2

Electricity
(a) units

2 1 . Use the following units Ampere (A) Coulomb (C) , joule(5), :

,

ohm (12) Second(s) volt (v) and Watt (W). ,

,

(b) Mains
electricity
.2
2 understand how the use of insulation , double insulation, earthing,
futes and circuit breakers protects the device or user.

Insulation
-
:
wires are covered with an
insulating material (rubbert
around device (non-metalic care).
Double insulation 2
layers around :
, wires ,

Earthing wire that provides a low

: resistance path to earth , when live wire

comes in contact with metal care.

Fuses
-
:
Cuts the flow of electricity when current is too large (due
.
to

a fault/surge . ↑ current = ↓ temp which melts the metal wire .

Circuit
breakers electromagnet : switches that
automatically.breaks the circuit
when current + (Can be reused doesn't
.
as
pusically break

.3
2 understand results in the electrical
why a current in a resistor
transfer of energy and increase in temp , and how this can be used
in domestic contexts.

Resistance causes transfer of electrical heat energy. ↑

energy to resistance
=↑ temp. .
This is used in electrical heaters.
2 . 4 know and use the relationship between
power , current ,
and

voltage :

Power (w) = Current (A) x

Voltage (v)
-

P =
1Xv

25 use the relationship between voltage,

energy transferred
. current
, ,

and time :

transferred (5) current (A)

Energy x Voltage(v) time(s)
=
x
-

-
E = 1XVXt

2 6 . know the difference between mains

electricity being alternating
) cell/battery.
current (a . c . ) and direct current (d . C
.

being supplied by a

Alternating
current Current constantly changes direction magnitude
:

and .

electricity supply

E
-
Mains
-

UK :
230V & 50 He

Diagram from oscilloscope

-Direct
current :
only flows in 1 direction.
-
Solar cells/batteries

S
-
Around 1 5V . .

Diagram from oscilloscope

-used in sensitive components

(in
computing)
(c) and voltage in circuits
Energy
37 parallel circuits
.

Explain why series or are more appropriate for particular

applications :

Parallel :

-Component can be
individually switched on /off
.

>
If I component breaks , other's affected.
won't be

> Bulb would maintain similar brightness (a) same voltage applied)
.

(DIS) > More wires required

>
Same voltage

tries All controlled by single switch

> Fewer wires

(DIS) < components cannot be individually controlled

If I component breaks , whole circuit breaks and other components stop working
2 8
. understand how the current in a series circuit depends on the applied
voltage and the number/nature of other components.
4 + current
>
voltage
=

↓ current
↑ number of component = as there is more resistance.
2 9
.
Describe how current varies with voltage in wires , resistors ,
metal

filament lamps and diodes , andhow to

investigate experimentally.

=>
component
changes

-
.

- (non-ohmic)

ohmic resistor/wire :
Filament lamp : Diode :

low resistance
11 11 11

Cheats
Resistance ↑
resistance
> v

2 10
. Describe the qualitative effect of changing resistance on the current
in a .
circuit

↑ resistance
> =
↓ current/↓ resistance = ↑ current
> Since V = IR ,
current and resistance are inversely proportional.
. 11
2 Describe the qualitative variation of resistance of LDRs with
illumination and thermistors with temperature.

Light-dependent
resistor : As illumination increase , resistance decreates.
YX

* light

#hermistor : As temperature increase , resistance decreases.

#
-

Temp

2 12 .
know that lamps and LEDs can be used to indicate the

presence of current in a circuit.

> When
current is
flowing , the lamp will light up
.

2 13 know and the voltage , current and

. use
relationship between

resistance :

voltage (v)
=
Current (A) X resistance (v)
-
V = IR

2 14 . know that current is the rate

of flow of charge.
-
The flow of negatively charged electrons
-

lamp is the same as I coulomb

per second.
-

magnitude of current is the amount of charge passing through a component

each second.
2 15 know and use the relationship between
charge , current and time
:
.

Charge (C) Current (A) x time (s)

-
=

-
a =
1Xt

2 16
.
know that current in solid metal conductors is a
flow of
negatively charged electrons.

2 17
.
understand why current is conserved at a junction in a circuit.

11 =
12 + 13
1
,
=
14

wood 137s'4
zi

The split depends on the resistance

12v 5M of the component.

# Clower resistance =
higher current

2 18 know that the across2 components

.

voltage connected in
parallel
is the same .

Vi
V = V ,
=
Vz

Vi

Vz
2 19 calculate the of
.
currents , voltages and resistances two resistive components
connected in a series .
circuit

- Current :
Same across all components
-
Total resistance is the sum of resistances from both components.
-

Voltage Splits between component dependent

, on resistance. (V IR)
=

2 20
.
know that :

Voltage is the
energy transferred per
unit charged passed
The volt is joule per coulomb.

2 21 know and use the relationship between

energy transferred charge
.

and voltage :

(V)
-

Energy transferred (5)

=

Charge (C) x
Voltage
-
E QXv =