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Astrophysics

Astrophysics R. P. Goyal

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8 views

Astrophysics

Astrophysics R. P. Goyal

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varunvaswani2006
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Nelativistic (B) ASTROPHYS) 5.15 what is Astrophysics 2 astrophysics is ech, ‘ cs = ® science in whig the astronomical @byee ea | udy jee ana PPly the jude sum. various other stars, gala; Phenomeny ame 'Ples and methods of pk . ; gale ong the oon Physic me microwave background, Fame’ Other solar pines ® SUbieets studied untleryne ; bac ; a ler this » electromagnetic spectrums cae ine Rovira Stellar medi " nel andthe ‘wipe um and eure and chemical compoele broperties examined amined across all pars nd chem ed include oncepts and principles from classical megh PAYSiCS is @ ver rie oe permodynamics, quantum mechanics, ro, iit ents state 8, relativity, The universe in everything we can touch, feel, sense stars, galaxies, dust eloude iene; ASU OF detect. It includes time, space and matter did not exi The universe contains billions of jving things, planets the univer stars. The space between the stars and galaxies is largely empty. However, even places far from stars and planets contain scattered particles of dust or a few hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter space is also filled with radiation (eg., light and heat), magnetic fields and high energy particles (e.g., cosmic rays). The universe is incredibly huge. It would take a modern jet fighter more than a million year to reach the nearest star to the sun. Travelling at the speed of light (3 10° km per second), it would take more tan a cross our galaxy jilky way alone. No one knows the exact siZ€ of the universe because we cannot was lar system format Balaxy formation and evolution, large s er it. galaxies, each containing millions or billions of Fireball of rapily expanding extremely hot gas lasting about treme a2 massive ck hol) to form a protogaiay) gai gaanyn wah sas foem rapidly Leroy {rozomen yous oerag ena hiro glint fete oy ay conmnnng ey ere and ita gas and st rrorowav action orasponding omlat (= 2700) spi 9889 awe Fig. 510 Highrenergy garnd, ara rear Besar (3.000%) : Pa , see the edge if there is one. ihe stance tha TBS we do know is that the pa years across: (Alight yea" is th Universe is at least 9, one about 9 illiog eS ‘ar which iS ’ papillon ely - pigeBangopprosial anes Origin of the Universe i with a Big He which was ti ers believe the universe inside & bub! Most astronom unive entire years ago. Before this. y BIG Uninied Physics : Fret Year (Second Poper) aie tmaller than a pinhead. 1 was very hot and dense. It exploded suddenly and the universe "as bom Space, time, matter all originated from explosion. In split of a second universe expanded from a small nocleus toa size bigger than Milky way and continved expending Even today, itis expanding. Universe i filed with clouds of helium and hydrogen Early spectroscopy provided the first evidence that substances contained by stars are so present on earth, Spectroscopy revealed that some nebulae are purely gaseous, while Some contain stars. This later helped to cement the idea that some nebulae Were not nebulas at all. they were other galaxies In the early 1920's, using spectroscopy, Cecilia P ayne discovered that stars are Predominantly hydrogen (at least until their old age). The spectra of stars also alloweq sstrophysicists to determine the speed at which they move toward or away from ear Lust like the sound a vehicle emits is different when moving toward us or away from us, Pecause of the Doppler shift the spectra of stars will change inthe same way. Inthe 1930s, by combining the Doppler shift and Einstein's theory of general Relativity, Edurin Hubby Provided solid evidence about existence of universe 5.17. Properties of the Sun The energy that we receive from the Sun dictates the environment on Earth that isso important to human bein, existence. But to astronomers, the Sun is the only star that can be studied in great detail. Th hus, studying the Sun is vital to the understanding of stars asa whole The study of stars shows us that our Sun is merely an average sta, bright nor exceptionally faint. Evidence from other stars has also reveal allowing us a better understanding of the past and future of our Sun ‘The solar diameter equals 109 Earth diameters, ot 13,90,000 kilometre. What we see snlisn we look at the Sun, however, is nota solid, luhinous surface, but a spherical layer, alled the photosphere, from which the bulk of the solar light comes (see Fig. 5.11). Above the photosphere the ir atmosphere is transparent, allowing light to escape. Below photosphere, the physical conditions ofthe material of the solar interior pre vents light from escaping. AS a result, we cannot observe this interior region from the outsi oe : neither exceptionally led their life histories, ie Nelativistic of sun's energy nl 1 the fusion est emperatre of the suns . f face is nearly mpisneatly 2 * 107 K "is also definite hq ook ad the en abu ce. Nearly 90% par of sung ment te nucle of un, ‘ght muctes ita centre ji heavy cements, seTjum. At such @ high eriperatr 1) thee i heme such ss bydrogen sel plasma sate, Hence, the main soiree gf py se HOM clement inside the wun ae in the process of fusion int the hatin Aachen at Comenion of byeogen et as of sun. Hence, the source of: ‘a such a ary high temperatare mode elfen temperature (form the heliam macien ye” Hsin of hydroges mocies a He released. The reaction ig is proces, a wemendous amount of cat tt [H+ [H+ HH $e (Four hydrogen) + 2s (Heian) Posana) oleae” 7 MEY? rt 15:25:38 days, bu at lrtade 35°, the jeviod is 27 days. Sunspots aren't sen at higher latitudes, butuse ofthe iegee jpht observed at latitude 75° reveals a longer period of 3 days. This, Doppler's. reveals that the Sun is not solid, burs foe differential rotation: ‘The total energy emission of the Sun, or luminosity, is 4 « 10° wat This is found by measurement of the solar constant, the energy received ‘aoe (1,360 watt?) by as cies eT [astronomical unit and multiply the surae "a Sc jem solar constant implies a belie in ghia ta Se, tl de my oot be comply comet he Mei emi ty > de sunspots in the century iscovery in| soln operacicn a see evidence sages the jsrelated to changes in the solar lu result of a diminished solar Iuminosiy decade from spacecraft suggests there ‘our Sun perhaps is not as constant a source af the solar “surface? (the photospbee) Application of the n area = oT* ) yields a spectrum to the temp i between the two values rest co r depths in the photosphere ‘emperatures; thus, the Solar sp features significantly alter ’, nz Unified Physics : First Year (Second Paper) SPectTuM. Analysis of thear strengths gives temperatures at different depths in the photosphere ‘and chemical abundance ratios. The most common elements are listed in Table §.1 Table $.1, Chemical Composition of the Sun Relative number Relative num Hement I ee Element at aeaee 4 1,000,000 Ne 7 He | 63,000 | Fe 2 ° | 60 s 16 t ao | Al 3 N 9 ca 2 si | 4s Na 2 Mg | 40 Ni 2 ‘Table S.2. Physical Data of the Sun per aB ESSER) reece Discription of Measurement Data Diameter 1,392,539 km Inclination of equator to ecliptic 725° Mean axial rotation period (sidereal) 25-38 days Mean density 1-41 gem? Mass 1-989 x 10° kg Luminosity 3-85 «10° W ‘Volume (Earth = 1) 13 x 108 Escape velocity 617-3 kes Relativistic Mechan r _pransee lt se distance twig bese ees AS SE at the CEMLREOESTRS the naticaneaes oa ro) atthe cen ofa rela are af a ; ‘ait panee is |* Thus ‘Eiground of objets. Thi eet is calle paral “518 ite Cycle of Sta Stars go through a natural cycle, much like any living beimes This cycle begin wh birth, expands through a lifespan characterised by change and growth and ulionaty lends tp death. The time frame in the life eycle of tarsi entirely different fom the ie cycle of aiving being, lasting inthe order of billions oes ns pce ofa es cs the life cycle of stars and its different stages. seven Main Stages of a Star Distances in space are ofien measured in astronomical units, light-years, or parsecs. An astronomical unit is the average distance from earth to the sun, about 93 million miles (150 mill km) and is used to measure relatively short distances, such as those between the sun and its planets or between the stars in a binary system. The following are the three unuts mainly used to express the astronomical distances : (1) Light year—One light year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one year. The symbol of it is ly. Thus, | light year = distance travelled by light in vacuum in one year = (Speed of light in vacuum) « (number of second in one year) = = 108 ms) x (365 * 24 x 60 x 60s) = 9-46 = 10! m=9-46 x 10!? km ‘This unit is used to express the distance of stars and galaxies. Q) Astronomical unit—The mean radius of earth's orbit around the sun (ie., the mean distance between the earth and sun) is taken as one astronomical unit. The symbol of it is A.U. Thus, TAU. = 1-496 «10! m eycle, they start as a gas (1) Giant Gas Cloud—A: in the cloud is low enough for! , S14 Unified Physics : First Year (Second Paper) iste heat than it and so the core of a main-sequence star releases a tremendous rey. Astar spends 90% ofits life inthis stage. Our Sun is exactly inthis stage (5) Red A star converts hydrogen atoms into helium over its course of life its Core. Eventually, the hydrogen fuel runs out and the intemal reaction stops, Without the reactions occurring at the core, a star contracts inward through gravity causing it to expand. As it expands, the star frst becomes a subgiant star and then a red giant, Red giants have cooler surfaces than the main sequence sta, and because ofthis, they appear red than elon (6) The Fusion of Heavier Elements Heliun expands. The energ ecules fuse at the core, as the star y of this reaction prevents the core from collapsing, The core shrinks and begins fusing carbon, once the heli n fusion ends. This process repeats until iron appears at the core, The iron fusion reaction absorbs energy, which causes the core to collapse. This implosion transforms massive stars into a supernova while smaller stars like the sun contract into white dwarfs ©) Supernovae and Planetary Nebulae—Most ofthe star material is blasted away into space, but the core implodes into a neutron star or a singularity known as the black hole. Less massive stars don’t explode, their cores contract instead into a tiny, hot star Known as the white dwarf while the outer ma rial drifts away. Stars tinier than the sun, don't have enough mass to burn with anything but a red glow during their main sequence These red dwarves are diffi ficult to spot. But, these may be the most common stars that can bum for trillions of years. young or old, stars are one of the most be: The above were the seven main stages of the life cycle ofa star. Whether big or small, time you look up atthe stars, rei autiful and lyrical objects in all of creation, Next member, this is how they were created and how they will die a) ° THE = ere ae Sve 3 = bao anne oa Keune SUPERNOVA Fig. 5.12. Life Cycle of a Star 5.20. Chandrasekhar Limit Chandrasekhar limit, in astrophysics gives maximum mass theoretically possible for a stable white dwarf star. ____Relativistic Mechan - ics and Astre 4 Citing valve was named afer the jag eles x a8 Ts har, who formulated itn 1939, Un neat oom astrophysicist, Subramany sin yan coset eiples of quantum physics, Chandege aes Pei hoy of relatay bits Mor{ star Which is Supported solely by ganas homed that it is imponibe fore te One greater than 1-44 ti ma, 1 Cebeterae pas of electrons o be stable Fa eee sue 1 6 ToT ee the San Bese hee A eneration Pressure 1S NO Tonger ata level to Prevent estar fren, Co naam the election pe sk ole om tuning into a neutron

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