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Experiment 4

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11 views2 pages

Experiment 4

Uploaded by

anushkamishra64069
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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XI CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT -4

Aim: To analyse the given salt for one anion and one cation present in it.

Materials Required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, Test tube holder, Test tube stand, Corks,
Filter paper, Delivery tube, Spatula, Reagents

Theory: Two basic principles of great use in the analysis are:


(i) the Solubility product; and
(ii) the Common ion effects.
When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation takes place. Ionic
product of salt is controlled by making use of common ion effect.

Experiment Observation Inference


1. Physical Examination:
(a) Colour White May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+,
Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
(b) Odour Ammonical smell May be NH4+

2. Dry Heating Test Colourless and CO32- or C2O42- may be


Heated a pinch of salt in dry odourless gas turns lime present.
test tube. water milky.

3. Flame Test
Prepared a paste of the salt Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ may be
with conc. HCl and performed No distinct colour of the absent.
the flame test. flame seen.

4. Dilute Sulphuric Acid Test Colourless odourless gas The gas evolved is CO2.
Treated pinch of salt with 1 mL with brisk This may be due to the
Dil.H2SO4 and warmed. effervescence, turns presence of CO32-.
lime water milky.
5. Confirmatory Tests for CO32-
(a) Dil. HCl test: To a portion Brisk effervescence and CO32- confirmed.
of the salt solution, add dil evolution of colourless
HCl. odourless gases.

Pass the gas evolved Lime water turns milky.


through lime water.
(b) Magnesium sulphate test:
To a portion of the salt Formation of white CO32- confirmed.
solution, add magnesium precipitate.
sulphate (MgSO4) solution.

6. Heated a pinch of salt with Characteristic NH4+ present.


Conc. NaOH solution. ammoniacal smell.
7. Confirmatory Tests for NH4+
To a small amount of solid salt A gas with ammoniacal NH4+ is confirmed.
taken in a test tube, add some smell is evolved.
concentrated solution of sodium
hydroxide and heat the contents.
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. White fumes are
HCl near the mouth of the test produced.
tube.
XI CHEMISTRY

Nessler’s Reagent test:


When the gas evolved in the Brown precipitate is NH4+ is confirmed.
above test is passed through formed
Nessler's reagent taken in a test
tube.

Chemical equations:
NH4+ + OH-  NH3 + H2O
NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl (white fumes)

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 +3KOH  H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7 KI + 2H2O


Nessler reagent Brown ppt.

CO32- (S) + 2H+(aq)  H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

CO2 (g)+ Ca(OH)2 (aq)  CaCO3 (S) + H2O(l)

Result: Acidic radical = CO32-


Basic radical = NH4+

Precautions:
(i) Do not mix chemicals and reagents unnecessarily. Never taste any chemical.
(ii) Be careful in smelling chemicals or vapours.
(iii) Always pour acid into water for dilution. Never add water to acid.
(iv) Be careful while heating the test tube. The test tube should never point towards
yourself or towards your neighbours while heating or adding a reagent.
(v) Always wash your hands after the completion of the laboratory work.
(vi) Always use the reagents in minimum quantity. Use of reagents in excess, not only
leads to wastage of chemicals but also causes damage to the environment.

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