Monatomic Ions


1. Monatomic cations are named after the element if there is only
one such ion.
Example: Al3+ is called aluminum ion; Na+ is called sodium ion.

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2. If there is more than one monatomic cation of an element
Rule 1 is not sufficient Use Stock system
Example: Fe2+ is called iron(II) ion and Fe3+ is called iron(III) ion.
-Older system of nomenclature, such ions are named by adding
the suffixes -ous and -ic to a stem name of the element to indicate
the ions of lower and higher charge, respectively.
Examples:
Fe2+ (ferrous ion) and Fe3+ (ferric ion)
Cu+ (cuprous ion) and Cu2+ (cupric ion)
- Few transition metal cations , such as Zn, have only a single
ion usually name them by just the metal name.
- Also, It’s not wrong to name Zn2+ as zinc(II) ion.

3. The names of the monatomic anions are obtained from a


stem name of the element followed by the suffix -ide.
Example: Br- is called bromide ion, from the
stem name brom- for bromine and the suffix -ide.
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Transition metal have one oxidation State

 Polyatomic Ions (oxoanions)

12
Periodic Table of The Elements

4
 Polyatomic Ions

 Naming an Ionic Compound from Its Formula


(Q) Name the following compounds: Metal nonmetal
Mg3N2 : magnesium nitride
CrSO4 : chromium(II) sulfate “Criss-cross” rule
PbCrO4: Lead(II) chromate
FeCl2: Iron (II) chloride
FeCl3: Iron (III) chloride
Cr2S3: chromium(III) sulfide 13
• K2O potassium oxide
• NH4ClO3 ammonium chlorate
• Mg(C2H3O2)2 magnesium acetate
• Cr2O3 chromium(III) oxide
• ZnBr2 zinc bromide
(Q) Determine The Formula of the following compounds:

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2


Manganese(II) bromide MnBr2
Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4
Mercury(I) Fluoride Hg2F2
Mercury(II) Fluoride HgF2
Mercury(I) nitride (Hg2)3N2
Iron(II) phosphate Fe3(PO4)2
Titanium(IV) oxide TiO2
Thallium(III) nitrate Tl(NO3)3 14
(Q) Which is the correct name for Cu2S?
A. copper sulfide
B. copper(II) sulfide
C. copper(II) sulfate
D. copper(I) sulfide
E. copper(I) sulfite

(Q) Which is the correct formula for ammonium sulfite?


A. NH4SO3
B. (NH4)2SO3
C. (NH4)2SO4
D. NH4S
E. (NH4)2S

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(Q) Name the following compounds:
'
(a) Fe(NO3)2

(b) Na2HPO4

(c) (NH4)2(C2O4)

(Q)Write chemical formulas for the following compounds:

(a) cesium sulfide

(b) calcium phosphate

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 Naming Hydrates
1.Name ionic compound
2.Give number of water molecules in formula using Greek
prefixes

Ca(SO4).2H2O calcium sulfate dihydrate

CoCl2.6H2O cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate

FeI3·3H2O iron(III) iodide trihydrate

Fe(NO2)3.9H2O iron(III) nitrite nonahydrate

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 Naming Molecular Compounds:
(Non-metal + Non-metal) or (Non-metal + Metalliod)

-binary compounds: composed of only two elements


e.g. NaCl, MgCl2 (ionic). CO, H2O, CCl4, NH3 (molecular)
-Order of Elements in the Formula:
In ionic compounds: metal  non-metal
NaCl not ClNa

In molecular compounds:

NF3 not F3N


H2S not SH2
SbH3 not H3Sb 18
 Rules for Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
1. The name of the compound has the elements in the order
given in the previous formula.
2. Name the first element using the exact element name.
3. Name the second element by writing the stem name of the
element with the suffix -ide
4. You add a prefix, derived from the Greek, to each element
name to denote the subscript of the element in the formula.
Note: the prefix mono- is not used, unless it is needed to
distinguish two compounds of the same two elements.
Examples:
N2O3 dinitrogentrioxide
HCl hydrogen chloride NOT monohydrogen monochloride
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
SF4 sulfur tetrafluoride ClO2 chlorine dioxide
SF6 sulfur hexafluoride Cl2O7 dichlorine heptoxide19
H2S dihydrogen sulfide common name: hydrogen sulfide
NO nitrogen monoxide common name: nitric oxide
H2O water Dihydrogen monoxide
NH3 ammonia Nitrogen trihydride
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
N2O dinitrogen monoxide
N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
P4O6 tetraphosphorus hexoxide
Cl2O6 dichlorine hexoxide
PCl3 phosphorus trichloride
PCl5 phosphorus pentachloride
disulfur dichloride S2Cl2
tetraphosphorus trisulfide P4S3
carbon disulfide CS2
sulfur trioxide SO3
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nitrogen dioxide Chlorine monofluoride

Boron trifluoride Hydrogen selenide


Or dihydrogen selenide

GaBr3 Gallium (III) bromide Ionic


GeBr4 Germanium tetrabromide Molecular
CaBr2 Calcium bromide Ionic
Hg2(NO2)2.H2O Mercury(I) nitrite monohydrate Ionic
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 Acids and Corresponding Anions
Corre'sponding anion

22
Molecular compound

(Q)Selenium has an oxoacid,H2SeO4, called selenic acid. What is


the formula and name of the corresponding anion?
Selenate SeO42-
Exercise 2.10
What are the name and formula of the anion corresponding to
perbromic acid, HBrO4?
BrO4- perbromate

23
 Chemical Reactions: Equations
Example 2.12 Balancing Simple Equations

(a) H3PO3  H3PO4 + PH3


(b) Ca + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2
(c) Fe2(SO4)3 + NH3 + H2O  Fe(OH)3 + (NH4)2SO4
Exercise 2.13
Find the coefficients that balance the following equations.
a. O2 + PCl3  POCl3
b. P4 + N2O  P4O6 + N2
c. As2S3 + O2  As2O3 + SO2
d. Ca3(PO4)2 + H3PO4  Ca(H2PO4)2 24
Examples:
(Q)When the following equation is balanced and written with the
smallest whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient of Al?
Fe3O4 + Al → Al2O3 + Fe

(Q) When the following equation is balanced and written with


the smallest whole number coefficients, what is the sum of
coefficients of Al and Fe?
Fe3O4 + Al → Al2O3 + Fe

(Q) When the following equation is balanced and written with the
smallest whole number coefficients, what is the sum of all
coefficients?
Fe(OH)3 + 3HNO3  Fe(NO3)3 + 3 H2O

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Done by: Joud Jaber

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