Theme: The Stylistic function of metaphor, metonymy, epithet in describing human

characteristics in the English and Turkmen languages.

Plan:
Introduction.
Chapter I. General notion of Stylistic devices in the English and Turkmen
languages.
1.1. The role of stylistic devices in the English language.
1.2. Peculiarities of Stylistic devices in literary texts in Turkmen language.
The result of the chapter I.
Chapter II. Main function of Stylistic devices of describing human characteristics
in the English and Turkmen languages.
2.1. The Stylistic analysis of metaphor in revealing the main characters.
2.2. The description of human characters through the metonymy.
2.3. The use of epithet while setting out the human characteristics.
The result of the chapter II.
Conclusion.
The list of used literature.
Appendix.

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 President of Turkmenistan

Serdar Berdimuhamedow:

We attach great importance to improving the education sector within the

framework of national programmes, concepts and large – scale transformations.
We create broad opportunities for the consistent enrichment of the essence of
education and the acquisition of world – class knowledge by the young generation
by introducing the lastest scientific achievements into the education system,
creating new specialized complexes and developing digital education

2
 Introduction.
The improvement of the national scientific and education systems and the
upbringing of scientifically-educated, highly qualified personalities for the present
and future development of our life in line with the best international practices
continue through the efforts of our esteemed President Serdar Berdimuhamedow.
The theme of my course paper is “The Stylistic function of metaphor, metonymy,
epithet in describing human characteristics in the English and Turkmen
languages”. I have chosen this theme as my course paper , because it is interesting
and attractive to learn both English and Turkmen languages literature. I am going
to study the importance of Stylistic devices in the English and Turkmen languages
and to investigate lexical devices both in English and Turkmen.
The aim of my course paper is to explore the peculiar use of the Stylistic devices as
metaphor,metonymy,epithet in the English and Turkmen languages and to study the
differences and similarities of them while describing human characters.
The tasks of my course paper are:
- To determine the peculiarities of Stylistic devices in the English and
Turkmen languages;
- To identify the use of metaphor,metonymy, epithet in describing human
characteristics;
- To explore different Stylistic analysis of lexical devices in revealing the
main characters;
During the writing of my course paper I used such methods as the comparative
method and comparative historical method.
The importance of my course paper is to define Stylistic devices and different
linguists’ division about Stylistic devices in the English and Turkmen languages
and to digest the interaction of primary, dictionary and logical imposed meanings
in expressing human characteristics in both languages.
The theoretical values of my course paper are:
- It gives information about the English and Turkmen linguists’ works
concerning Stylistic devices;

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 - It finds out main functions of Stylistic devices in describing human
characters ;
- It presents the usage of lexical stylistic devices in the English and Turkmen
authors’ works.
The practical values of my course paper are:
- it can be used in writing reference papers or research papers about this
theme;
- it can be used by teachers in explaining their theme on stylistics;
- it can be useful handbook for students or everyone who are interested in
stylistics;
Structure of my course paper consists of introduction, two main chapters,
conclusion ,the list of used literature.

4
 I. General notion of Stylistic devices in the English and Turkmen
languages.
I.1. The role of stylistic devices in the English language.
Words in context, as has been pointed out, may acquire additional lexical meanings
not fixed in dictionaries, what we have called contextual meanings. The latter may
sometimes deviate from the dictionary meaning to such a degree that the new
meaning even becomes the opposite of the primary meaning, as, for example, with
the word sophisticated (see p. 121). This is especially the case when we deal with
transferred meanings.
What is known in linguistics as transferred meaning is practically the interrelation
between two types of lexical meaning: dictionary and contextual. The contextual
meaning will always depend on the dictionary (logical) meaning to a greater or
lesser extent. When the deviation from the acknowledged meaning is carried to a
degree that it causes an unexpected turn in the recognized logical meanings, we
register a stylistic device.
The transferred meaning of a word may be fixed in dictionaries as a result of long
and frequent use of the word other than in its primary meaning. In this case we
register a derivative meaning of the word. The term 'transferred' points to the
process of formation of the derivative meaning. Hence the term 'transferred' should
be used, to our mind, as a lexicographical term signifying diachronically the
development of the semantic structure of the word. In this case we do not perceive
two meanings.

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When, however, we perceive two meanings of a word simultaneously, we are
confronted with a stylistic device in which the two meanings interact.
Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices
There are 3 groups.
1. The interaction of different types of lexical meaning.
a) primary dictionary and contextually imposed meanings (metaphor, metonymy,
irony);
b) primary and derivative logical meanings (zeugma and pun);
c) logical and emotive (epithet, oxy’moron);
d) logical and nominative (antonomasia);
2. Intensification of a feature (simile, hyperbole, periphrasis).
3. Peculiar use of set expressions (clichés, proverbs, epigram, quotations).
The Interaction or interplay between the primary dictionary meaning (the meaning
which is registered in the language code as an easily recog¬nized sign for an
abstract notion designating a certain phenomenon or object) and a meaning which
is imposed on the word by a micro-context may be maintained along different
lines. One line is when the author identifies two objects which have nothing in
common, but in which he subjectively sees a function, or a property, or a feature,
or a quality that may make the reader perceive these two objects as identical.
An¬other line is when the author finds it possible to substitute one object for
another on the grounds that there is some kind of interdependence or interrelation
between the two corresponding objects. A third line is when a certain property or
quality of an object is used in an opposite.or contra¬dictory sense.
The stylistic device based On the principle of identification of two objects is called
a metaphor. The SD based on the principle of substitution of one object for another
is called metonymy and the SD based on contrary concepts is called irony.
As is known, the word is, of all language units, the most sensitive to change; its
meaning gradually develops and as a result of this develop-“’ ment new meanings
appear alongside the primary one. It is погтаГТог almost every word to
acquire”derivati/ve meanings; sometimes the pri¬mary meaning has to^make way
for^quite a new meaning which ousts it completely;
In dealing with the problem of nonce-words and new meanings we have already
stated the fact that, in the development of language units we are constantly facing
the op posing concepts of permanence and ephem-erality. Some meanings are
characterized by their permanence, others, like nonce-words and contextual
meanings, are generally ephemeral, i.e. they appear in some contexts and vanish

6
leaving no trace in the vo¬cabulary of the language. Primary and the derivative
meanings are char-
Acterizedjb^heir relative stability and therefore arej^ixec3[jr^diction-
anes7’^из^сойШШШЩ^ё^ййайГс4’structure of the wdn37
The problem of jftaifeemYjs one of the vexed questions of lexicology. It is
sometimes impossible to draw a line of demarcation between a de¬rivative
meaning of a polysemantic word and a separate word, i.e. a word that has broken
its semantic ties with the head word and has become a homonym to the word it was
derived from.
Polysemy is a category of lexicology and as such belongs to language-as-a-
^ystem^ In actual everyday Speech j^lуsemy vanishes unless it is 3elT5efafeiy
retained for certain “stylistic purposes. A context that does not seek to produce any
particular stylistic effect generally materializes ‘but one definite meaning%
“””””However, when a word begins to manifest an interplay between the jgnmary
and one of the derivative meanings we are again confronted with arTSD.
“ ~tet us analyse the following example from Sonnet 90 by Shakespeareг where
the key-words are intentionally made to reveal two or more mean¬ings.
“Then hate me if thou wilt, if ever now.
Now while the world is bent my deeds to cross.”