SSLC SOCIAL SCIENCE

Spotlight

Smart Notes

Prepared by:
Praveen Banakar
Govt Adarsha vidyalaya Muddebihal
9980803896
praveenbanakar.blogspot.com
 Battle of Plessey - Reasons Results

1. Misuse of Dastaks. It was a 1. The war brought out the immorality lack of Unity
license to make trade . This was lead among Indians. This was the greed of
to loss of treasury business
2. Mending of fort without permission 2. Mir Jafar became the new Nawab of Bengal
. English repaired Calcutta Fort and 3.The company gained exclusive rights on Bengal
placed cannons 4. Mir Jafar had to play 17 crore 70 lakh as a relief
3. Black room tragedy. Nawab of to Sairaj uddoul attack
Bengal imprisoned 146 Englishman 5. Mir Jafar became a victim of the company and
in small room of Fort treasury went bankrupt.
William of which 123 died due to
suffocation this enraged Robert Clive
to arrive Bengal.

Battle of Buxar Results

Mir Qasim was enable administrator ● Shah Alam II accorded Diwani rights over
he was loyal to the company spared Bengal. Diwani means Right to collect tax
200000 pounds ● He gave away all rights over Bengal for an
and some places given to company. annual fee 26 lakh rupees
He declared himself as independent ● The Nawab of Oudh had to give a fine of 50
king. Declared Business duty free in lakh rupees for waging war
Bengal as a result Indians competed ● The company paid pension to Mir Jafar son
against British so trade suffered. and took over entire administration of Bengal
Alliance ● British became real holders of Bihar Bengal
Mir Qasim +Shah Alam II +Nawab of and Orissa
Awadh against British Hectore ● Robert Clive brought in dual government
Monroe concept, “ the British had the right to collect
land taxes where as the Nawab had power
over administration issues like justice and
others
● British gain political control over India

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 First Anglo Maratha war Second Anglo Maratha war

Marathas instilled Shah Alam II back on The differences about the Maratha chieftains
the Throne of Delhi was the reason for this war
● Shah Alam II was under the care of ● The war broke out between Vishwanath
British after Buxar battle Rao of Holkar ,Daulat Rao Scindia, Peshwa
● Alam II gave Khora and Allahabad to Balaji Rao II
Marathas, this resulted in enmity between ● The Army of Holkar defeated Scindia and
Marathas and British Peshwa
● The death of Madhavrao Peshwa was ● Peshwa period for the help of British Lord
major setback to Marathas Wellesley entered in the Maratha affairs
● Narayan Rao brother of Madhavrao and Peshwa signed for subsidiary Alliance
came to power but soon murdered by this war and with Treaty of basin.
Raghoba ● Lord Wellesley resigned from his post as
uncle of Narayana Rao you was criticized for the policy followed.
● Maratha Federation brought Madhavrao
II as the Peshwa
● Raghoba approached British for support
and lead to the war
● Maratas lost Allahabad and end with
Salbai agreement. Madhavrao II was
named as peshwa

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 First Anglo Mysore war Second Anglo Mysore war

The prominance gain by Hyder Ali the political situation in Travancore and Thanjavur
was not tolerated by British Marathis was the reason behind it
and Hyderabad Nizam ● Madhavrao attacked Srirangapatna with Maratha
● Haider Ali attempted to have but British did not came for support
Alliance with Marathas and Nizam to Haider Ali as per Madras treaty
● British entered into an agreement ● British attacked by Mahe which was under
tri party Alliance with Marath and Haider Ali is the reason for second Anglo
Nizam Mysore war
● Hyder Ali break the alliance by ● Hyder Ali gained Upper Hand and captured
manipulative ideas that made British Kanchipuram Coromandel Coast and Arcot
enemy of maratha and Nizam ● Hyder Ali was defeated in the battle held in
● Haider Ali and Nizam attacked portnova by British led by Sir Eyer coot
Arcot but the king had Alliance with ● Haider Ali died due to illness and work by Tipu
British Sultan British attacked on Mangalore
● Battle started at Tiruchirapalli take advantage of Hyder Ali's death
Tiruvannamalai Amber the British Tipu Sultan protected Mangalore and coastal
military join the war from Bombay regions and defeated British and ended Mangalore
● Hyder Ali and army reached treaty.
Madras and created panic among
British
● The war end with Treaty of Madras
in 1769

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 Third Anglo Mysore war Fourth Anglo Mysore war

Tippu Sultan claims right over Malabar region

● The politics of Travancore was the ● the political activities against Tipu Sultan became
main reason for this war, king of intensified when Lord Wellesley
Travancore builder Fort with the help became governor of India
of British and captured Ayakota,. ● Tipu Sultan made attempts to form Alliance with
Kanganoor fort from local kings and French
Dutch. This was the breach of ● He sent an Ambassador to France to seek
Mangalore treaty Alliance this development and raised Britishers
● British captured Karwar ● Tipu Sultan rejected in human impractical
Coimbatore Dingal by Meadow conditions imposed by British his refusal to the war
commander ● He was dead in 1799. Is the territories were
● Tipu Sultan captured Baramahal shared among British Marath and Nazam
and Sathyamangalam ● small territory handed over to Royal
● Lord Cornwallis captured Kolar representative of mysuru. Known as Mysore
Hoskote Bangalore and sought the Princely state.
help of Marath Nijam to defeat Tipu
Sultan
● Maratha captured savanur,
Gajendragadh , Hubballi etc
● it was inevitable to enter and
agreement for Tippu Sultan signed
Srirangapatna Treaty in 1792

Administrative reasons for 1857 Political reasons for 1857 revolt

revolt

● British brought many Civil and Due to implementation of doctrine of lapse policy
criminal laws which were lot of partial Indian kings had to lose
● English became the language of territories Satara Jaipur Udaipur
court ● Dalhousie abolished King ships of Thanjavur and
● English judges were in favour of Karnatic Nawab
British ● Many soldiers who was depended on King
became unemployed

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Economic reasons for 1857 revolt Military reasons for 1857 revolt

Indian Handicrafts and industries

diminished due to industrialization Indian soldiers condition was pathetic
● the artisans of India became ● did not have status salary and promotions
unemployed we was suffered a lot ● The pressure put on Indian soldiers to work for
Indian handicraft became pathetic Overseas
● British Levied custom tax on Indian
goods enters into England
● Farmers were exported by
Zamindar
● Inam Commission introduced by
British to withdraw the lands.

Reasons for failure of 1857 revolt Results of 1857 revolt

1. The Governance of East India company and date

● It is not cover every part of India and British government administration started
they concentrated on issues of Kings 2. Administration of India handed over to secretary
but not of Indian affairs of England
Liberation of the nation 3. The queen of British passed proclamation in
● The war was not well planned 1858
● The unity of British soldiers and a. Agreements entered by company with kings are
disunity among Indians accepted
● The Matinee lacquered direction b. Not pursuance of expansion
leadership quality discipline and c. Stable government for Indians
organizing skills d. Equality
● Indian soldier lacked in military e. Religious toleration and non interference
strategies capabilities definite aim ● British decided to involve legislation hence policy
● Indian Kings were loyal to the of association implemented
British and did not support for the The Revolt is like guidepost of future struggles.
war
● Sepoys committed plundering
during the war

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 Zamindar system Roytwari system

● Lord Cornwallis implemented in ● It was implemented by Alexander Read in 1792

1793 in Bengal and Bihar region in Baramahal region. Later it was
● Zamindar was the landowner and implemented by Thomas Munro in the 1801 in
expected to pay land tax Madras Mysore region
● Zamindar was free to collect any ● Both formals and company directly linked. Tiller
amount of tax and retained money was the owner of the land
collected ● Owner had to pay 50% of produce as land tax
● Company has the right to cancel and it was the tenure of 30 years
land ownership if Zamindar fail to pay ● Formals for subjected to more suffering due to
tax during heavy tax officials to punitive actions
Flood and famine. to collect taxes
● Company greatly benefited. ● Farmers had to borrow money from lenders to
farmers were grave sufferers pay tax when cross was failed
● Farmers were exploited and led ● More farmers had to lose their land due to this
insecure life. implementation
● The system extended to Orissa
Andhra Pradesh and Varanasi
● The Indian farmers were born and
debt lived in debt and died in debt -
Charles

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 Educational reformation Impact of British education system

● Certain changes occurred in development of modernity secularism democratic

traditional education system of India attitude rationality Nationalistic
during Muslim rule ideas in Indians
middle age and British rule ● Increased local literature language and facilitated
● Initially new school started for the The Unity in thinking process
children of British and not extended ● Emerged periodicals and enabled Indians to
this facility for have critical opinions on various issues
locals since it was no use for them ● New social and religious Reform movement
● Warren Hastings facilitated modern started
education in India started the ● Brought fresh thinking in your mind by JS mill
Calcutta Madrasa Rousseau and Montesquieu
● Jonathan Duncan started is ● Indians were influenced by freedom struggles of
Sanskrit college and Banaras in 1792 other countries
● Charles Grand passed ● Indian could understand and appreciate their rich
universalisation of the British tradition
Education in 1854 ● Created a new generation of Indians with
● Lord William Bentinck appointed progressive attitude
Lord Macaulay as the member of
Executive
committee and chairperson of
education committee
● Lord Macaulay submitted report on
education in 1835. Aim- creation of
new class of
Indians who are Indians by body but
British in intelligence opinion and
taste
● Lord Dalhousie established
universities in Calcutta Bombay
Madras according to
Charles wood Commission 1854.

praveenbanakar.blogspot.com 9980803896
 Third Anglo Mysore war Results

● The politics of Travancore was the ● Tipu Sultan was forced to part with half of his
main reason for this war, king of Kingdom
Travancore ● He was forced to pay 3 crore rupees
Builder Fort with the help of British ● He had to pledge children as a guarantee against
and captured Ayakota,. Kanganoor payment
fort from ● Force to release the Prisoners of War
Dutch. This was the breach of ● British withdrew combined Army from
Mangalore treaty srirangapatnam
● British captured Karwar
Coimbatore Dingal by Meadow
commander
● Tipu Sultan captured Baramahal
and Sathyamangalam
● Lord Cornwallis captured Kolar
Hoskote Bangalore and sought the
help of Marath
Nijam to defeat Tipu Sultan

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 Subsidiary alliance Doctrine of lapse

This policy brought into effect by to integrate Indian princely states

Wellesley in 1798 with company
● It was in order to bring control over ●
Indian states. Adopted Doctrine of lapse policy, Indian kings
● It is a military production refused of their right to Throne
agreement between British and ● If any Indian ruler dies without children their
Indian states. adopted children had no legal right over
● Indian king had to keep British the Throne
army ● Due to the implementation of this policy
● The concerned state had to be Princely families and ordinary people
expenses of Army wage of soldiers Rebelled, this was finally resulted in Sepoy
and. Collect mutiny of 1857.
revenue out of lands ● Satara ,Nagpur ,Sambalpur, Udaipur,and
● The king has to have British Jaipur came under the policy.
resident
● The king could not appoint any
other European in the court of the
king
● The permission of governor
general is mandatory for entering any
agreement
● Company would offer protection to
the states
● Hyderabad state was the first to
enter this agreement later Mysore
,Thanjavur ,Pune

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 Moderates Radicals

● The group of congressmen who criticised soft

● The leaders are WC Banerjee MG stance of moderates is called radicals
Ranade Surendranath Banerjee ● Aurobindo Ghosh Bal Gangadhar Tilak Lala
Dadabhai naoroji Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal are
and Gokhale the leaders
● They have faith in British rule ● Criticize the moderates as political beggars
● the used to table that demands Bal Gangadhar Tilak:
within constitutional framework ● He declared Swaraj is my birthright attended
through prayer and complete freedom is the aim of radicals
request ● They are organised people by employing
● Organised public meetings religious celebrations like Ganesha
discussions demanded to cut down Chaturthi Shivaji jayanti Durga celebrations
military expenditure ● He published Kesari and Maratha newspapers
industrial development, good and influence on common people
education and eradication of poverty ● He wrote the book Gita Rahasya in prison it
● Drain of resources of India to fueled freedom fever
England through statistics- drain
theory by Dadabhai
naoroji
● Moderate period is called liberal
nationalism

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 Brahma samaj Aligarh movement

Muslim community stayed away from the English

● Advocated monotheism education so Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
● Opposed meaningless rituals started this moment
● Should live with dignity ● Mohammedan Liberty society established in
● equality to women and opposing 1863 made realization of the value of
polygamy child marriage English education
● give importance to English ● he fought against superstition ignorance and
education and received good stressed on intellectual thought
thoughts from West ● He did not support for Parda system and
● Established Vedanta college in opposed polygamy
Kolkata ● He founded Mohammedan Anglo Oriental
College at Aligarh later it was named as
Aligarh Muslim University
● Preaching the religious toleration Unity among
religions
● Utilized Institutions for western scientific cultural
ideas.

Arya samaj objectives

1. Should believe in one formless God

2. No one is caste based
3. Encourage to inter caste marriage
4. Rejection of polygamy and child marriage
5. Men and women are equal
6. One should study Vedas
7. He started Shuddhi movement an important program of this Samaj in order to bring
back people of other religion
8. Cow protection Association was started

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Narayana Guru Dharma paripalana Pariyar
yogam

● It was founded by Narayana Guru ● it is a non Brahmin Movement launched agitation

● Strengthening backward and demanding representation in
exploited community was the aim of government and opposed restrictions on Brahmins
this society ● The movement was led by EV Ramaswamy
● in order to address the issues like Nayakar.
untouchability denial of basic rights ● He started self respect movement and self
of human respect League in 1926
● He declared one caste one religion ● He was called as Periyara senior person
one God for human being ● rejected Racial Supremacy and said Tamil is
● He built temples for backward language of Dravidians hence he
communities opposed Sanskrit
● He started Vaikom movement. a ● He participated Temple entry movement at
Temple entry Movement in 1924 Vaikom and became the President of
justice party in 1939
● He formed Association Dravida kalagam
● A championed equality criticized caste gender
based discrimination.

Prarthana samaj Satyashodhak samaj

It was founded by Jyotiba Phule in 1873

It was founded by Dr Atmaram ● Aim at rights to non brahmin class and women
Panduranga in 1867 at Bombay ● He wrote a book Gulamgiri
● It was finding solutions to various ● Open schools for Shudras and girls. Allowed
problems faced by women and lower people to draw water from his well
caste ● The established hostels for girls
● Undertaken programs like ● Dr BR Ambedkar was influenced by work of
education for women and Jyotiba Phule.
rehabilitation of poor ● Savitribai was the wife of Jyotiba Phule and work
● MG Ranade RG Bhandarkar are accordingly.
the main leaders
● Attempted to visit child marriage
and injustice on Widows

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 Reasons for first world war Results of the first world war

The triple entente force Germany to sign treaty of

Reasons Versailles 1919 which was an
● Issue of establishing control over insulting Germany
colonies ● Astro Hungary and Ottoman Empire lost their
● More competition about the existence
European countries ● Germany lost most of its geographical area
● Control over each other and every ● The physical map of Europe underwent change
market of the world including India small countries emerged in Europe
● Problems related to geographical ● The league of Nations came to existence in 1919
boundaries ● The war penalty and other restrictions imposed
● Every country militarized itself too on Germany
much ● The German industrialist exploited
● An extreme form of nationalism ● This leads to the growth of dictators like Hitler.
● the assassination of Archduke
Fransis Ferdinand the prince of
Austria was the
immediate cause of the war

February revolution October revolution

Lenin return to Russia and called for peace food

Workers called for total boycotts and land
● The famous and workers took arms ● this was supported by the workers and farmers
and fought against the rulers across Russia
● Lenin guided the foreigners and ● the Bolsheviks the party of walkers created
workers on the path of revolution. October revolution
Lenin was ● the declared Russia is a socialist republic union
declared as a traitor ● Lenin became the President of the government
● The resistance of workers and
farmers became more intense so
Nicholas II run away
from the country
● The power was shared by
moderates called as Mensheviks
they declared Russia as
republic
● This is called as February
revolution

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 Formations of Lenin Reformations of Stalin

● He declared that land belong to the Implemented five year plans for economical
farmers growth of USSR
● implemented political and ● USSR launched the first satellite in history of
economic policies that ensures free human civilization
health schooling and ● Yuri Gagarin became the first astronaut of the
Residents for Russians world
● Implemented Karl Marx scientific ● The independent India's five year plan is
communism borrowed from USSR
● He was died in 1924 ● formations like Glasnost(Liberal economy) in
1985 and Perestroika(Re organizing) in
1987 brought in

Reasons for second world war Results

● Germany occupied Poland on ● Cause most misery and death in human history
September 1st 1939 ● it also changed the social political and
● the nationalism grow more in economical changes in the world
Germany and other European ● In the place of league of Nations United Nations
countries organization came into existence
● Industrial is funded more money to ● England,China USA USSR and France become
Nourish ultra nationalism in Germany permanent members
● Hate and egoistic movement ● USSR and USA became powerful rivals
started emerging in Europe countries. It leads to cold war
● Hitler emerged as the dictator of ● England France and other European countries
Germany and Mussolini emerged as lost their most of the colonies
the dictator of ● USA use Nuclear weapon in Japan nuclear
Italy arms race started between powerful
● Japan attack China to expand its countries
territory

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 Cold war Consequences

the mistrust competition and fear that The competition to stockpile weapons grew
emerged between two blocks of the ● USA try to enter into agreement to sell its
world after the end of second world weapons across the world
war is called cold War ● It formed more military organizations to have
● the cold war is between capitalist hold over
block led by USA and communist ● Agreement like NATO SEATO CENTO signed by
bloc led by USSR USA
● Egypt India and other countries ● in every state of USA huge arms manufacturing
started non aligned movement and factories were formed
stayed away from ● The competition for nuclear weapons increased
the blocks ● The intelligence networks space War and better
Technology increased
● The entire world entered into a invisible war and
tension
● USA was successful in gaining the control
● USSR became victim to economic crisis and
many other internal crisis.

Importance of Himalaya Importance of Northern plain

● Himalayas act as Natural frontiers This is very suitable for irrigation and Agriculture
and prevent foreign invasion ● This area has perennial rivers and watched fertile
● They prevent cold winds from Alluvial soil
Central Asia ● This land is very level and supports for a network
● The Abstract rain bearing winds of roads, rail and means of communication
and causes heavy rainfall ● This is very useful for industrialization and
● Their slopes have thick forest and urbanization and trade
ideal for plantation crops
● Himalayas are the storehouse of
minerals place of many rivers Falls
used to Generate hydroelectricity.

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 Western ghats Eastern ghats

● A continuous range running ● These Mountains are most runs parallel to the
parallel to the West Coast of India East Coast and extended from
● There are also known as Sahyadri Mahanadi river to Nilgiri Hills
mountains these are very steep on ● They are lower than the Western Ghat and not
western side continuous. The highest peak of
and the gentle on Eastern side eastern Ghat is Armaconda
● Passes; Borghat , Talghat ,Palghat
● South of Palghat the Western Ghat
continuous as Anaimalai , palani ,
Cardamomhills (Elaimalai)
● Anamudi is the highest peak in
South about 2695 M

Western coast Eastern coast

● it lies between Western Ghat and ● Is extended from subarnarekha

Arabian Sea river to Kanyakumari.
● It is extended from Rann of Kutch ● It is located between Eastern Ghat
to Kanyakumari and Bay of Bengal
● It is narrow steep and Rocky ● Many rivers flows across and
● have two parts that is Konkan and formed deltas such as Mahanadi
Karnataka coast and Malabar Coast Godavari Krishna and Kaveri
● There are some lagoons are
formed in the coast like Chilka
Pulicat and Kolleru
● There are two parts in eastern
coast Northern circars and
Coromandel

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 Importance of Deccan plateau Importance of coastal plain

The plateau is rich in minerals, forest It provides natural harbors helps in foreign trade.
and biodiversity Kandla marmagoa Kochi
● It influences on Southwest Visakhapatnam and Kolkata
monsoon winds ● They are useful for fishing, useful for Ship
● It is covered with black soil and Building, agriculture and salt production
useful for agriculture ● They attract tourist and useful for navigation
● It is the birth place of many South
Indian rivers and useful for
generation of
Hydroelectricity.
● It is well known for hill station such
as Ooty in Tamilnadu.

Well irrigation Canal irrigation

India has world's largest Canal system

It is possible in areas of low rainfall ● There are two types inundation canal and
very easy and cheap not require any perennial canal
technology ● water is drawn directly from rivers without build of
● Best suited for small land holding dam is called inundation canal
formers ● dams are constructed water is stored in
● it is largely practiced in Ganga Reservoir and used for agriculture through
plain Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh canal. these are perennial canal
Bihar ● Extensively practiced in Uttar Pradesh Punjab
● open well and tubewell are the Madhya Pradesh
types of well irrigation

Alluvial soil Black soil

Soil that are composed of alluvium is ● it is known as Regur soil and black cotton soil
called Alluvial soil best suited for cotton crop
● It is formed from sediment ● Soil is derived from basalt rock with high clay
deposited by rivers ● It is highly retentive you of moisture and compact
● It contributes great to development ● Cotton sugarcane Jowar wheat are best suited
of agriculture ● This soil largely found in Deccan trap Gujarat
● Wheat paddy sugarcane cotton Maharashtra Karnataka Telangana
jute potato vegetables are preferred
crops to cultivate

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 Desert soil Mountain soil

Formed under desert and semi ● Found on slopes of Mountain Hills and forest
desert conditions ● Formed due to decomposition of organic matter.
● Found in North West part of India It is rich in humus and fertile
Rajasthan Haryana ● It is useful for plantation crops tea coffee and
● Have content of soluble salt Sandy fruits
and low in moisture ● It is found in Jammu Kashmir Himachal Pradesh
● Which soil is not suitable for Western Ghat
cultivation

Effects of soil erosion Soil conservation

protection of soil from erosion and preservation

Loss of soil fertility and fall in of fertility of soil is called soil conservation
agricultural production 1. Afforestation and reforestation
● It leads to silting floods change 2. Overgrazing control
course of rivers and reduce the 3. Contour farming
capacity of reservoir 4. Construction of check dam
● Groundwater level decreases to 5. Contour bunding
decrease in soil moisture 6. Gully control and bench terracing.
● Vegetation cover dress up droughts
will increase
● Economy get set back

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 Evergreen forest Deciduous forest

● They are found in areas of annual rainfall having

They are found areas of heavy 100 to 200 CM
rainfall about 250 CM of rainfall ● found in Eastern slopes of Western Ghat
● on Western Ghats North East Hills Maharashtra Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu
Assam Tripura Nagaland Andaman Orissa West Bengal
and Nicobar ● the trees shed their leaves during the early
● forest are dense trees grow to a summer and they are called monsoon
greater height they are always forest
evergreen ● Teak Sal sandalwood mango name tamarind are
● Teak Rosewood Mahogany Gurjan the trees found here
Champa etc

Causes for destruction of forest Conservation

1. Control of deforestation
1. Expansion of agricultural land 2. Restriction on graze
2. Construction of roads and Railway 3. Control of forest fire
3. Irrigation projects 4. Control of forest diseases
4. Industrialization and urbanization 5. Controlling illegal cutting of trees
5. Overgrazing and forest fire 6. Legislation to check deforestation
7. Encouragement of afforestation

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 Reasons for Energy crisis Remedies

there is a great demand for energy ● Increase the production of petrol and coal
but the production of energy is not ● To have substitute for oil and coal
sufficient this ● Importance to water power generation
cause energy crisis ● Greater use of non conventional resource

Meader deposits of and shortage of

Petroleum
● Poor quality of coal
● Erratic rainfall and shortage of
water to generate hydroelectricity
● Loss of power and process of
transmission
● Limited use of non conventional
energy

Causes for over population Problems of over population

High birth rate is responsible for Rapid growth of population has posed several
overpopulation. Early marriages problems like unemployment shortage
religious and social of food and malnutrition
attitudes polygamy and poverty ● Burden on civic and social amenities
illiteracy and tropical climate ● Low per capita income and slow economic
● Low death rate due to improved development
medical facility and control of ● Political unrest and poverty
epidemics. Lower ● Low standard of living and environmental
infant mortality and spread of pollution
education

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 Ports on the west Ports on the East

Kandla- Gujarat Gulf of Kutch 1. Tuticorin- Tamil Nadu

2. Mumbai- the biggest spacious and 2. Chennai- oldest port and artificial
it is the Gateway of India 3. Ennore- substitute to Chennai port
3. Jawaharlal Nehru- it is built for the 4. Visakhapatnam- deepest and landlocked
release of pressure on Mumbai 10 5. Paradip- Mahanadi Delta Orissa
km of Mumbai 6. Kolkata- riverine port on Hooghly river second
4. Marmagoa- located in Goa . Zuary biggest port and it is the largest
estuay terminal port in Southeast Asia
5. New Mangalore- gateway of 7. Haldia- on the Confluence of Hooghly West
Karnataka. Bengal
6. Kochi- Queen of Arabian Sea

Reasons for Flood Measures to control

heavy rainfall melting of snow ● Afforestation in the catchment area helps in the
tropical cyclones cloudburst blockage reduction of run off
of the free flow ● construction of dams across the rivers and
of river water and silting river beds storing of water in reservoir
● Deforestation faulty irrigation and ● Construction of embankments for production
agricultural practices breaching of ● Flood forecasting and early warnings it help
marriages and essential for taking time reaction to
Rapid urbanization prevent loss of human life

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 Reasons for Coastal erosion Measures to control

● coastal erosion is the process of ● Construction of sea walls and groins

wearing away and removal of ● Restrict sand mining in coastal areas
materials along the ● Planting of trees to stabilize the beaches in
coast line by wave action coastal dunes
● Causes
● Sea waves ,monsoon winds,
tropical cyclones and Tsunami
● Southwest monsoon winds causes
intensive coastal erosion along the
West coast of
India
● During northeast monsoon season
destruction occurs over the bay of
Bengal areas
of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh
● Large waves generated by
earthquake are called Tsunami
● Removal of sand and construction
of breakwater are main causes

Reasons for earthquake Measures to control

Plate moments, volcanic eruption, avoiding the human settlements in the earthquake
faulting and folding landslides zones
,collapse of ● Follow earthquake resistant design for the
underground cave roofs, hydrostatic construction
pressure of manmade water bodies ● Used building materials of high quality
● Restrict the over groundwater mining
● Restrict urban growth in the hilly areas where
the seismic waves are intensive
● Avoid the construction of large dams and
reservoirs
● Stop deforestation and heavy quarrying
activities.

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 Reasons for unemployment Measures to control

Promoting skill level of the job seekers

“ IT IS A SITUATION WHERE A ● Providing loans and subsidy to enable people to
PERSON DOES NOT FIND WORK engage in self employment
IN ACCORDANCE TO ● Providing world class skill to our people so that
HIS CAPACITY AND they able to compete with Global product
QUALIFICATION” ● Providing job oriented course to all
Reasons:
Overpopulation, shortage of
resource, dependence on agriculture,
ruined cottage industry

Effects of corruption Measures taken to control

● It can be rooted out only through strong public

Influence negatively on personal ethics morality and personal commitment
public life ● Political will and public support
● It influence badly on economic and ● Ethical political leadership and good offices
social life of country ● Political aware and educated public can weed
● It nourishes administration are the out
part of officials ● Lokpal and Lokayukta can bring down the
● Bribery Nepotism favourism tax intensity of corruption
evasion hoarding smuggling and ● Awarding severe punishment for corrupt officials
cheating ● Installing CCTV cameras in government offices
can bring down the intensity of Corruption level.

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 Effects of communalism Precautions taken to address

● It creates social differences natural

suspicion fear
● Which leads to political competition Ideas like Uniform Civil Code
social groupism ● Equality among all the citizens
● It has the capacity to endangered ● Supporting secular values in the society
the integrity and unity of India ● Transcending narrow thoughts in favour of
● If disturb peace public and private national interest
property ● Developing healthy National thoughts
● It leads to mutual accusation and
physical hazards
● Input self-interest the head of
national interest
● Main curtains to increase
communal forces
● Tend to be suspicious of other
religion this effects unity of the nation
● It would spoil integrity equality
fraternity and diversity

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 Terrorism Measures taken to control

India always criticize terrorism in other country

The targets civilians military bases ● It always strive to protect property and their life of
specific community religion race skin ordinary people
color ● They have created special Elite forces to tackle
● Used explosives deadly gases ● Peace loving country has undertaken many
work with a network of Intelligence initiatives to stop terrorism
● Employee modern day gadgets ● History says very little has been achieved by
transport violent activities killing of great leaders
● Dead target on Airport railway
stations markets
● The use tactics like a suicide
bombing and kidnapping

Aims of Indian foreign policy Factors influence on foreign policy

Issues of national interest and geographical

National security interest
b. Enriching National economy 2. Political situation
c. Spreading cultural richness in 3. Economic interest
another country 4. Military issues
d. increasing number of friendly 5. Public opinion and international situation.
countries and check the power of
Enemy country
e. Achieving world peace and
coexistence

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 Indo Russia relationship Indo Pak relationship

● It was integral part of India during pre

● India has cordial relationship with independence. Both emerged as independent
Russia even though it had non nations in 1947
aligned movement ● Issues like terrorism Jammu and Kashmir issue
policy water dispute. India fought 3 wars
● USSR opposed China invasion on against Pakistan
India in 1962 ● Agreements like Tashkent, Shimla, Lahore bus
● USSR supported during Goa Yatra, Agra conference signed
Liberation in 1961 ● Attack on Parliament House 2001 Mumbai attack
● It supported Tashkent agreement 2007 Pathankot attack 2016
in 1966 affected the quality of bilateral relationship
● Both countries signed for 20 years ● Both share, cultural and economic ties mutual
peace cooperation 1971 exchange
● Extended support for ● mutual trade have continued both responded
establishment of Bhilai and Bokaro during emergency and natural
Steel plants Calamities.
● It shared industrial Technology with
India
● Supported India to have permanent
seat in UNO

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 Indo-China relationship India and USA relationship

● Both are democratic countries and have a

Relationship between both country major role to play
goes back to Mesopotamia and ● During Bipolar world and cold war India
Indus valley maintained equal distance from Russia
civilization ● USA supported the lot to five year plans
● Buddhism originated in India and ● US support during Indo China war 1965 and
more accepted in China Indo Pak war
● Indian rulers had cordial ● India Has better relationship with USA in
relationship with China foreign trade science technology space and
● Silk trade discussed in Kautilya education
economics ● share mutual Responsibility in strengthening
● Botht country signed for UNO and maintenance of global peace.
Panchsheel principles in 1954
● The war broke out between two
Nation in 1962 Tibetan crisis
● Border dispute. China has claimed
on Arunachal Pradesh
● Both countries are major role in
BRICS
● in spite of War both countries have
health bilateral relationship both
countries are
leading economic growth

Organised labours Unorganised labours

Sector which is enrolled as per law of ● it is the sector where legal provision do not
the Government and completely
provided fixed wage facility within governor
framework of laws ● relationship between employer and employee
● it is guided by minimum wage act not guided by legal
factory act special allowances provisions
provident fund ● the sector does not follow legal provisions of
● School hospitals Industries banks government
are the example ● There is no tax provision
● It is mandatory to pay taxes ● Vehicle repair vendors pushcart vendors are
● They have special facilities the example
employment security ● no fixed time duration of work they earn on
● It is guided by legal modalities daily basis
● they will not receive any medical benefits and
no paid leaves

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 Problems of untouchability Measures taken to eradicate untouchability

The lowest position in social Strata. ● The Article 17 of Indian constitution prohibits
One who touch untouchable untouchability
had to go under purification. Even he ● The Government of India has implemented
had to that if he walked away untouchability crime act in 1955
with untouchable having the distance ● Civil rights Protection Act implemented in 1976
of cow tail - Manu with amending to 1955 act
● They were kept outside the ● Universal rights to vote and participation in
education. Restriction on vedic election also been provided
education ● Reservations are been given in the field of
They were bar from learning education employment
Sanskrit. Ambedkar for hard to for SC and ST and backward classes
realise ● The act of 1989 regulations.
people importance of education.
Education is a public property
brought Revolutionary ideas thoughts
and come up with provisions
and the directions in the draught of
constitution that's why he is
called the chief architect of Indian
Constitution.
● Denial of property rights. They
were not allowed to own any
property only expected to serve
Masters this is in human and
violation of basic human rights
● Denial loves political participation
rights. They were not allowed in
Politics during Vedic period even
during British period.

Paid work Unpaid work

if work is done without payment it is The work which is paid or gets compensation is
called unpaid labor. called paid work
Ex; Scouts and Guides NCC ITI Factory workers teachers building workers. They
nursing artists painters family get monetary Compensation for the work.
domestic work done by mother

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 Mob Mob violence

 a collection of people gathered When the behavior of mob turns violent then it is
in place and indulges in a called mob violence
temporary thinking demands ● Would be no Unity
and emotional expression ● Leads to destruction of public property
 Assembly of people at ● Due to violence results in major deaths
particular point without any ● The great serious law and order situation like
Prior plan and gather to communal violence caste violence
express decision. ● It leads to dominance of anti social elements
 Ex accident scene and cinema ● It is controllable through use of police and
theatres military
● Reflex social shortcomings
● Dissatisfaction on social institution
on government policies and
programmes

Reasons for child labor Remedies

● Lack of social environment that Ensuring all the children below 18 years to be in
honors and protect child rights the school
● The greedy owners who strive for ● Ensuring gender equality
less wages and more work ● Stopping migration of helpless family
● Due to Agricultural crisis resulting ● Creating awareness
out of drought which leads to ● Implementation of child rights through grama
migration of families. panchayat
● Failure to compulsory and
universal education
● Failure to implement land reforms
Act and minimum wage act properly.

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 Reasons for child marriage Prevention measures

1. Gender discrimination is a primary We can lodge a complaint with toll free number
reason. 1098
2. Lack of education. Child marriages ● We can also inform to headmaster village
breed child marriages accountant Panchayat Development officer
3. Lack of proper implementation of health inspector nearby police station. All these
law are child marriage prevention officers
4. Poor implementation of legal ● Implementing the education development
provisions in school education programs.children within 18 years of age
should be within the schooling system and should
have 100% attendance
● Importance should be given to girls education.
And should be empowered on priority
basis

Reasons for child trafficking Remedial action

child labour ,child marriage ,School immoral human trafficking prevention Act 1956
dropout, poverty, negligence in the has been amended and it prohibits
families,bonded labour. child and women trafficking
● Over exposure to internet and ● Those who are involved in any trafficking they
social media, gender discrimination, are liable for punishment under IPC
financial 370 and would be imprisoned for minimum 10
difficulties in family, social years
inequalities ● Formation of child rights clubs
● Frequent migrations. ● Formation of child protection committee
● Organising children grama sabha
● Formation of child rights protection units
● Formation of women and children trafficking
prevention committees
● Formation of Balika Sanga in all anganwadis of
the state.

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 Savings account Current account

 It is opened by Businessman who have a

 Generally opened by salaried large number of transactions
persons ● Amount can be deposited or withdrawal any
● This facility is given to students number of times
senior citizens and pensioners ● Banks do not give any interest on deposits
● This type of accounts are open to ● Banks collect service charge on such amount.
encourage people to save
money
● There is no restrictions on
deposition of money
● Money can be withdrawn either by
cheque or withdrawal slip

Types of bank Types of accounts

Savings bank account

Central Bank or RBI 2. Current account
2. Commercial banks 3. Recurring deposit account
3. Industrial Development Banks 4. Term of fixed deposit account.
4. Land Development Banks
5. Indigenous banks

Characteristics of bank Functions of bank

● Accepting deposits from public and others

 Dealing with money ● Lending money to public and institutions
● Individual/ firm/ company ● Transferring money from place to place
● Acceptance of deposits ● Collecting money on cheque, draft and bills
● Lending loans ● Discounting of bills
● Payment and withdrawal ● Hiring safe deposit locker
● Agency and utility services ● Conducting foreign exchange transaction
● Profit and service oriented ● Keeping valuable materials in custody
● Ever increasing functions
● Connecting link between depositor
and borrower
● Banking business
● Name identity

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 Services offered by bank Services offered by postal Bank of India

Post office savings bank

Debit Card and Credit Cards ● It issues national saving certificate
2. Personal loans ● Kisan Vikas Patra
3. Home and vehicle loans ● Monthly recurring deposits
4. Mutual funds ● Postal life insurance and Pension Payment
5. Safe deposit lockers ● Money transfer
6. Trust services ● Promoting a capital investment of thousand
7. Signature guarantee crore
8. E- Banking

Characteristics of an entrepreneur Functions of an entrepreneur

Creativity Starts business by preparing plans

● Dynamism ● Organize the factors of production
● Innovation Take some decisions
● Team build ● Coordinates
● Leadership quality ● Introduce new methods
● Problem solving ● Bears risk
● Risk taking ● Gives direction for effective operation
● Commitment
● Goal oriented
● Self confidence
● Motivation

Financial organization to promote Promotional organization to promote

entrepreneurship entrepreneurship

District industrial centre

● IDBI ● Small industry Development Corporation Limited
● NABARD ● National Small Industries Corporation
● Exim ● Small scale industry board
● SIDBI ● Industrial estates
● IFCI ● Khadi and village industry Corporation
● ICICI ● Technical consultancy organisation
● LIC ● Small industries service institution
● UTI and SFC

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 Credit control measures Credit control measures (quantitative)
(qualitative)

Bank rate policy: the rate at which 1. Change in lending margins: Collateral security
RBI lends funds to commercial margin against particular security is
banks. ie repo rate Reduced or increased this leads to control over
And reverse repo rate. credit flow.
● The rate of lending money to 2. Credit rationing- maximum amount of credit
commercial banks by RBI is called given to a particular use or sector
repo rate 3. Moral suasion-method of persuade in banks to
● the rate of borrowing money from advance the credit or reduced through
commercial banks by RBI is called letters and circulars
reverse repo. 4. Direct action- measures taken by Central Bank
This affects the interest rate and against commercial banks.
deposits
2. Open market operation: buying
and selling of government securities
by Central Bank.
3. Varying reserve requirements:
banks are obliged to maintain
reserves with RBI into
accounts
A. CRR cash reserve ratio
B. SLR statutory liquidity ratio
CRR-Bank required to reserving
deposits with RBI
SLR- Bank required having minimum
cash within.
This way RBI can vary lending
capacity of bank.

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 Factors of globalization Characteristics of globalization

Worldwide technical economical 1. Increases international trade

political cultural exchange. Brought 2. International flow of capital
by 3. Create international agreement
communication transport and finance 4. Development of global finance system
2. Helps in overcoming political 5. Increase the role of WTO IMF WIPO
barriers through trade 6. Outsourcing by multinational companies
3. Create street rate zone by 7. Cultural exchange
removing duty 8. Multi culturalization and diversity
4. Reduce the restriction on capital 9. Development of telecommunication border
investment data flow
5. Create subsidy to worldwide trade 10. Use of technology internet satellites and cell
6. Create harmony among countries phone

Advantages of globalization Disadvantages of globalization

1. Developed countries have outsourced goods

1. Promotes economic growth manufacture and white collar jobs to
generate more production Third world where cost of labour is low.
2. Increases standard of living 2. It leads to child labour
3. Made available of similar type of 3. Resulted in unethical practices in trade
goods 4. It helped terrorist and criminals
4. Increase GDP 5. Increased garbage dumps pollution Sky High
5. Increase in income of people 6. consuming more junk food McDonalds KFC
6. Customers are offered much results in health degradation and spread
choice of goods of diseases so traditional family food habits
7. Keep the cost down due to slowly disappearing. Deadly viral
competition diseases spread all over the world ie AIDS
8. Promotes specialization best at cancer, dengue
making 7. Environmental degradation due to
9. Can improved political social link industrialization pollution dumping the waste and
garbage
8. cheap imports of goods from developing
countries leads to unemployment in
developed countries where production cost is
high and outsourcing
9. Competition for infant industry small scale
industry

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 Functions of WTO Aims

Functions AIMS at
1. Being to force trade agreements 1. Bringing down living cost and raise of lifestyle
2. Administration world trade 2. Settling disputes and tension
3. Stress for free independent 3. Economic growth
4. Reducing tax in border trade 4. Good governance
5. Bringing trade under legal 5. Peace and stability.
framework
6. Assistance in trade
7. Bringing efficiency in trade

Reasons for consumer Consumer Protection

exploitation

● the direct transaction between the ● It refers to protection to consumers against

producer and consumer has almost exploitation by the producers and traders
stopped ● Consumer protection Act
● the price fixation of the goods and ● many moments blood pressure on government
services was done mainly by the and alerted it to formulate new ads to
middleman safeguard the interests of the consumers
● Consumer had to undergo various ● More than 30 acts have been implemented ie
difficulties and problems the incurred essential commodities act, weights and
many losses measures act, act against adulteration of food
● The development of information articles, Government of India Act 1986
Technology has led to teleshopping

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 Importance of public finance Goals of public finance

The government activities of ● Promote faster economic development

mobilizing revenue ● Promote industry trade and Commerce
● socio economic growth ,maintain ● Agricultural and rural development
economic stability and achieve affair ● Promote balanced regional growth
distribution of income ● Build socio-economic overheads roadways
● the money raised through railways power
borrowing for development activities Promote full employment
● It increases the growth rate of the ● Maximize social welfare
economy and benefits everyone
● The government tries to regulate
the economic activities
● the study of public finance also
helps in analysis and evaluation of
budget.

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