Lesson 2

Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Paraphrasing – is pertaining to taking a passage that is either spoken or written and rephrasing. It is restating text
giving the meaning in another form.

Common Types of Paraphrasing

1. By changing the parts of speech – in this type of paraphrasing, the nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
interchange.

Original sentence: The student quickly submitted the quiz paper as the Math teacher said that time is up.
Paraphrased: The quick student passed his quiz paper when the teacher in Math said that time is up.

2. By changing the structure

Changing sentence structure from passive voice to active voice is the main tool in this type of paraphrasing.
Also, this type reflects the writer’s interpretation of the original text.

Original sentence: Many people were inspired by the sacrifices and dedication of the frontliners.
Paraphrased: The frontliners’ sacrifices and dedication inspired many people.

3. By synonym replacement
Paraphrasing by synonym replacement is one of the simplest forms in restating an original text.

Original sentence: The older citizens were more vulnerable to the COVID 19 disease.
Paraphrased: Senior citizens were more at risk of the COVID 19 disease.

4. Do not change concept words, special terms, or proper names

Original sentence: Gamma rays consist of high energy protons that have neither mass nor charge.
Paraphrased: High-energy protons that do not have mass or charge form Gamma rays.

Summarizing – is the synopsis or digest of the essence of an entire text.

Below are the Helpful Techniques in Summarizing:

1. Read the text you are about to summarize over and over again.
2. Identify the main idea of the text you are planning to summarize.
3. Put your feet into your readers’ shoes.
4. Ensure a smooth flow of ideas.
5. Limit your summary to a few sentences.
6. Do not forget to proofread your work.
Example: Taken from the excerpt Understanding Calories

A calorie, also known as kilocalorie, is a unit of energy. This unit represents the energy required to heat a kilogram of
water on degree Celsius. While people generally link the term calorie with food, it is a unit of measurement that can be
applied to any substance possessing energy. For instance, there are 8200 calories in a liter (about one quart) of
gasoline.

Summary: A calorie is a unit of energy that represents the energy required to heat a kilogram of water on degree
Celsius. This is also a unit of measurement where 1 liter of gasoline is composed of 8200 calories.
 Lesson 2 Activity
(1 whole sheet of paper)

ACTIVITY NO. 1 Instruction: Determine if the set of sentences were paraphrased by

Changing of Parts of Speech,

By Changing of Structure, or
By Synonym Replacement
By not changing concept words

1. Original Sentence: It is very easy to see how children grow as they often become
taller and heavier.

Paraphrased: It is not hard to determine the growth of children as they commonly

become bigger and weighty.

______________________________

2. Original Sentence: People commonly don’t notice the other changes in their body
parts as they age.

Paraphrased: Changes in the body parts are hardly noticed by people as they age.

______________________________

3. Original Sentence: A special doctor stated that noses, mouths, and ears get
larger as human grow older.

Paraphrased: A specialist in this field specified that other parts of the body like nose,
mouth, and ear grow larger as human ages.

______________________________

4. Original Sentence: The originally small nose and ears become longer while the
mouth becomes wider.

Paraphrased: The original little nose and ears lengthen while the narrow mouth
widens.

______________________________

5. Original Sentence: The doctor claimed that obvious changes are seen as children
grow but there are also some changes in adults.

Paraphrased: The specialist affirmed that clear changes are evident among
children’s growth but there are minimal changes in adults too. By Changing of Parts of
Speech

______________________________
ACTIVITY NO. 2 Instruction: Write S if the statement describes good summarizing
and N if not.

_____1. Mario copied everything from the book.

_____2. Juan extracted the key ideas in the text.
_____3. Pedro concentrated on the important details.
_____4. Concepcion looked for key words and phrases.
_____5. Lucio simplified ideas.
_____6. Leonor revised the main idea.
_____7. To add more information, Rosa added her analysis and comments to the ideas
of the author.
_____8. Maria wrote down the general and specific ideas of the texts.
_____9. Teodoro added some of his related research to the information presented in
the text.
_____10. Pamela extended the message of the text and include some of her
interpretations.

ACTIVITY NO. 3 Instruction: Choose the letter of the correct paraphrase form of the
following statements.

1. Original Sentence: "The new research indicates a correlation between sleep

deprivation and decreased cognitive function."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) Recent studies suggest a link between lack of sleep and impaired cognitive
abilities.

B) The latest research highlights a connection between insomnia and reduced

cognitive function.

C) Recent findings reveal a relationship between sleep deficiency and enhanced

cognitive performance.

D) The most recent study shows a correlation between excessive sleep and cognitive
decline.

2. Original Sentence: "The government's decision to impose tariffs on imported

goods has sparked a debate among economists."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) The imposition of taxes on foreign products by the government has ignited a

discussion among economists.
B) The government's choice to lift tariffs on imported items has sparked a debate
among financial experts. C) The decision of the government to reduce tariffs on
exported goods has stirred a conversation among policymakers.

D) The government's resolution to subsidize imported goods has ignited a debate

among politicians.

3. Original Sentence: "The CEO's announcement regarding the company's

restructuring plan was met with skepticism by investors."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) Investors expressed confidence in the CEO's announcement about the company's

reorganization.

B) Shareholders were doubtful about the CEO's declaration concerning the company's
restructuring plan.

C) The CEO's statement about the company's expansion strategy was well-received by
investors.

D) Investors were enthusiastic about the CEO's announcement regarding the

company's downsizing plan.

4. Original Sentence: "The renowned artist's latest exhibit received acclaim from
art critics worldwide."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) The famous painter's recent show was praised by art aficionados across the globe.

B) The celebrated artist's newest display was criticized by art enthusiasts worldwide.

C) The well-known sculptor's latest presentation was panned by art historians globally.

D) The acclaimed musician's recent concert was well-received by music critics

internationally.

5. Original Sentence: "The city council's decision to allocate funds for public
transportation infrastructure improvements was applauded by commuters."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) Commuters criticized the city council's decision to allocate funds for public
transportation infrastructure upgrades.

B) The city council's decision to divert funds from public transportation infrastructure
improvements was welcomed by commuters.

C) Commuters praised the city council's decision to allocate funds for public
transportation infrastructure enhancements.

D) The city council's decision to eliminate funds for public transportation infrastructure
improvements was protested by commuters.
 6. Original Sentence: "The university's initiative to offer free online courses has
attracted students from around the world."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) The college's effort to provide paid online courses has drawn students from across
the globe.

B) The university's decision to restrict access to online courses has deterred students
from enrolling.

C) The school's plan to charge for online courses has repelled students from different
parts of the world.

D) The university's move to provide complimentary online courses has drawn students
from various parts of the globe.

7. Original Sentence: "The author's eloquent prose has captivated readers for
generations."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) The writer's straightforward writing style has bored readers for decades.

B) The author's verbose language has enthralled readers for centuries.

C) The novelist's expressive writing has fascinated readers for ages.

D) The poet's cryptic verses have puzzled readers for years.

8. Original Sentence: "The charity's efforts to provide clean water to remote

villages have significantly improved public health."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) The foundation's initiatives to supply polluted water to distant communities have

worsened public health.

B) The organization's endeavors to distribute contaminated water to rural areas have

harmed public health.

C) The charity's actions to deliver safe water to isolated villages have positively
impacted public health.

D) The NGO's attempts to withhold water from remote towns have exacerbated public
health issues.

9. Original Sentence: "The film's depiction of historical events has sparked

controversy among historians."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) The movie's portrayal of fictional events has stirred interest among historians.

B) The film's interpretation of historical events has ignited debate among historians.
C) The documentary's representation of recent events has incited curiosity among
historians.

D) The movie's adaptation of literary events has sparked discussion among historians.

10. Original Sentence: "The CEO's vision for the company's future direction has
inspired confidence among employees."

Paraphrased Sentence:

A) The CEO's plan for the company's future trajectory has instilled doubt among
employees.

B) The executive's vision for the company's future path has fostered skepticism
among employees.

C) The CEO's strategy for the company's future course has instilled fear among
employees.

D) The leader's vision for the company's future direction has instilled confidence
among employees.