International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 1

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

REPORT
EXPERIMENT 3: Redox Titration with KMnO4

Group: 1

Section: 3 Date performed: 15/12/2023

Group members:

Seq. Full name Student ID % contribution (total = 100%) Score

1 Trần Minh Phương ITITIU21286 25%

2 Mai Nguyên Hoàng ITITIU21208 25%

3 Phạm Anh Huy ITCSIU21133 25%

4 Nguyễn Tiến Sơn ITITIU21297 25%

 International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 2

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Introduction
1. Overview:

- An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of chemical process that involves the transfer of electrons between two reactants, resulting in a

change in the oxidation states of the atoms involved. The oxidation state of an atom is the number of electrons that it has gained or lost compared

to its neutral state. The oxidizing agent is a substance that accepts electrons from another substance and undergoes a reduction in its oxidation

state. The reducing agent is a substance that donates electrons to another substance and undergoes an increase in its oxidation state. For a

specific reaction, the equivalent weight (EW) of an oxidizing or reducing agent is the ratio of its formula weight to the total number of electrons

that it gains or lost during the reaction. The formula weight of a substance is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in its formula. The

equivalent weight can be calculated using the following formular:

Formular Weight
EW =
Total number of electrons gained∨lost
- Gram equivalent weight (GEW) is a measure of how much of a substance can react with another substance. It is equal to the equivalent weight

multiplied by the number of moles of the substance. A mole is a unit of measurement that represents 6.022 x 10^23 particles of a substance.

Normality is a unit of concentration that indicates how many gram equivalents of a substance are present in one liter of solution. It can be

calculated using the following formula:

Gram equivalent weight
N=
Liters of solution
- For redox titrations, the number of gram equivalents of the oxidizing agent must be equal to the number of gram equivalents of the reducing

agent at the equivalence point. The equivalence point is the point in the titration where the reaction is complete, and the moles of the titrant are

equal to the moles of the analyte. The titrant is the solution of known concentration that added to the analyte, the solution of unknown

concentration. The relationship between the volumes and normalities of the oxidizing and reducing agents can be expressed using the following

equation:
e qoxidizing =e qreducing
V oxidizing × Doxidizing=V reducing × Dreducing

2. Objective:

- In this experiment, we learn about the term gram equivalent weight, which is a measure of how much of a substance can react with

another substance in an oxidation-reduction reaction.

- Review oxidation-reduction reactions, which are chemical processes that involve the transfer of electrons between two reactants,

resulting in a change in the oxidation states of the atoms involved.

- Standardize the concentration of KMnO4 solution, which is a common oxidizing agent in redox titrations, by using a standard solution of

oxalic acid, which is a known reducing agent.

- Determine the normality of the oxalic acid solution, which is a unit of concentration that indicates how many gram equivalents of a

substance are present in one liter of solution.

- Demonstrate the concept of titration, which is a technique used to determine the unknown concentration of a solution by the known

concentration of another solution of an oxidation-reduction process.

- Give an overview of the nature of redox reactions and the link between the gram-equivalent weight, volume, and normality of the

oxidizing/reducing agents.
 International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 3

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Procedure
I. HANDLING WITH BURETTE.
- Rinse the burette three (3) times with distilled water.

- Rinse the burette three (3) times with ~5mL KMnO4.

- Discard the waste.

- Fill with KMnO4.

- Let it drain through the burette tip.

- Record the initial point (preferably up to the average eye level).

 As KMnO4 solution is dark color, read the burette at the top of the meniscus.

II. STANDARDIZATION OF PREPARED KMNO4 SOLUTION

Section 1: Preparation

- ~ 25mL 0.05N H2C2O4

II. Results and discussion

1. pH OF DEIONIZED WATER

Observed pH
Time
st nd

1 2
(second)
(Group 1) (Group 2)

0 8.85 5.96

20 7.45 6.75

40 7.42 6.66

60 7.31 6.58

80 7.36 6.5

100 7.30 6.45

120 7.25 6.39

140 7.20 6.34

 International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 4

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

160 7.15 6.30

Discussion:

- Deionized water has a pH value of about 7. When stir well, the solution will react with CO2 in the air and increase the acidity in the air (this time the pH de-

creases) => The pH decreases accordingly number of stirring times and times

Equation: CO2 + H2O⇆ H2CO3

- Based on theory, the pH of deionized water will have a value close to 7. However, at the initial value, the obtained pH is quite high at 8.85 and after many

times, the value began to gradually decrease.

- Probably because there was a little residual base from the previous experiment in the beaker or stirrer that our group used in the previous experiment =>

the pH value was a bit high.

- However, overall, the experiment was performed and completed with the true outcome: the pH value of deionized water is close to 7 and when we stir

well, the deionized water will react with CO2, increasing the [H+] concentration => pH level decreases.

2. pH OF STRONG ACID

Measured pH

st nd

Solution Theoretical pH 1 2

(Group 1) (Group 2)

10 mL of 0.1M HCl 1 2.23 1.5

Add 90 mL of distilled water 2 3 1.86

Add 10 mL of
7 3.85 2.66
0.1M NaOH

Add 90 mL of 0.01M NaOh 12 10.96 11.15

 International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 5

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Discussion: Strong acids often have a very small pH and the pH value changes depending on the large or small concentration of H+. The pH value of a

solution can be increased by diluting it with distilled water. This will result in the pH of the previous solution increasing due to increased [OH-].

3. pH OF WEAK ACID

Measured pH

st nd
Solution 1 2 Ka

(Group 1) (Group 2)

-7
0.1M acetic acid 3.82 2.84 2.3x10

-7
0.01M acetic acid 4.16 3.41 4.8x10

-8
0.001M acetic acid 5.11 4.14 6.1x10

Discussion: The pH value of weak acids is much higher than that of strong acids and its pH can be changed based on diluting the solution with distilled

water (reducing the concentration [H+] of the acid solution => increasing pH).

4. pH OF SALTS

Measured pH

st nd
Solution Predicted pH 1 2

(Group 1) (Group 2)

0.1M NaCl 7 6.11 5.74

3
0.1M CH COONa 5.71 7.3 6.88
 International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 6

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

0.1M NH4Cl 5.13 5.52 6.07

Discussion: The pH value of a salt solution depends on its composition. For example, CH3COONa has a pH value greater than 7 because it is composed of a weak acid

(CH3COOH) and a strong base (NaOH) and vice versa for salts with a pH value less than 7 (like NH4Cl). A salt composed of both a strong acid and a strong base will

have a pH value of 7, also known as a neutral salt.

5. pH OF BUFFERS (3 pts)

Measured pH
Calculated
Volume (mL) 0.1M Volume (mL) 0.1M st nd

Buffer 3 3
[Acid] [Base] 1 2
CH COOH CH COONa
pH
(Group 1) (Group 2)

A 10.0 40.0 0.02 0.08 5.36 5.8 5.18

B 40.0 10.0 0.08 0.02 5.01 4.8 5.17

Calculation pH:

- For Buffer A:

VIA = 10ml, VFA = 10 + 40 = 50 ml, VIB = 40ml, VFB = 50ml

CMIA = 0.1M, CMIB = 0.1M

The concentration of CH3COOH and CH3COONa after reaction:

CM CH3COOH = 10∗0.1 = 0.02 (mol)

50

CM CH3COONa = 40∗0.1 = 0.08 (mol)

50

The equation:
 International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 7

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+

0.08 0.08 0.08 (mol)

CH3COOH → CH3COO- + H+

Initial: 0.02 0.08 0

React: x x x

Final: (0.02 – x) (0.08 – x) x (mol/l)

−5
1.75 ×10
We have: Ka of CH3COOH =

x ( 0.08+ x ) 🡪 x =
⇒ K CH 3COOH = ¿ ¿ = 4.73 × 10
−5
0.02 – x

So: pH = pKa + log( ¿ ¿) = 5.39

- For Buffer B: similar to buffer A

The equation:

CH3COONa → CH3COO- + Na+

0.001 0.004 0.001 (mol)

CH3COOH → CH3COO- + H+

0.004 x x (mol)
n 0.004 = 0.08 (M)
⇒[CH3COOH] = =
v 0.01+0.04

n 0.001 = 0.02 (M)

⇒ [CH3COOH] = =
v 0.01+0.04

+ After the reaction: C MCH 3 OO−¿ ¿ = 0.004 + x

+ Ka of CH3COOH = 1.8 ×10
−5

+ Ka = ¿ ¿ => x = 9.7 × 10
−6

⇒ pH = - log(x) = 5.01

Discussion: Based on the calculated results, the data is slightly different from the measured data (specifically smaller but not too large). And the group's

data is not as different from group 2's data maybe during the working process there were some other factors that affected it such as the watch had a low battery, so

it turned off, leading to having to restart it or Due to the purity of distilled water…

❖ Part I: Addition of 10 drops 0.1 M Cl

Buffer pH from the start, pHo pH after adding 10 drops Cl Total volume Cl (drops) to change pH by one unit (pHo-1)
 International University, Vietnam National University - HCMC 8

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

A 5.81 5.74 90 drops

B 4.79 4.71 74 drops

Discussion:

- Based on theory, because buffer solutions A and B only need a larger volume of HCl to reduce the pH by 1 unit, the pH of the two buffer solutions gradually

decreases slowly and slightly when we slowly add HCl.

- Although adding HCl to a buffer solution (increasing [H+] concentration) will lead to a decrease in the pH value, due to the characteristics of the buffer

solution, its pH, although decreased, is still maintained at a specific level.

- In addition, the actual volume during the experiment is different from the theory, possibly due to errors during the experiment and laboratory conditions.

❖ Part II: Addition of 10 drops 0.1 M NaOH

pH after adding 10 drops Total volume NaOH (drops) to change pH by one unit
Buffer pH from the start, pHo
NaOH (pHo+1)

A 5.83 5.9 137 drops

B 4.83 4.86 180 drops

Discussion:

- In theory, because buffer solutions A and B only need a larger volume of NaOH to increase the pH value by 1 unit, the pH of the two buffer solutions

increases gradually and slightly when slowly add NaOH.

- Although adding NaOH to a buffer solution (increasing [OH-] concentration) will lead to an increase in the pH value, due to the characteristics of the buffer

solution, its pH, although increased, is still maintained at a specific level.

III. Conclusions
Through the above experiments, it creates a better understanding of the concepts of acid and base, whether their pH increases or decreases depending on the [H+]

concentration of a solution and the properties of acid, base, and salt solutions. made from acids and bases. Furthermore, it is also practiced using a pH meter to

measure the pH of solutions in experiments, try creating buffers and identify its properties. Although there are some errors in the measured results, it can occur due to

the measurement method, equipment, or chemicals.