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THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

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Naomi Eleazar
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42 views

THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

Uploaded by

Naomi Eleazar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

• Mendeleev was the first scientist to construct a Periodic table. His Periodic
table was arranged in increasing other of relative atomic mass. His Periodic
table had many gaps. Although he predicted the properties of some of the
elements yet to be discovered.
• The modern Periodic table differs from the Mendeleev’s Periodic table
because the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic numbers.
• The Periodic table is the chemist’s way of classifying elements.

PERIODIC LAW
It states that the physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic
function of their atomic numbers.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
The electronic configuration of an element is the arrangement of electrons
around the shells of an element.
Electronic configuration is the key or basis to the periodicity of elements.
WRITING ELECTRON CONFIGURATION IN S, P, D, F
NOTATIONS
The procedure involved in writing electron configuration in s, p, d, f notation
obeys Aufbau principle states that in building up of an atom, electrons are
added to the orbitals from the lowest energy level up until the higher energy.
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d 6f
7s 7p 7d 7f
FEATURES OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

There are three features of periodic table. These are GROUPS, PERIODS and
BLOCKS OF ELEMENTS.
GROUPS: Modern periodic table contains eight groups which are I, II, III, IV, V,
VI, VII & VIII/0.
• The elements in a group have similar properties.
• This is due to the fact that they all have the same number of valence electrons (or
outer shell electrons).
• So the group number is the same as the number of valence electrons except for
Group 0.
• Given the properties of one element in a group, chemists can predict the
properties of others.
PERIODS: There are seven periods in a periodic table which are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 &
7.
• The elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
• As you go from along a period from left to right, the number of proton increases
by 1 each time and the elements change from metals to non-metals.
Modern Periodic Table
FAMILIES OF ELEMENTS

Group I elements are called Alkali metals. They are lithium,


sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium.
They are all metals, but compare to most other metals:
• They are much softer (all can be cut with a knife).
• They have low density (Li, Na, and K float on water)
• They have much lower melting and boiling points
• They are much more reactive.
• They react violently with cold water to release hydrogen gas
and also produce alkalis.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)


2K(s) + 2H2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
TRANSITION ELEMENTS

• There are thirty transition elements. They form a block in the middle
of the Periodic Table. The top row of the block contains ten elements
which are scandium, Sc, titanium, Ti, vanadium, V, chromium, Cr,
manganese, Mn, iron, Fe, cobalt, Co, nickel, Ni, copper, Cu and zinc,
Zn.
• They are all metals and share these properties:
1. they are hard, tough and strong.
2. they have high density.
3. they have high melting and boiling points.
4. they form coloured compounds.
5. they have variable oxidation states.
6. the elements and the compounds are often act as catalysts for other
reactions.
7. they are less reactive than Group I elements.
GROUP VII: THE HALOGEN

• There are five members of the halogen family. They are fluorine, F,
chlorine, Cl, bromine, Br, and iodine, I.
• Both fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid while
iodine is a solid at room temperature.
• They are all poisonous non-metals.
• They exist as diatomic molecules e.g F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2
• They are more reactive than most of other non-metals.
• They formed compounds called halides.
• Fluorine is the most reactive member and can displace other
halogens from the solutions.
• NOTE: Halogens are poisonous!
Cl2(g) + 2NaBr(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
GROUP 0: NOBLE GASES

• This family is also known as inert gases or rare gases.


They include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and
radon.
• They are all non-metals
• They are colourless gases and occur naturally in air.
• They exist as monoatomic molecules i.e He, Ne, Ar.
• They are chemically unreactive because their outermost
shells are fully filled with electrons. They do not need
to bond to other atoms to gain, lose or share electrons
due to the stability of their outermost shell electrons.

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