Oracle 11g New Features for DBAs

Arup Nanda

Agenda
Tons of new features in 11g It's not "new" anymore. Plenty of material available blogs, articles, books

Compelling reasons for upgrade. Biggest bang for the buck. Exclusively for DBAs; not Developers

Coverage
Only the most valuable features Stress on "how to use", rather than syntax Companion material "Oracle Database 11g: The Top New Features for DBAs and Developers" on OTN
http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/arti cles/oracle-database-11g-topfeatures/index.html

It has complete syntax, working examples and videos (coming)

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Database Replay
Change is the only constant
What happens when you change something init params, storage, O/S, kernel params

There are always risks of a change You can mitigate by subjecting the changed system to the very similar workload and comparing the results The keyword is "similar workload" Load generators do not have the fidelity
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A True Test
Target system is similar to the Subject system same O/S, same DB version, same data, etc.

Subject Subject System System

Target Target System System

capture

apply

The SQL statements In the order they happened With the same bind variables

Database Replay Concepts

Subject Subject
DB

Target and Subject are identical except the variable you want to test, e.g. the O/S.

Target Target
DB

App App Servers App Servers App Servers Servers

capture

apply apply apply Apply Processes

Capture files

Captured SQLs and other relevant info

Capture Files

ftp
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Case: Changing a Database Parameter

You can test the effects on the Subject DB
Enable flashback for DB Capture workload for, say, a week Stop apps, create a savepoint Change the parameter Replay the captured workload Compare the results Decide to keep the param or not Flashback database to savepoint Start the apps
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Effect of Moving to ASM

You want to see if moving to ASM would help 1. Setup standby on ASM from the Filesystem DB 2. Capture workload 3. Stop apps Server 4. Sync up standby and break 5. Update pfile of ASM DB the same as the FS DB 6. Shutdown FS DB 7. Replay workload

FS

ASM

standby
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Upgrades from 10g to 11g

10.2.0.4 patchkit actually has the Database Replay tools built in DBMS_WORKLOAD_CAPTURE package available. You can use this to capture workload from 10.2.0.4 and apply those to a 11.1 DB. http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/ server.102/e12024/toc.htm MetaLink Note 560977.1 shows the one-off patches available for all other releases to enable capture of workload
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Compared to QA Tools
How does it compare to QA tools like Load Runner?
QA tools use synthetic workload, i.e. the SQLs you provide to it. DBR uses the real SQLs that ran good, bad and ugly That's why it's called Real Application Testing (RAT) QA Tools measure end to end app webserver to app server to DB. DBR only measures the DB performance

So, it's not a testing tool for your apps

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Caveats
DBR captures only the SQLs executed in the database; not the activity on the apps such as clicks. No guarantee of elapsed time between SQLs Concurrency of statements not guaranteed

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SQL Performance Analyzer

The other constituent of the RAT family Replays SQLs captured in SQL Tuning Sets
Subject Subject System System
SQLs Can have filters

Target Target System System

SQLs

capture
SQLs Can be edited SQL Tuning Set Export Import SQLs SQL Tuning Set

apply

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Different from DR
RAT Real Application Testing DR captures all the SQLs.
You can apply filters; but not very flexible

SPA allows powerful filters during capture It shows the SQLs

so you can remove them. DR can't show SQLs

DR follows the sequence and repetition of SQLs; SPA does not. SPA is good for individual SQL tuning; DR is for DB.
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Good for
SPA is good for single SQL or single app Where concurrency is not important Checking if these are better:
Profiles Outlines Parameters session/system

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Upgrade from 10g to 11g

The 10.2.0.4 patchkit has the capability to capture the SQLs to a Tuning Set It can't replay; only capture. MetaLink Note 560977.1 has one-off patches for pre-10g databases

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Expanded Sub-Partitioning
New composite partitioning schemes
Range-range
2 date columns

Hash-range
PK first and then date

Hash-hash
PK and then another unique key

Hash-list
PK and discrete values

List-range
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Referential Partitioning
You want to partition CUSTOMERS on ACC_REP column The column is not present on child tables Earlier option: add the column to all tables and update it
Difficult and error-prone
CUSTOMERS CUST_ID ACC_REP part

SALES SALES_ID CUST_ID FK TOT_AMT LINE_ITEMS SALES_ID FK LINE_ID PRODUCT_ID

11g has referential partitioning

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Referential Partitioning
Partition CUSTOMERS as usual create table SALES ( SALES_ID number not null, CUST_ID number not null, TOT_AMT number constraint fk_sales_01 foreign key (cust_id) references customers) partition by reference (fk_sales_01); Partitions of SALES are created with data from CUSTOMERS.
CUSTOMERS CUST_ID ACC_REP part

SALES SALES_ID CUST_ID FK TOT_AMT LINE_ITEMS SALES_ID FK LINE_ID PRODUCT_ID

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Addressing Ref Partitions

USER_PART_TABLES view has info
partitioning_type "REFERENCE" ref_ptn_constraint_name the FK name

To address a specific partition (remember: you don't have a part name):

select * from sales partition for (to_date('15may-2007','dd-mon-yyyy'));

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INTERVAL Partitioning
SALES table partitioned on SALES_DT
Partitions defined until SEP 2008. Before Oct starts, you have to create the partition If you don't create the part, the INSERT will fail on Oct 1st.

To mitigate the risk, you created the PMAX partition. Undesirable When you finally add the OCT08 partition, you will need to split the PMAX highly undesirable
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Interval Partitions
create table SALES ( sales_id number, Specifies one partition per sales_dt date ) month partition by range (sales_dt) interval (numtoyminterval(1,'MONTH')) store in (TS1,TS2,TS3) ( partition SEP08 values less than (to_date('2008-10-01','yyyy-mmThis is the first dd')) partition. The ); subsequent Creates a partition automatically when a new row comes in
partition names are system generated

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Addressing Interval Partitions

USER_PART_TABLES view:
partitioning_type "INTERVAL"

USER_TAB_PARTITIONS view:
high_value shows the upper bound of partition

To address a specific partition:

select * from SALES partition for (to_date('22-sep-2008','dd-monyyyy'));

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Physical Standby
Physical Standby Database with Real Time Apply Almost real time, savings in CPU, etc. But opening in read only access makes it miss the SLA So, the investment just sits idle => inefficient

1. Backups can be off this, less CPU load on primary 2. Can be open for Read Only access. Good for reporting 3. But if open, the recovery stops, defeating the purpose of standby Primary Standby

Standby Redo Logs

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Active Data Guard

Physical Standby Database with Real Time Apply But you can open the database in read only And then start the managed recovery process Primary So, you meet the SLA for uptime while making efficient use of the Extra-cost investment. option

1. Backups can be off this, less CPU load on primary 2. Can be open for Read Only access. Good for reporting 3. The recovery continues even when the database is open for read only access Standby

Standby Redo Logs

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Comparison
10g
Standby in managed recovery mode

11g
Standby in managed recovery mode

alter database managed alter database managed standby database cancel standby database cancel alter database open read only alter database open read only

shutdown, startup mount alter database recover managed standby database disconnect alter database recover managed standby database disconnect
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Snapshot Standby
You can open a standby as read write
alter database recover managed standby database cancel; alter database convert to snapshot standby;

Do your testing Convert back to normal

alter database convert to physical standby;

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Other Enhancements
Easier Creation Physical -> Logical; Back to Physical
alter database recover to logical standby DBName; alter database start logical standby apply immediate;

Archive Log Compression

alter system set log_archive_dest_2 = 'service=pro11sb LGWR ASYNC valid_for=(online_logfiles,primary_role) db_unique_name=sby compression=enable'

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Rolling Upgrades
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Convert S to Logical primary Reverse the roles P=standby, S=primary P Apps will move to S Stop standby Upgrade P Reverse roles. P=primary, S=standby standby S Upgrade S Convert back to Physical

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Parameter Testing
1. Capture workload from P using Database Replay 2. Convert S to Snapshot Standby 3. Create a restore point rp1 4. Change parameter 5. Replay captured workload on S 6. Measure performance 7. Repeat with new values 8. Convert S back to physical
primary

standby

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Plan Wreaks Havoc

A Typical Scenario:
A specific SQL had a good plan The stats on the table was collected The plan changed for worse. You get blamed for collecting stats. You stop collecting stats The same SQL had a good plan Suddenly you saw performance issues The cause was identified as stale stats You re-collect stats SQL performs well again You get blamed for not collecting stats!
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Another Scenario:

Typical Solutions
Stored Outlines
Forces a plan May be a bad plan later

SQL Profiles
Data based; may be worse later

Hints
Forces a plan which could be worse later Not possible in canned apps

Best pie-in-the-sky Solution

Examine the new plan; implement only if better

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11g Plan Management

Query

If enabled, Oracle stores the SQL and the plan in a repository called SQL Management Base (SMB) When a new plan is generated, it is compared against the old plan If better, the new plan is implemented Else, the old plan is forced (like outlines) The DBA can examine the plans and force a specific plan

optimization

plan plan stored and compared old plan SMB

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SQL Baselines
Similar to Stored Outlines
SQL> alter system optimizer_capture_sql_plan_baselin es = true;

All the baselines are captured Don't confuse with AWR Baselines

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Enabled will it be considered or not? Accepted Current plan by optimizer Fixed the plan is fixed, i.e. optimizer forces it. Similar to outlines Auto Purged after some days the plan is purged, unless accepted

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Inputs: ------PLAN_LIST

= SYS_SQL_PLAN_b5429522ee05ab0e SYS_SQL_PLAN_b5429522e53beeec TIME_LIMIT = DBMS_SPM.AUTO_LIMIT VERIFY = YES COMMIT = YES

This is the SQL Plan Evolve Report

You can examine the baselined plan and the newly calculated plan. If the new one looks better, you can force it, called "Evolve".

Plan: SYS_SQL_PLAN_b5429522e53beeec ----------------------------------It is already an accepted plan.

Plan: SYS_SQL_PLAN_b5429522ee05ab0e ----------------------------------Plan was verified: Time used 3.9 seconds. Failed performance criterion: Compound improvement ratio <= 1.4. Baseline Plan ------------COMPLETE 1 3396 1990 7048 4732 0 4732 1 Test Plan --------COMPLETE 1 440 408 5140 53 0 25 1

Execution Status: Rows Processed: Elapsed Time(ms): CPU Time(ms): Buffer Gets: Disk Reads: Direct Writes: Fetches: Executions:

Improv. Ratio ------------7.72 4.88 1.37 89.28 189.28

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Testing Statistics
Scenario
SQL was performing well You want to collect stats But you hesitate will be make it worse?

How do you make sure?

Collect the stats and run the SQL Are you kidding in prod?!!!!

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Private Statistics
1. Mark a table's stats as private 2. Collect stats; but optimizer will not see 3. Issue alter session set

optimizer_use_pending_statistics = true;

4. Now optimizer will see the new stats in that session alone 5. Test SQL. If OK, publish stats:
dbms_stats.publish_pending_stats('S chema', 'TableName');
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Further Notes
You set a table's preference:
dbms_stats.set_table_prefs ( ownname => 'Schema', tabname => 'TableName', pname => 'PUBLISH', pvalue => 'FALSE' );

Now the table's stats will always be private until you publish them You can delete private stats:
dbms_stats.delete_pending_stats ('Schema','Table');
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Stats History
History
desc DBA_TAB_STATS_HISTORY
OWNER TABLE_NAME PARTITION_NAME SUBPARTITION_NAME STATS_UPDATE_TIME

Reinstate previously gathered stats

dbms_stats.restore_table_stats ( ownname => 'Schema', tabname => 'TableName', as_of_timestamp => '14-SEP-07 11:59:00 AM' );
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Encrypted Tablespaces
Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) allows column level encryption Performance hit, since index scans can't be used and every time the data has to be decrypted to be compared
select * from payments where CC# like '1234%'
SGA encrypted

PAYMENTS
PAY_ID CC# encrypted

CUST_ID
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Transparent Tablespace Encryption

Entire tablespace is encrypted
create tablespace secure1 datafile '/db1/1.dbf' size 1M encryption using 'AES128' default storage (encrypt)
select * from payments where CC# like '1234%'
SGA clear

All objects stored in the tablespace are encrypted, all columns But when they are loaded to the SGA, they are in cleartext So index scans are a good

PAYMENTS
PAY_ID CC# encrypted

CUST_ID
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Dictionary
SQL> desc v$encrypted_tablespaces Name Null? Type ----------------- -------- ----------TS# NUMBER ENCRYPTIONALG VARCHAR2(7) ENCRYPTEDTS VARCHAR2(3)

The column ENCRYPT_IN_BACKUP in V$TABLESPACE shows the encryption during RMAN backup

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Data as of Previous Time

Flashback Queries (9i)
select * from accounts as of timestamp to_date ('09/18/2008','mm/dd/yyyy'); where acc_no = 1801;

Gets information from Undo Segments When undo gets filled up, the information is gone. Not reliable. Solution triggers to populate user defined change tables.
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Flashback Data Archives

TRANS ACCOUNTS CUST Flashback Data Archiver (FBDA) process writes the changes; not triggers.

FBDA

Flashback Archive

Flashback Archive

FA1
Stores the undo information, similar to undo segments; but permanent.

FA2

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Syntax
Create a FB Archive
create flashback archive FB1 tablespace TS1 retention 1 year alter table ACCOUNTS flashback archive FA1;

Attach FBA to a table:

Purges automatically. Manually:

alter flashback archive FA1 purge before scn 1234567;
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Comparison w/Triggers
Manually create change tables and trigger logic The triggers can be disabled, making it legally non-binding Change tables can be deleted by DBA, so not immutable. Triggers do a context switch; FBAR process runs in the background with minimal impact. Purging is not automatic
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Usage
Just normal flashback query:
select from accounts as of

Purge is automatic after the retention period. Manually possible too. DBA can't modify data; so legally binding.

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PL/SQL Native Compilation

PL/SQL can be compiled two ways:
Interpreted, resulting in m-code, which only the PL/SQL compiler can interpret Native, which creates a C-code from PL/SQL, which is then stored as an O/S resident library

Faster for non-data portions Requires C library Usually not available in production systems
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11g Way
SQL> alter session set plsql_code_type = native; SQL> alter procedure p1 compile; C-complier is built into the database Compilation Time(plsql_optimize_level=2) Interpreted Native 10g 1.66 4.66 11g 1.64 2.81

Computation intensive code will benefit. Data manipulation code will not.
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Caching
Query is often executed on tables that do not change much. Typical Solution: Materialized Views
Results are already available; no need to reexecute the query Results could be stale; not updated unless refreshed Underlying data doesn't change; but MV doesn't know that, unless fast refresh

Not practical
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Result Cache
select /*+ result_cache */ The results of the query are stored in the SGA Result Cache a new area in SGA result_cache_max_size states the size of RC The query executes as usual if the cache is not found The cache is refreshed automatically when the underlying data changes
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DDL Waits
Session 1:
update t1 set col1 = 2;

Session 2:
alter table t1 drop column col2 * ERROR at line 1: ORA-00054: resource busy and acquire with NOWAIT specified or timeout expired

In a busy system you will never get the exclusive lock. In 11g alter session set ddl_lock_timeout = 15; This will make the session wait for 15 seconds before erroring with ORA-54.

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Trigger Execution
You have 3 pre-insert triggers tr1, tr2 and tr3. How do you make sure they fire in that sequence? You can, now in 11g.
create trigger tr3 before insert on TableName follows tr2 begin ...
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Case Sensitive Passwords

11g compliant password allows you differentiate between "tiger" and "TIGER" Init Parameter sec_case_sensitive_logon = true enables it Dynamic ALTER SYSTEM SET

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Upgrade Advice
1. Use snapshot standby to test your upgrade process 2. Use Workload Capture in 10g and replay in snapshot standby 3. Modify parameters, replay and modify: repeat until you get it right 4. Use SQL Performance Analyzer to test the handful of errant queries 5. Use SQL Baselines to fix them
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 All the concepts are described in detail in the OTN series:

http://www.oracle.com/technology/pub/articles/oracle-database11g-top-features/index.html

Thank You!
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