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5 views

AI-Lec04-add-slides-up

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nguyenquangphu0402
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RMIT Classification: Trusted

—
Artificial Intelligence

Week 4: Knowledge representation


and reasoning

COSC2129
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Material

• Chapter 7, Book: Artificial Intelligence: A Modern


Approach Global edition

• Book - TOC of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach,


4th Global ed.
• AIMA: Pseudo code
• Good practices Python
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Recap: Problem solving by search

• Path finding problem

• Problem solving by search


– Uninformed search
– Informed search
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Recap: Problem solving by search

Adversarial search
– Minimax
– Alpha-beta pruning
– Heuristics function
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Problem solving by search

• Can the agent deduce that 2 tiles cannot occupy the same space?
• Does it have an internal structure?
• Can it infer new knowledge from its current knowledge?

=> We need to build a better agent!


RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge & Reasoning

http://mygreatlearning.com/blog/what-is-knowledge-representation/
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge & Reasoning

• Knowledge representation: How do humans


represent and store knowledge?
• Reasoning: How do humans do reasoning?
• How to transfer human knowledge to an agent?

• To be intelligent, an agent needs a knowledge


base to store knowledge and an inference
engine to do the reasoning.
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Agents and Environments

• Agent: “anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment


through sensors and acting upon that environment through
actuators” (Russel & Norvig, 2009)
• Human Agent
• Sensors: eyes, ears, other organs
• Actuators: hands, legs, vocal tract, others
• Robotic Agent
• Sensors: cameras, sonar
• Actuators: motors

• Rational Agent
• For each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should
select an action that is expected to maximize its performance
measure, given the evidence provided by the percept sequence
and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has.
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge representation
Example
• KB:
– If it did not rain then Tom played tennis
– Tom could play tennis or pingpong, but not
both
– Tom played pingpong.
• What can be inferred?
– Tom did not play tennis.
– It rained.
–…
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge representation

• Sentence:
– A statement/ assertion/ fact about the world in a
knowledge representation language

Example
– It was raining True/false
– Today is Friday False
– He passed the exam T/F
– x + y > 5, ?
– x = 3, y=4 True
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge representation

• Proposition symbols: Letters: A, B, C, P, Q,…


– Each letter represents one statement/fact about the world
– P: It rained
– Q: Tom played tennis
– R: If it did not rain, then Tom played tennis
Those are atomic sentences → Connect them
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge representation

• Proposition symbols: Letters: A, B, C, P, Q,…


– Each letter represents one statement/fact about the world
– P: It rained
– Q: Tom played tennis
– R: If it did not rain, then Tom played tennis
Those are atomic sentences → Connect them
R: ~P → Q
• Logical connectives: Not, And, Or,…
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge Bases

• Knowledge Base = set of sentences in a formal language


• Declarative approach to build an agent:
– Tell it what it needs to know (from the environment)
– Ask what to do, answers should follow from the KB
(actions)
– Perform action.
RMIT Classification: Trusted

Knowledge-based Agent

• The agent must be able to:


– Represent states, actions, etc.
– Incorporate new percepts
– Update internal representations of the world
– Deduce hidden properties of the world
– Deduce appropriate actions

Fig. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8283595
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The Wumpus World

• Used as examples for Knowledge


Representation, Reasoning, and Planning.
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Applications

• Expert systems

• FAQs
• Troubleshooting guides
• How-to articles
• User manuals

• Video: AI - Knowledge Based Systems


RMIT Classification: Trusted

Conjunctive normal form (CNF)

• It is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where


each clause is a disjunction of literals

(P1 V P2 V… V Pn) /\ (Q1 V Q2 V… V Qm) /\ …(…V… V…)

Example:
RMIT Classification: Trusted

•
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Propositional Resolution
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• Example: Prove P given the following


RMIT Classification: Trusted

Question?

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