JUNE 20, 2022

DOC ID: BE-629-327/R00

BRIDGE AT DINA BYPASS,

PINDORI JHELUM
|REPORT ON GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS|

BIRUDO ENGINEERS
90-A4 (2nd Floor) Sharif Colony
Canal Park, Gulberg II, Lahore
[email protected]
[email protected]
+92 306 6666 010
+92 302 5000 678
www.birudo-eng.com
 Bridge at Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
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DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET

DOCUMENT Report on Geotechnical Investigations

PROJECT Bridge At Dina Bypass, Pindori, Jhelum

DOC. CODE: BE-629-327/R00

REVISION 00

INITIALS MZK
AUTHOR
DATE 18-Jun-22

INITIALS HM
VERIFIED
DATE 20-Jun-22
PUNJAB HIGHWAYS
DEPARTMENT
(GOVERNMENT OF THE PUNJAB)

CLIENT

BIRUDO ENGINEERS

90-A4 (2nd Floor) Sharif Colony

GEOTECHNICAL Canal Park, Gulberg II, Lahore,
Pakistan
INVESTIGATIONS
Tel: +92 306 6666 010
AGENCY +92 302 5000 678
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.birudo-eng.com

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CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 7
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 9
2. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS ..........................10
2.1. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 10
2.2. SCOPE OF FIELD ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................ 10
2.3. LABORATORY WORKS .................................................................................................. 11
2.4. REPORTING ................................................................................................................... 11
3. SITE DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................12
4. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................................ 13
4.1. GENERAL .......................................................................................................................13
4.2. DRILLING OF BOREHOLES .............................................................................................13
4.3. SAMPLING .....................................................................................................................14
4.4. GROUNDWATER OBSERVATIONS ...............................................................................15
5. LABORATORY TESTING .................................................................................16
5.1. GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 16
5.2. FINDINGS ON LABORATORY TESTS ............................................................................ 16
6. SITE GEOTECHNICS ..................................................................................... 17
6.1. GENERAL .......................................................................................................................17
6.2. STRATIGRAPHY ..............................................................................................................17
6.3. SEISMICITY OF THE AREA .............................................................................................17
6.4. GROUNDWATER TABLE ................................................................................................17
6.5. LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL ......................................................................................... 18
7. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ...........................................................................19
7.1. GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN MODEL ............................................................................... 19
7.2. FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 19
7.2.1. Design Methodology ........................................................................................ 19
7.2.2. Allowable Load Carrying Capacities ............................................................... 20
7.3. LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES .........................................................................................20

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8. CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................. 22

8.1. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS ....................................................................................... 22
8.2. COMPACTION GUIDELINES ........................................................................................ 23
8.3. TEMPORARY EXCAVATIONS ....................................................................................... 24
8.4. DAMP PROOFING MEASURES..................................................................................... 24
8.5. INSPECTIONS AND CONSTRUCTION VERIFICATIONS .............................................. 24
9. CONCLUSIONS...........................................................................................25
10. LIMITATIONS ..............................................................................................27
11. REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 29

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TABLES AND FIGURES

APPENDICES

APPENDIX-A INVESTIGATION PLANS AND SUBSURFACE PROFILE

APPENDIX-B SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TESTING

APPENDIX-C FOUNDATION DESIGN CHARTS

APPENDIX-D DIGITIZED BORING LOGS

APPENDIX-E LABORATORY TEST SHEETS

APPENDIX-F SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A bridge is proposed to be constructed at Dina Bypass, Jhelum. Geotechnical
investigations which are imperative to detailed engineering design were carried out by
M/s Birudo Engineers. Executive summary of geotechnical investigations undertaken for
the project is presented in the following passages.

Geotechnical investigations aimed at perceiving the subsoil conditions

(generalized lithology and geotechnical characteristics of each encountered
stratum) prevailing at the project site and the successive design of suitable
foundation systems.
These investigations comprised drilling of boreholes, laboratory testing,
evaluation of subsurface conditions, recommendation of suitable foundation
systems and preparation of geotechnical investigations report. Field
investigations were carried out at project site during the period from 8th May to
2nd June 2022. Details on each aspect of these geotechnical investigations are
covered in imminent dedicated chapters of this report.
After performance of field investigations, laboratory testing was carried on
selected samples. The objective of laboratory testing was to classify subsoils and
to determine relevant engineering characteristics of subsurface materials.
Discussion on site geotechnics including subsoil stratigraphy, depth of
groundwater table, seismicity, liquefaction potential etc., is available in
Chapter 6.
Based on field investigations and laboratory test results, interpretation related to
generalized soil profile and corresponding design parameters was undertaken.
Considering economy and safety of proposed structure, deep foundations have
been evaluated. Aspects related to the geotechnical design of these foundations
have been discussed in detail in Chapter 7.

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This report also covers the construction related geotechnical aspects.

Comprehensive guidelines on foundation materials, temporary excavations,
backfilling, damp proofing and inspection are provided in Chapter 8.
To summarize geotechnical investigations report, conclusive remarks have been
listed in Chapter 9. Site photographs depicting site ambiance and various field
activities are included in Appendix-F.

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1. INTRODUCTION
As part of the long-term vision of Government of the Punjab, infrastructure development
is given special consideration. This helps growing local businesses as well as narrowing
the demand and supply gap prevalent in various basic necessities. Pursuing the same
vision, a bridge has been planned to be constructed at Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum.
Geotechnical investigations being part of detailed engineering design aimed to fathom
out subsoil conditions (generalized lithology and geotechnical characteristics of each
encountered stratum) prevailing at the project site and design of suitable foundation
systems.

This report presents the details of investigations including soil exploration, sampling,
laboratory testing, site characterization and evaluation of geotechnical design parameters
& suitable foundation system. Considerations regarding construction of subsurface
structures have also been affixed with this report.

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2. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS

2.1. OBJECTIVES

Geotechnical investigations have been conducted at site to achieve the following

objectives.

To establish presence and extents of various lithological units prevailing at proposed

project site,
To cognize presence and location of groundwater from geotechnical viewpoint,
To identify/ explore zone(s) of soft or weak soil within project premises,
To determine geotechnical design parameters for carrying out design of suitable
foundations to be constructed at proposed project site,
To confer considerations which are meant to reckon with for construction of the
foundations and other geotechnical structures.

2.2. SCOPE OF FIELD ACTIVITIES

Scope of field activities as defined by the Client is summarized below.

Drilling of two (02) BOREHOLES using hydraulic feed straight rotary/heavy
percussion drilling methods each down to 30 m depth below existing ground level
(EGL) or 10 m below rock strike level whichever comes first.
Collection of DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES from the boreholes,
Obtaining information about depth of GROUNDWATER TABLE from drilled
boreholes.

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2.3. LABORATORY WORKS

Performance of laboratory testing on selected soil samples was part of the scope of
services for determination of relevant engineering characteristics.

2.4. REPORTING

Preparation of a comprehensive geotechnical investigations report to summarize the

findings of geotechnical investigations together with presenting comments relating to
design and construction of the proposed works covering the following.
Project outline along with summary of executed field and laboratory works,
Boring logs,
Stratigraphy and seismicity of proposed project site,
X-sectional profile of subsurface strata,
Development of analysis model,
Engineering analysis and recommendation for suitable foundation(s) to be used
for the proposed structures,
Soil improvement recommendations (if required),
Construction considerations related to the geotechnical aspects.

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3. SITE DESCRIPTION
Proposed project site is situated at Dina Bypass near Pindori Market, Jhelum and can be
accessed mainly through Mangla Road. Pictorial view of conditions prevailing at site are
shown on Fig. 3-1.

Fig. 3-1 General view of project site showing land cover and topography

Location plan of the project site is shown on Fig. A-1. Approximate coordinates of the
project site, using Google Earth Pro (UTM Coordinates System), are as under.

Zone = 43 S
Easting = 371375 m
Northing = 3662934 m

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4. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

4.1. GENERAL

Scope of geotechnical studies was defined by the Client. This chapter mainly deals with
the activities performed in field to acquire relevant information on subsurface conditions.
Field activities conducted during these investigations are summarized hereunder.

Drilling of boreholes using hydraulic feed straight rotary/ heavy percussion

drilling techniques,
Sampling from boreholes for subsequent laboratory testing,
Taking observations for groundwater table, if any.

Field investigations for this project were carried out during the period from
8th May to 2nd June 2022. Fieldworks were performed under the full-time supervision of
qualified Geologist.

Location plan of project site with landmarks present in the vicinity has been shown on
Fig. A-1. A general layout plan indicating the locations of investigation points is presented
as Fig. A-2. Both figures have been appended in Appendix-A, whereas photographs taken
during the performance of field activities have been presented in Appendix-F.

4.2. DRILLING OF BOREHOLES

A total of two (02) boreholes, with maximum depth of exploration as 30 m below EGL,
were drilled at the project site. BH-01 was drilled using hydraulic feed straight rotary
drilling technique whereas BH-02 was drilled through heavy percussion drilling method.
Depending upon type of drilling technique employed, bentonite slurry/ temporary steel
casing was used to stabilize boreholes. Details related to boreholes drilled at the project
site are summarized in Table 4-1.

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Table 4-1. Details of the boreholes drilled at the project site

UTM Coordinates Existing

Investigation Borehole
Sr. Boreholes Ground
Depth Diameter
No. Designation Easting Northing Elevations
(m) (mm)
(m) (m) (m)

1 BH-01 30 100~150 371409 3663126 262.5

2 BH-02 30 300 371589 3662769 263.0

Upon completion of drilling down to the planned depth, observations regarding

groundwater table were also taken.

A careful record of drilling, in the form of borehole logs, was prepared by qualified
Geologist. These logs present summary of encountered subsoil strata, depth of
groundwater table, and other information that may be observed during drilling
operations. Digitized borehole logs are included in Appendix-D.

4.3. SAMPLING

Disturbed soil samples were obtained during borehole drilling. After being recovered
from the sampler, relevant engineering characteristics were logged in borehole log.
Specimens collected were carefully placed in labeled zip-lock bags/ core boxes.

All soil samples were clearly labelled identifying the following details.

Project name,
Project ID,
Borehole designation,
Sample designation,
Depth of collection, and
Date of collection.

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4.4. GROUNDWATER OBSERVATIONS

Depth of groundwater was monitored in both boreholes. For this purpose, completed
boreholes were first cleaned by circulating plain water which was then bailed out to a
deeper depth. Groundwater table was allowed to stabilize for 24 hours before finally
monitoring its level.

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5. LABORATORY TESTING

5.1. GENERAL
After field investigations, laboratory testing program was prepared in the light of distinct
types of substrata encountered at different depths. Laboratory testing program was
developed in such a way to acquire the maximum details related to subsoil classification
and evaluation of relevant engineering characteristics of subsurface materials.

Laboratory tests were performed as per the latest version of relevant ASTM Standards. A
summary of laboratory test results is presented as Table B-1. Laboratory test sheets
showing details are attached in Appendix-E.

5.2. FINDINGS ON LABORATORY TESTS

Sieve analyses have been performed for a total of five (05) soil samples. The tests were
performed as per ASTM D422 for classification purposes. Results obtained from these
tests (percentages of fines, sand, and concretion fractions) have been presented in Table
B-1. In addition, gradation curves for tested samples are also attached in
Appendix-E.

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6. SITE GEOTECHNICS

6.1. GENERAL
Geotechnical investigations were planned in such a manner to effectively explore
geotechnics of the project site. This Chapter mainly discusses our evaluations for subsoil
lithology/ stratigraphy, seismicity, liquefaction potential and other geotechnical
characteristics of the soil deposits prevailing at project site.

6.2. STRATIGRAPHY
During these investigations, subsurface materials were explored down to the maximum
depth of 30 m below EGL. General stratigraphy of the project area, as deduced from the
field investigations duly corrected in the light of laboratory test results (wherever
required), ranges from Silty Gravel with Sand to Poorly Graded Gravel (GM to GP).

Locations of investigation points are shown on Fig. A-2. In addition, cross-section of

subsurface layers as deduced from exploratory boreholes is also provided as Fig. A-3.
Details of strata encountered in each borehole can be elucidated from digitized borehole
logs presented in Appendix-D of this report.

6.3. SEISMICITY OF THE AREA

The project site lies in Zone 2B -
Pakistan (BCP: SP, 2007). Keeping in view the seismotectonic set up of the project area
and the degree of importance of the structures, it is recommended that the structures
should be designed to withstand horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) of
0.16 g 0.24 g. This PGA has 10 % probability of exceedance in 50 years.

6.4. GROUNDWATER TABLE

During these investigations, groundwater was observed in the drilled boreholes to be

present at depths ranging from 7.6 to 8.1 m below EGL. The observations were made
during the month of May 2022. Some seasonal variation in the depth of groundwater table
may be expected depending upon relative recharging/ pumping volumes.

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6.5. LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL

Loose to medium dense, water-submerged, cohesionless soils are susceptible to
liquefaction under dynamic loads caused by earthquakes. Liquefaction results in total or
partial loss of shear strength thereby leading to substantial subsidence, ground heave
and/or uplifting of lightweight structures, etc.

According to the cross-section of subsurface soil profile (Fig. A-3) developed based on
field and laboratory investigations, water-submerged subsurface materials
predominantly consist of gravels with considerable fines content. Further, groundwater
table has been identified to exist at a significant depth of 7.6 m below EGL. Under existing
seismotectonic set up and corresponding PGA established by BCP: SP, 2007, in-situ soil
deposits are therefore not expected to liquefy during earthquakes.

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7. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Based on field investigations and subsequent laboratory testing, geotechnical design
profile was established followed by undertaking the design of suitable foundation system.
The details of foundation design recommendations are provided in the following sections.

7.1. GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN MODEL

To execute the design of foundations, geotechnical design model including design
parameters for the project site has been established on the basis of observations made
during the field investigations, laboratory test results, and engineering judgment. The
geotechnical design model established for the proposed project site is schematically
presented in Fig. 7-1.

0.0 m Existing Average Ground Level

El. 263.0 m
GM/GP
N = 50
b = 22 kN/m3

= 36º Max. Explored

Depth = 30 m
below EGL
Groundwater Table
-7.0 m El. 256.0 m

(Not to scale)

Fig. 7-1 Geotechnical design model considered for foundation design process

7.2. FOUNDATIONS
Considering the type of structure, deep foundations are recommended to support
structural loadings. Deep foundations shall be provided in the form of cast-in-place
concrete bored piles. Details are provided in forthcoming sections.

7.2.1. Design Methodology

Allowable load carrying capacities of piles have been evaluated using approach given by

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whereas scour depth has been taken into account as 5 m below EGL. In order to verify the
evaluated pile capacities, it is recommended to perform full scale load tests on test piles
having diameter and length exactly same as selected by the Structural Design Engineer.
Test piles should be loaded to at least 2.5 times the design load, and preferably till failure.
If feasible, the pile load test be instrumented to optimize the design. All
working piles should be constructed using the same methodology as adopted for test piles.

7.2.2. Allowable Load Carrying Capacities

Allowable load carrying capacities have been evaluated for various pile lengths
(15 to 35 m) and diameters (1000, 1200 and 1370 mm) by employing the methodology
described in the aforementioned section. Curves showing allowable load carrying
capacities for single pile in compression and tension have been presented as Figs. C-1 and
C-2 respectively (Appendix-C).

7.3. LATERAL EARTH PRESSURES

Cohesionless granular material is recommended to be used as a backfill material for
buried structures and retaining walls. The magnitude of static earth pressures to be used
for the design depends on the soil type, its shear strength parameters, nature of the
structure, method and quality of construction, restraint conditions of the retaining system
and permissible design movements. For smooth vertical retaining walls with horizontal
backfill, the following simplified expressions can be used for the estimation of coefficients
of lateral earth pressures (Bowles, 1996; Das, 2008);

Coefficient of active earth pressure, Ka = (1 sin

Coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko = (1 sin

Coefficient of passive earth pressure, Kp = (1 + sin sin

The effective friction angle of backfill soil, , should be determined by performing shear
test on remolded soil sample at specified density and moisture content. An effective
friction angle of 30° can be used as a preliminary estimate for the computation of earth
pressure coefficients.

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The lateral earth pressures to be used in the design should be increased for additional
residual earth pressures to be induced by the effect of compaction, as per provisions of
NAVFAC: DM7.02 (1986) (Chapter-3, Section-6).

The dynamic earth pressures for active and passive conditions should be evaluated based
on Mononobe-Okabe model.

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8. CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS

8.1. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS

It is recommended that infrastructure planning, design and construction of allied
components e.g., drains, piping, etc. shall be given due consideration to avoid ingress of
water into the foundation system/ ramp. Additionally, suitable water barriers e.g.,
geomembranes may also be provided so that water from any source does not meet
foundation soils.

The material encountered along pile length should be thoroughly inspected by

experienced geotechnical engineer and should conform to the material encountered in
the explored boreholes. In case the material encountered is different, the reporting
authority must be contacted before construction of foundations. Any fill material/ loose/
weak material encountered at the foundation/ramp level must be replaced with
compacted engineered fill.

The guidelines on geotechnical materials to be used for different structural components

of project are summarized in Table 8-1.

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Table 8-1. Guidelines on geotechnical materials

Sr. Project
Material Specifications
No. Component

1 AASHTO Class A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4 or A-5 having CBR of not less
Internal Roads
than 7 and swell potential not greater than 0.5%

Competent natural material or engineered fill comprising well-

2 graded silty sand (1
Foundations
than 15%. Total thickness of the engineered fill, if required, should
be decided in consultation with the Geotechnical Engineer.

Engineered fill comprising well-graded silty sand (1

3 Back of Retaining
. Provision of the proper
Wall
drainage system must be ensured by the Project Consultants.

For green areas/ parts of the project site not expected to support
any structures (foundations, roads, poles, towers, etc.) any locally
4 available material free from debris and suitable for landscaping
General Backfill
may be used. For all other areas, materials conforming to
specifications provided above should be used or Geotechnical
Engineer may be approached.

8.2. COMPACTION GUIDELINES

All engineered filling placed beneath footings/ ramp should be placed in horizontal layers
having compacted thickness not greater than 150 mm and uniformly compacted to
achieve at least 95% of maximum modified Proctor density (ASTM D1557-12). Materials
should be compacted at a placement moisture content of +/- 2% of Optimum Moisture
Content. Care should be taken not to over compact or place clayey filling too dry of
optimum to minimize the effects of post construction swelling.

Field compaction may be ascertained through Sand Cone Test (ASTM D1556M-15) or
equivalent; with at least two tests be carried out per one hundred square meters of

shall be determined on site and may be varied at the discretion of the Employer/

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8.3. TEMPORARY EXCAVATIONS

Temporary construction slopes in natural soils (if required) should be formed at no

steeper than 1:1.5 (vertical: horizontal) with the maximum height limited to 3.0 m. If taller
slopes are planned, geotechnical consultant should be contacted for additional
recommendations. Fill slopes should be constructed at 1:2 (vertical: horizontal) or flatter.

8.4. DAMP PROOFING MEASURES

Proper damp proofing measures should be taken to prevent the ingress of water in
foundations/ ramp. This becomes super critical considering the swelling nature of top
stratum. Besides, adequate provision should be kept to prevent the excavation slopes
against rains by tarpaulins. Emergency arrangements of dewatering pumps for pumping
rainwater from excavations should also be provided. The Contractor should submit his
method statement for the approval of Engineer.

8.5. INSPECTIONS AND CONSTRUCTION VERIFICATIONS

The comments and design recommendations presented in this report are based on
descriptions of conditions at known points (i.e., boreholes). Since the subsurface
conditions can vary from the inferred ground model for the site, it is pertinent that the
ground behavior should be reviewed during construction and compared with the design
assumptions. Accordingly, it is recommended that provision be made for a construction
review and performance monitoring program, with inspections to cover but not limited
to the following aspects of the works:

Footing excavations,
Subgrade preparation at foundation level/ ramp,
Performance of pile load tests,
Construction of piles,
Earth retention system.

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9. CONCLUSIONS
Our conclusions and recommendations regarding the soil investigations carried out at the
Bridge at Dina Bypass, Pindori, Jhelum .

During these investigations, the subsurface was explored to the maximum depth
of 30 m below the existing ground surface by means of two (02) exploratory
boreholes. Various lithological units were identified and are discussed in
Section 6.2, and Section 7.1 of this report.

During these investigations, groundwater was observed in the drilled boreholes to

be present at depths ranging from 7.6 to 8.1 m below EGL. The observations were
made during the month of May 2022. Some seasonal variation in the depth of
groundwater table may be expected depending upon relative recharging/ pumping
volumes.

The existing subsurface conditions as explored through these investigations and

summarized in Section 6.5, indicate no potential risk of liquefaction at site.
For each structure, exposure to external sources of chlorides should be considered
as per guidelines provided in Table 4.2.1 of ACI 318-11 and the concrete mix be
designed accordingly.
If fill materials are imported to the site, similar corrosion potential testing should
be performed on the imported materials.
Foundation design recommendations are provided in Chapter 7 of this document.
The material encountered the along pile length should be thoroughly inspected by
experienced geotechnical engineer and should conform to the material
encountered in the explored boreholes. In case the material encountered is
different, the reporting authority must be contacted before construction of
foundations.
In any case, it must be ensured that the fill material or soft soil layer does not exist
underneath any foundation/ ramp. Any fill material/ loose/ weak material
encountered at the foundation level/ ramp must be replaced with compacted

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engineered fill. The material to be used as engineered fill should be well graded (1
4) granular material with fines not greater than 15%.
Compaction of engineered backfill be done as per guidelines specified in Section
8.2 of this report. Guidelines on geotechnical materials to be used for different
structural components of the project are summarized in Table 8-1.
It is recommended that infrastructure planning, design and construction of allied
components e.g., drains, piping, etc. shall be given due consideration to avoid
ingress of water into the foundation system/ ramp. Additionally, suitable water
barriers e.g., geomembranes may also be provided so that water from any source
does not meet foundation soils.

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10. LIMITATIONS

This report has been prepared for the project Bridge at Dina Bypass, Pindori,
Jhelum subject to the following limitations;

i. This report has been prepared for the particular purpose outlined in Consultant
proposal and no responsibility is accepted for the use of this report, in whole or in
part, in other contexts or for any other purpose.

ii. Where data supplied by the Client or other external sources, including previous
site investigation data, have been used, it has been assumed that the information
is correct unless otherwise stated. No responsibility is accepted by Consultant for
incomplete or inaccurate data supplied by others.

iii. The results provided in the report are indicative of the sub-surface conditions only
at the specific sampling or testing locations, and then only to the depths
investigated and at the time the work was carried out. Conditions may exist which
were undetectable given the limited nature of the enquiry, Consultant was
retained to undertake with respect to the site. Consultant
the conditions encountered during these investigations. The accuracy of the advice
provided by Consultant in this report may be limited by undetected variations in
ground conditions between sampling locations.

iv. This report must be read in conjunction with all the attached notes and should be
kept in its entirety without separation of individual pages or sections. Consultant
cannot be held responsible for interpretations or conclusions made by others
unless they are supported by an expressed statement, interpretation, outcome or
conclusion given in this report.

v. All the assessments made in this Report are based on the conditions indicated
from published sources and the investigation described. No warranty is included,
either express or implied, that the actual conditions will conform exactly to the
assessments contained in this Report.

vi. In addition, it is recognized that the passage of time affects the information and
assessment provided in this Report. Consultant
information that existed at the time of the production of the Report. It is

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understood that the Services provided allowed Consultant to form no more than
an opinion of the actual conditions of the site at the time the site was visited and
cannot be used to assess the effect of any subsequent changes in the quality of the
site, or its surroundings, or any laws or regulations.

vii. This Report is provided for sole use by the Client and is confidential to it and its
professional advisers. No responsibility, whatsoever, for the contents of this
Report will be accepted to any person other than the Client. Any such use of this
Report, or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, is the responsibility
of such third parties. Consultant accepts no responsibility for damages, if any,
suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or actions based on this
Report.

BIRUDO ENGINEERS

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|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

11. REFERENCES

1. ACI 336.2R:1988 (R2002). Suggested Analysis and Design Procedures for

Combined Footings and Mats., American Concrete Institute, MI, USA

2. Building Code of Pakistan, Seismic Provisions 2007.

3. Design, (5th
Hill, New York.

4. th Edition, Cengage
Learning, CT, USA.

5. Grant, R., Christian, J. T., & Vanmarcke, E. H. (1974). Differential settlement of

buildings. ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 100(9), 973-
991.

6.
Naval Facilities and Engineering Command, Alexandria.

7. Skempton, A. W. (1986). Standard penetration test procedures and the effects in

sands of overburden pressure, relative density, particle size, ageing and
overconsolidation. Geotechnique, 36(3), 425-447.

8. Sowers, G. F. (1962). Shallow foundations. Foundation Engineering, McGraw-

Hill, New York, 525-632.

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|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

APPENDIX-A
INVESTIGATIONS PLANS AND SUBSURFACE PROFILE

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APPENDIX-B
SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TESTING

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APPENDIX-C
FOUNDATION DESIGN CHARTS

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 Allowable Pile Capacity in Compression (kN)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

10
1000 mm Dia Single Pile

1200 mm Dia Single Pile

15 2763 3546 4272 1370 mm Dia Single Pile

20 3902 4913 5832

25 5059 6302 7418

30 6147 7607 8907

35 7084 8731 10191

40

Fig. C-1 Allowable load carrying capacity of single cast-in-place concrete bored pile in compression.
 Allowable Pile Capacity in Tension (kN)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

10
1000 mm Dia Single Pile

1200 mm Dia Single Pile

15 1630 1993 2599 1370 mm Dia Single Pile

20 2600 3166 3659

25 3585 4358 5029

30 4514 5481 6320

35 5319 6401 7442

40

Fig. C-2 Allowable load carrying capacity of single cast-in-place concrete bored pile in tension.
 Bridge at Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

APPENDIX-D
DIGITIZED BORING LOGS

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|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

APPENDIX-E
LABORATORY TEST SHEETS

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 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
ASTM D422

Tested By: AB
Project: Bridge At Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
Project ID: BE-629-327 Boring No: BH-02
Depth (m): 1.0 Sample No.: DS-1 Checked By: DMI

Coarse Medium Fine SILT/CLAY

GRAVEL #4 SAND #10 SAND #40 SAND #200
100
Sieve
90 Percentage
Passing
Desgn. Size (mm)
80
2" 50.8 100.0
70 Diameter
Percentage Finer (%)

Sieve % Passing 1" 25.4 72.3

(mm)
60 3/4" 19.05 72.3
4 4.75 100 1/2" 12.7 69.7
50
10 2 100 3/8" 9.525 65.9
40
40 0.425 100 #4 4.75 62.1
200
30 0.075 100 #10 2 55.9
4 4.75 0 #16 1.18 55.9
20
10 2 0 #40 0.425 55.9
40
10 0.425 0 #100 0.15 29.6
200 0.075 0 #200 0.075 25.6
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Particle Diameter (mm)
% Passing
% Gravel: 37.89% % Sand: 36.49% % Fines: 25.62%

For info and queries, please call @ +92 30 66 666 010 or email @ [email protected]
 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
ASTM D422

Tested By: AB
Project: Bridge At Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
Project ID: BE-629-327 Boring No: BH-02
Depth (m): 4.0 Sample No.: DS-4 Checked By: DMI

Coarse Medium Fine SILT/CLAY

GRAVEL #4 SAND #10 SAND #40 SAND #200
100
Sieve
90 Percentage
Passing
Desgn. Size (mm)
80
2" 50.8 57.0
70 Diameter
Percentage Finer (%)

Sieve % Passing 1" 25.4 32.2

(mm)
60 3/4" 19.05 27.2
4 4.75 100 1/2" 12.7 21.9
50
10 2 100 3/8" 9.525 19.2
40
40 0.425 100 #4 4.75 18.2
200
30 0.075 100 #10 2 12.8
4 4.75 0 #16 1.18 12.8
20
10 2 0 #40 0.425 12.8
40
10 0.425 0 #100 0.15 2.9
200 0.075 0 #200 0.075 0.7
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Particle Diameter (mm)
% Passing
% Gravel: 81.82% % Sand: 17.45% % Fines: 0.73%

For info and queries, please call @ +92 30 66 666 010 or email @ [email protected]
 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
ASTM D422

Tested By: AB
Project: Bridge At Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
Project ID: BE-629-327 Boring No: BH-02
Depth (m): 8.0 Sample No.: DS-8 Checked By: DMI

Coarse Medium Fine SILT/CLAY

GRAVEL #4 SAND #10 SAND #40 SAND #200
100
Sieve
90 Percentage
Passing
Desgn. Size (mm)
80
2" 50.8 100.0
70 Diameter
Percentage Finer (%)

Sieve % Passing 1" 25.4 17.1

(mm)
60 3/4" 19.05 12.8
4 4.75 100 1/2" 12.7 11.9
50
10 2 100 3/8" 9.525 11.3
40
40 0.425 100 #4 4.75 9.6
200
30 0.075 100 #10 2 7.0
4 4.75 0 #16 1.18 7.0
20
10 2 0 #40 0.425 7.0
40
10 0.425 0 #100 0.15 1.6
200 0.075 0 #200 0.075 0.3
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Particle Diameter (mm)
% Passing
% Gravel: 90.42% % Sand: 9.26% % Fines: 0.32%

For info and queries, please call @ +92 30 66 666 010 or email @ [email protected]
 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
ASTM D422

Tested By: AB
Project: Bridge At Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
Project ID: BE-629-327 Boring No: BH-02
Depth (m): 11.0 Sample No.: DS-11 Checked By: DMI

Coarse Medium Fine SILT/CLAY

GRAVEL #4 SAND #10 SAND #40 SAND #200
100
Sieve
90 Percentage
Passing
Desgn. Size (mm)
80
2" 50.8 100.0
70 Diameter
Percentage Finer (%)

Sieve % Passing 1" 25.4 35.9

(mm)
60 3/4" 19.05 35.9
4 4.75 100 1/2" 12.7 29.3
50
10 2 100 3/8" 9.525 25.8
40
40 0.425 100 #4 4.75 12.5
200
30 0.075 100 #10 2 3.4
4 4.75 0 #16 1.18 3.4
20
10 2 0 #40 0.425 3.4
40
10 0.425 0 #100 0.15 0.8
200 0.075 0 #200 0.075 0.0
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Particle Diameter (mm)
% Passing
% Gravel: 87.50% % Sand: 12.50% % Fines: 0.00%

For info and queries, please call @ +92 30 66 666 010 or email @ [email protected]
 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS
ASTM D422

Tested By: AB
Project: Bridge At Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
Project ID: BE-629-327 Boring No: BH-02
Depth (m): 24.0 Sample No.: DS-24 Checked By: DMI

Coarse Medium Fine SILT/CLAY

GRAVEL #4 SAND #10 SAND #40 SAND #200
100
Sieve
90 Percentage
Passing
Desgn. Size (mm)
80
2" 50.8 100.0
70 Diameter
Percentage Finer (%)

Sieve % Passing 1" 25.4 44.6

(mm)
60 3/4" 19.05 29.8
4 4.75 100 1/2" 12.7 16.6
50
10 2 100 3/8" 9.525 7.7
40
40 0.425 100 #4 4.75 3.3
200
30 0.075 100 #10 2 1.6
4 4.75 0 #16 1.18 1.6
20
10 2 0 #40 0.425 1.6
40
10 0.425 0 #100 0.15 0.3
200 0.075 0 #200 0.075 0.2
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Particle Diameter (mm)
% Passing
% Gravel: 96.73% % Sand: 3.07% % Fines: 0.20%

For info and queries, please call @ +92 30 66 666 010 or email @ [email protected]
 Bridge at Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

APPENDIX-F
SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

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|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

Plate-1.
General overview of
the site

Plate-2.
Another view of the
site

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 Bridge at Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

Plate-3.
Hydraulic feed
straight rotary
drilling is in progress

Plate-4.
Borehole is being
drilled using heavy
percussion drilling
rig

Doc. ID: BE-629-327/R00 Site Photographs

 Bridge at Dina Bypass, Pindori Jhelum
|Report on Geotechnical Investigations|

Plate-5.
Samples are
preserved in core
boxes

Plate-6.
Groundwater sample
is preserved in
labeled PET bottle

Doc. ID: BE-629-327/R00 Site Photographs