DEQN 1013: Differential Equations

ELEMENTARY APPLICATIONS OF DE
TRAJECTORIES . NEWTON’S LAW OF
COOLING . SIMPLE CHEMICAL
CONVERSION

Objectives

Solve geometrical problems by applying the concepts of differential equations

of the first order.

Apply Newton’s Law of Cooling in modelling a differential equation to solve

temperature of objects.

Use differential equation to mathematically predict the growth and decay of a

certain substance

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Trajectories

Family of Curve
The equation f (x, y, c) = 0, where c a parameter is called a family of
curves as for different values of c, we get different curves having the same property.

Trajectory
A trajectory is any curve which cuts every member of a given family of curves at a constant angle

𝐺 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝑇 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 (𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠)

Isogonal Trajectory
A trajectory which intersects every member of a given family of curves at fixed angle.

𝑚2 − 𝑚1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ; 𝑚 − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( ) −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1+( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝐺

Orthogonal Trajectory
A 90° trajectory of the family of curves

𝑑𝑦 1
( ) =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺

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Steps in Solving the Equation of the Trajectories
1. Evaluate the derivative of the given family of curves
𝑑𝑦
2. Substitute ( ) into the appropriate formula
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
3. Identify the type of differential equation, then obtain its solution
4. The obtained solution is the equation of the trajectories

Equation of the Rectangular Curves

𝑦 −𝑦 𝑦−0 𝑦
In analytic geometry, the slope of a line is 𝑚 = 2 1. In the figure shown, the slope of the line L is 𝑚 = = .
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥−0 𝑥
In calculus, the slope of the tangent line is the derivative of the given function at a given point of tangency, that is,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝑇 = . Hence, the slope of the normal line is 𝑚𝑁 = − 𝑑𝑦 = − .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥

∗ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑚𝑇
𝑑𝑥

∗ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

1
𝑚𝑁 = −
𝑚𝑇

Examples:

1. Find the isogonal trajectories that intersects circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 at angles of 45°.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝐶 Evaluate the derivative of the given curve implicitly

2𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ = ( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 ( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 Transpose 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 ( ) = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 Divide both sides by 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
( ) =−
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
( ) =−
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Use this formula to obtain a differential equation

( ) −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1+( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝐺 Substitute 45° to 𝜃
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Substitute (− ) to ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝐺

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 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
( ) − (− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 45° =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1 + ( ) (− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
(
) +
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
1=
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1− ∙( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 Simplify and rearrange the equation
1− ∙( ) =( ) + 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦 Group terms containing ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1− =( ) + ∙( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 On the right side of the equation, factor out ( ) since it is
𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 common to both terms
1− = ( ) (1 + )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦+𝑥
=( ) ( ) Simplify the equation
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
𝑦−𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 𝑥 = (𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑇
𝑦
𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=( )
𝑦+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= Substitute to ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Rearrange and identify what type of DE is the given equation

∴ 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝐸

(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Solve for the general solution of the given DE by following the
𝑀 = 𝑦−𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 steps on how to solve for the general solution of a homogeneous
𝑁 = −𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 DE.
Substitute 𝑣𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑥, (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣)𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑥 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝐸

(𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦)(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) − (𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Factor out, then cancel 𝑦 since it is common to all terms
𝑦(1 − 𝑣)(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) − 𝑦(1 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(1 − 𝑣)(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) − (1 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣) − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑑𝑦 = 0 Group terms containing 𝑑𝑣 and 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦)𝑑𝑣 − (𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 On the first term, factor out 𝑦
1
𝑦(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 − (𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Multiply the whole equation by
𝑦(𝑣 2 +1)
1
[𝑦(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 − (𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0]
𝑦(𝑣 2 + 1)

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 𝑦(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 (𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 Cancel common terms
− =0
𝑦(𝑣 2 + 1) 𝑦(𝑣 2 + 1) It is now a separable DE
(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
− =0
(𝑣 2 + 1) 𝑦
Integrate all terms
(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
∫ −∫ = ∫0 For the first term, separate the numerator
2
(𝑣 + 1) 𝑦
For the first term, use ASF1
𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦
∫ 2 −∫ 2 −∫ = ∫0 For the second term, apply integration by substitution
𝑣 +1 𝑣 +1 𝑦
1 Multiply the whole equation by 2
[𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶] 2
2
2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 1| − 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 2𝐶 2𝐶 = 𝐶
2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 2 = 𝐶 Apply law of logarithm
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 | 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 2 = 𝐶 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 → 𝑣 = ; 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑣
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 | | − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 2 = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦2 Simplify and cancel common terms
𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 [𝑦 2 ( )] = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦2
𝑥
2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 − ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶
𝑦

𝒙
𝟐𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 − 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝑪
𝒚

2. Find the isogonal trajectories of the given family of curves 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 at angles of 30°
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 𝐶 Evaluate the derivative of the given curve implicitly
2𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ = ( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
2𝑥 − 2𝑦 ( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 Transpose 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
−2𝑦 ( ) = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 Divide both sides by −2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 −2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Use this formula to obtain a differential equation

( ) −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1+( ) ( ) Substitute 30° to 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Substitute ( ) to ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝐺

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 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
( ) −( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛 30° =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1+( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
( ) −
√3 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦
=
3 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
1+( ) ( ) Simplify and rearrange the equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦

√3 √3 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
+ ( ) ( )=( ) − 𝑑𝑦
3 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦 Group terms containing ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇

𝑑𝑦
On the right side of the equation, factor out ( ) since it
𝑑𝑥 𝑇
√3 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 √3 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
+ =( ) − ( ) ( ) is common to both terms
3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦

√3 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 √3 𝑥
+ = ( ) (1 − ( )) Simplify the equation
3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 3 𝑦

√3𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 − √3𝑥
=( ) ( )
3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇 3𝑦
√3𝑦 + 3𝑥
3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=( )
3𝑦 − √3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
3𝑦
𝑑𝑦 √3𝑦 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( ) = Substitute to ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 3𝑦 − √3𝑥

𝑑𝑦 √3𝑦 + 3𝑥
= Rearrange and identify what type of DE is the given
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 − √3𝑥
equation
(3𝑦 − √3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (√3𝑦 + 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥

(3𝑦 − √3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 − (√3𝑦 + 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

−(√3𝑦 + 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑦 − √3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀 = −√3𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑁 = 3𝑦 − √3𝑥 Since it is an Exact DE, solve for the general solution of
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 the given DE by following the steps on how to solve for
= −√3 = −√3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 the general solution of an exact DE.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , then the equation is EXACT ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝐸
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑜 (𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐷𝐸, 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

∫ −(√3𝑦 + 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫(3𝑦 − √3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0

Integrate all DI
− ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑦𝑑𝑦 − ∫ √3𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ∫ √3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 Choose one of the NDI

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 Note: You can choose any of the N.D.I. This will not
− ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑦𝑑𝑦 − ∫ √3𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
affect the final answer.
3𝑥 2 3𝑦 2
[− + − √3𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶] 2 Multiply the whole equation by 2
2 2

−3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2√3𝑥𝑦 = 2𝐶
2𝐶 = 𝐶
−3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 2√3𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶

−𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐√𝟑𝒙𝒚 = 𝑪

3. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the given family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝐶(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) Rearrange the given equation
𝑦 Obtain the derivative of the equation by applying quotient rule
=𝐶
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑦 ′ − 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥) 𝑦′ = ( )
=0 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 Cross multiply (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2 to 0
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) ( ) − 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)2 1
Multiply the whole equation by
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
=0
𝑑𝑦
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) ( ) − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐺

𝑑𝑦 1
[(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) ( ) − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 0]
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑦 Simplify and cancel common terms

(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥)
− =0
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑦 Transpose −𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
( ) − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦
( ) = 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐺

𝑑𝑦 1 Use this formula/relationship to determine ( )

𝑑𝑦
( ) =− 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Substitute to ( )
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
( ) =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
Rearrange and identify what type of DE is the given equation
𝑑𝑦 1
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 Since it is a separable DE, solve for the general solution of the given DE by
𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥 following the steps on how to solve for the general solution of a separable DE.
𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝐸
∴ 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝐸
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 1
Multiply the while equation by
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
1
[𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0] Simplify and cancel common terms
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+ =0
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Integrate all terms
𝑦𝑑𝑦 + =0
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
Multiply the whole equation by 2
𝑦2
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶
2
𝑦2 2𝐶 = 𝐶
[ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶] 2
2
𝑦 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2𝐶
𝑦 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶

𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝑪

4. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the given family of curves 𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 𝐶

𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 𝐶 Differentiate the given equation implicitly
𝑦′ + 4 = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑦′ = ( )
𝑦′ = −4 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦
( ) = −4
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
( ) =− Use this formula/relationship to determine ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( ) = Substitute to ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇

𝑑𝑦 1
=
𝑑𝑥 4
4𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 Rearrange the equation
Integrate all terms
4𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0

∫ 4𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0

4𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝐶

𝟒𝒚 − 𝒙 = 𝑪

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 5. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the given family of curves
Ellipses with centers at (0, 0) and two vertices at (1, 0) and (-1, 0)

The equation of a standard ellipse centered at the

origin with a width of 2a and a height of 2b is
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2

General equation: Use the general equation of ellipse

𝑥2 𝑦2 Since 𝑎 = ±1
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
1 𝑏2
𝑦2
[𝑥 2 + = 1] 𝑏 2 Multiply the whole equation by 𝑏 2
𝑏2
𝑥2𝑏2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏2
Differentiate all terms taking b as constant
𝑏2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏2 1
𝑑𝑦
2𝑏 2 𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0 ∗ 𝑦′ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦
2𝑏 2 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ( ) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
Divide all terms by 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑏2𝑥 +𝑦( ) = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 Transpose 𝑦 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦
𝑏 2 𝑥 = −𝑦 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑏2 = − ( )
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
Use equation 1
From 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑏2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏2 Substitute − ( ) to 𝑏 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− ( ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = − ( ) Transpose 𝑦 2 and − ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− ( ) 𝑥 2 + ( ) = −𝑦 2 On the left side of the equation, factor out ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 Simplify the equation
( ) [− (𝑥 2 ) + ] = −𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦
( ) [ ] = −𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑥

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 𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 2 Cancel common terms
( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 −𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥𝑦 2
( ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 −𝑦(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝑑𝑦
Use this formula/relationship to determine ( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
( ) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦 1
( ) =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Substitute to ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑇
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 1)
( ) =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑥𝑦
Multiply 𝑥𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑥2
( ) = Multiply (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑇 𝑥𝑦 Transpose 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 Rearrange and identify what type of DE is the given equation
= Since it is a separable DE, solve for the general solution of the given DE by
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
following the steps on how to solve for the general solution of a separable
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
DE.
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝐸
1
∴ 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝐸 Multiply the while equation by
𝑥

Simplify and cancel common terms

1 Integrate all terms

[(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0]
𝑥
Separate the first term
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
− =0
𝑥 𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
∫ − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
∫ − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 Multiply the whole equation by 2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 2𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑙𝑛𝑥 − − =𝐶 Transpose 𝑙𝑛𝐶 ∗ −𝑙𝑛𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
2 2
Transpose −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
[𝑙𝑛𝑥 − − = 𝐶] 2
2 2
Apply law of logarithm
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝐶
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑛𝐶 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑙𝑛𝐶𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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 𝒍𝒏𝑪𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐

6. Find the equation of the curve such that the x-intercept of the tangent line at any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on it divided by the
square of the ordinate is constant.

𝑥𝑖
Condition: 𝑘 =
𝑦2
a.
𝑑𝑦 Substitute 𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑦2
𝑚𝑇 =
𝑑𝑥 Substitute 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑥2
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚= Substitute 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−0 Substitute 𝑥𝑖 𝑡𝑜 𝑥1
𝑚=
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑦
𝑚=
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 𝑑𝑥
𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 )𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖
𝑑𝑦 Rearrange the equation
𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
b.
𝑥𝑖
From the condition 𝑘 = Substitute 𝑘𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑥𝑖
𝑦2

𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑦 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1
Multiply the whole equation by (− )
𝑦
𝑑𝑥 1
[𝑘𝑦 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 ] (− ) Rearrange and identify what type of DE is the given equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Since it is a linear DE, solve for the general solution of the given DE by
−𝑘𝑦 = − +
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
following the steps on how to solve for the general solution of a linear DE.
𝑑𝑥 1
− ( ) 𝑥 = −𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦

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 ∴ 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 − 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝐸 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 − 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐷𝐸
c. Identify 𝑃(𝑦)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑦)
1 Solve for the integrating factor
𝑃(𝑦) = − 𝑄(𝑦) = −𝑘𝑦
𝑦
∅ = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
∫− 𝑦
∅=𝑒
∅ = 𝑒 −𝑙𝑛𝑦
−1 Apply law of natural logarithm
∅ = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦
1
∅ = 𝑦 −1 =
𝑦
Use this equation to solve for the general solution
𝑥𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶

1 1 Simplify and cancel common terms

𝑥 ( ) = ∫ −𝑘𝑦 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥
= ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑥 Multiply 𝑦 to (−𝑘𝑦 + 𝐶)
= −𝑘𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑥 = −𝑘𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑦 Transpose −𝑘𝑦 2
𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 2 = 𝐶𝑦
𝒙 + 𝒌𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪𝒚

7. The part of the normal curve at any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the curve between (𝑥, 𝑦) and the point where the
normal meets the y-axis is bisected by the axis. Find the equation of the curve.

a. Use the relationship between tangent and normal line

1 Based from the graph shown,
𝑚𝑁 = −
𝑚𝑇 Substitute 𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑦2
Substitute 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑥2

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 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 Substitute −𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑦1
𝑚𝑁 = − =− =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 Substitute 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
− =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 Simplify and rearrange the equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 Transpose 𝑥𝑑𝑥
− =
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 − 0
−𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
b. Integrate all terms
∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0 Multiply the whole equation by 2

𝑥2
[𝑦 2 + = 𝐶] 2 2𝐶 = 𝐶
2
2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 2𝐶
𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 = 𝑪

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Newton’s Law of Cooling, Simple Chemical Conversion

Newton’s Law of Cooling

The rate of change in the body temperature is directly proportional to the difference in temperature between the
body and its environment where
𝑇𝐵 − 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑀 − 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑑𝑇𝐵
𝛼 𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑀
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇𝐵
= 𝑘 (𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑀 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇𝐵
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑀
𝑑𝑇𝐵
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑀
𝑙𝑛|𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑀 | = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑇𝐵−𝑇𝑀| = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑀 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑇𝐵 − 𝑇𝑀 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ∙ 𝐶
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡

Examples

1. At 9:30 AM, a secret agent was found murdered in a 75℉ room. The body temperature was 90℉ and was 85℉ at
10:00 AM. When was the time of death? (Normal body temperature is 96.8℉)
Create a table representing the given data
TIME t (hr) 𝑇𝐵 (℉) 𝑇𝑀 (℉)
1 x 98.6 75
2 9:30 AM 0 90 75
3 10:00 AM 1/2 85 75
Consider 2
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 Substitute the given data on 2
90 = 75 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0) Transpose 75
90 − 75 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑘(0) = 1
𝐶 = 15
Consider 3 Substitute the given data on 3
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝐶 = 15
1 Transpose 75
85 = 75 + 15(𝑒 𝑘 )2
1
85 − 75 = 15(𝑒 𝑘 )2

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 1 Divide both sides by 15
10 = 15(𝑒 𝑘 )2
10 1
= (𝑒 𝑘 )2
15
2 1 Square both sides
= (𝑒 𝑘 )2
3
2
2 2 1
( ) = [(𝑒 𝑘 )2 ]
3
2 2
( ) = 𝑒𝑘
3
Consider 1 Substitute the given data on 1
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 2 2
𝐶 = 15 ; ( ) = 𝑒 𝑘
2 2𝑡 3
98.6 = 75 + 15 ( ) Transpose 75
3
2 2𝑡
98.6 − 75 = 15 ( )
3
2 2𝑡 Divide both sides by 15
23.6 = 15 ( )
3
23.6 2 2𝑡
=( ) Solve for 𝑡
15 3
𝑡 = −0.5588 ℎ𝑟
Convert 𝑡ℎ𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡min
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡 = −0.5588 ℎ𝑟 ×
1ℎ𝑟
𝑡 = −33 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠, 32 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Time of Death
9: 30: 00
− 33: 32
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
8: 56: 28
Time of Death: 𝟖: 𝟓𝟔: 𝟐𝟖 𝑨𝑴

2. A small bowl of Doenjang-jjigae, a traditional Korean soybean paste stew is served at 200℉. It cools to 160℉ in 1
minute in a 70℉ restaurant. How long will it take for the stew’s temperature to reach 120℉?
Create a table representing the given data
t (min) 𝑇𝐵 (℉) 𝑇𝑀 (℉)
1 0 200 70
2 1 160 70
3 x 120 70
Consider 1 Substitute the given data on 1
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
200 = 70 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0) Transpose 70 ; 𝑒 𝑘(0) = 1
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 200 − 70 = 𝐶
𝐶 = 130
Consider 2 Substitute the given data on 2
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝐶 = 130
160 = 70 + 130𝑒 𝑘(1) Transpose 70

160 − 70 = 130𝑒 𝑘(1)

90 = 130𝑒 𝑘 Divide both sides by 130

90
= 𝑒𝑘
130
9
𝑒𝑘 =
13
Consider 3 Substitute the given data on 3
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 9
𝐶 = 130 ; 𝑒𝑘 =
13
9 𝑡
120 = 70 + 130 ( ) Transpose 70
13
9 𝑡
50 = 130 ( )
13 Divide both sides by 130
𝑡
5 9 Solve for t
=( )
13 13
𝑡 = 2.598 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔

3. At 12:00 NN, a thermometer reading 60℃ is taken outside, where the air temperature is 24℃. At 12:01 PM, the reading
is 32℃. At 12:06 PM, the thermometer is taken back indoors, where the temperature is 60℃. What is the thermometer
reading at 12:10 PM?
Create a table representing the given data
Outside Inside
Time t (min) 𝑇𝐵 (℃) 𝑇𝑀 (℃) Time t (min) 𝑇𝐵 (℃) 𝑇𝑀 (℃)
1 12:00 NN 0 60 24 4 12:06 PM 0 x 60
2 12:02 PM 2 32 24 5 12:10 PM 4 y 60
3 12:06 PM 6 x 24
Consider 1 Substitute the given data on 1
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
60 = 24 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0) Transpose 24 ; 𝑒 𝑘(0) = 1
60 − 24 = 𝐶
𝐶 = 36
Consider 2 Substitute the given data on 2
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝐶 = 36
32 = 24 + 36𝑒 𝑘(2) Transpose 24

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 32 − 24 = 36𝑒 𝑘(2)
8 = 36𝑒 2𝑘 Divide both sides by 36
8
= 𝑒 2𝑘
36
2
= 𝑒 2𝑘
9
1
2 2 1
( ) = (𝑒 2𝑘 )2
9
1
2 2
𝑒𝑘 =( )
9
Consider 3 Substitute the given data on 3
1
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 2 2
1 𝐶 = 36 ; 𝑒 𝑘 = ( )
2 2(6) 9
𝑥 = 24 + 36 ( ) Simplify
9
2 3
𝑥 = 24 + 36 ( )
9
𝑥 = 24.4℃
Consider 4 Substitute the given data on 4
1
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 2 2
1 𝑒𝑘 = ( )
2 2(0) 9
24.4 = 60 + 𝐶 ( ) 1
9 2 2(0)
Transpose 60 ; ( ) =1
9
24.4 − 60 = 𝐶
𝐶 = −35.6
Consider 5 Substitute the given data on 5
1
𝑇𝐵 = 𝑇𝑀 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 2 2
1 𝐶 = −35.6 ; 𝑒 𝑘 = ( )
2 2(4) 9
𝑦 = 60 − 35.6 ( ) Simplify
9
2 2
𝑦 = 60 − 35.6 ( )
9
𝑦 = 58.24℃
Temperature at 12:10PM 𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟒℃

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Simple Chemical Conversion
The rate at which a quantity changes is directly proportional to the amount of the quantity present where
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝐶 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑘 − 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑑𝑦
𝛼𝑦
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡
1
[𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘𝑦𝑑𝑡] ( )
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑦
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ∙ 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 ∙ 𝐶
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡

Examples

4. If half of the substance A has been converted after 10 seconds, find when will 9/10 of the substance be converted?
Create a table representing the given data
t (second/s) y (Amount)
1 0 𝐴
2 10 1
𝐴
2
3 t 1
𝐴
10
Consider 1 Substitute the given data on 1
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝑘(0) = 1
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0)
𝐴=𝐶
Consider 2 Substitute the given data on 2
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝐶=𝐴
1 10 Cancel out A
𝐴 = 𝐴(𝑒 𝑘 )
2
1 1
1 10 10 10
( ) = [(𝑒 𝑘 ) ]
2
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 1
1 10
( ) = 𝑒𝑘
2
Consider 3 Substitute the given data on 3
1
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 1 10
1 𝐶 = 𝐴 ; ( ) = 𝑒𝑘
1 1 10(𝑡) 2
𝐴 = 𝐴( )
10 2
𝑡
1 1 10
=( )
10 2
𝑡 10
1 10 1 10
( ) = [( ) ] Solve for t
10 2

1 10 1 𝑡
( ) =( )
10 2
𝑡 = 33.22 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔

5. A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of 38 hours. Find how long it takes for 90% of the radioactivity to be
dissipated.
Create a table representing the given data
t (hour/s) y (amount)
1 0 𝑦𝑜
2 38 1
𝑦
2 0
3 t 0.10𝑦𝑜
Consider 1 Substitute the given data on 1
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝑘(0) = 1
𝑦𝑜 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(0)
𝑦0 = 𝐶
Consider 2 Substitute the given data on 2
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑦0 = 𝐶
1 Cancel 𝑦0
𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘(38)
2 0
1
= 𝑒 𝑘(38)
2
1
1 38 1
( ) = [𝑒 𝑘(38) ]38
2
1
1 38
( ) = 𝑒𝑘
2
Consider 3 Substitute the given data on 3

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 1
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 1 38
1 𝑦0 = 𝐶 ; ( ) = 𝑒 𝑘
1 38(𝑡) 2
0.1𝑦𝑜 = 𝑦0 ( ) Cancel 𝑦0
2
𝑡
1 38
0.1 = ( )
2
𝑡 38
1 38
(0.1)38 = [( ) ]
2

1 𝑡 Solve for t
(0.1)38 = ( )
2
𝑡 = 126.23 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟑 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔

6. Suppose an experimental population of fruit flies increases according to the law of exponential growth. There were
100 flies after the second day of the experiment and 300 flies after the fourth day. Approximately, how many flies were
in the original population?
Create a table representing the given data
t (days) y (number of flies)
1 0 𝑦0
2 2 100
3 4 300
Consider 2 Substitute the given data on 2
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
100 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(2)
100 = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑘
100
𝐶=
𝑒 2𝑘
Consider 3 Substitute the given data on 3
𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡
300 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘(4)
300 = 𝐶𝑒 4𝑘
300
𝐶=
𝑒 4𝑘
𝐶=𝐶
100 300
= 4𝑘
𝑒 2𝑘 𝑒
100𝑒 −2𝑘 = 300𝑒 −4𝑘
Divide both sides by 100𝑒 4𝑘
𝑒 2𝑘 = 3
Solve for the value of C

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 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 2𝑘 = 3
100 = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑘
100 = 𝐶(3)
𝐶 = 33.33 ≈ 34
Initial population – 34 flies

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Activity

General Instructions: Solve the following problem neatly and completely. Draw a few representative curve/s of each family
when it is necessary. Simplify and box your final answers. Answers/Solutions must be handwritten in a bond paper.

1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the given family of curves:

a. Circles through the origin with centers on x-axis
b. Straight lines with slope and y-intercept equal
c. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 ; with m held fixed
d. All parabolas with vertices at the origin and foci on the x-axis
2. Find the isogonal trajectories to a family of straight lines y = cx that cut the lines of the given family at an angle a, the
tangent of which equals k.
3. For a certain curve, the point of contact of each tangent to it bisects the part of the tangent terminating on the coordinate
axes. Find the equation of the curve.
4. through any point (x, y) of a certain curve which passes through the origin, lines are drawn parallel to the coordinate
axes. Find the curve given that it divides the rectangle formed by the two lines and the axes into two areas, one of which
is three times the other.

Activity

General Instructions: Solve the following problem neatly and completely. Create a table representing the given data. Box
your final answers. Answers/Solutions must be handwritten in a bond paper.

1. Just before midday, the body of an apparent homicide victim is found in a room that is kept at a constant temperature
of 70℉. At 12:00 NN, the temperature of the body is 80℉, and at 1:00 PM, it is 75℉. Assume that the temperature of
the body at the time of the death is 96.8℉ and that it has cooled in accordance with Newton’s Law of Cooling. What was
the time of death?
2. A glass of hot milk at 100℃ is brought in a room where the temperature is maintained at 20℃. After 15 minutes, the
temperature goes down to 90℃. Find the a) temperature of the glass of milk after 15 more minutes b)time it takes until
the temperature goes down to 37℃.
3. At 2:00 PM, a thermometer reading 80℉ is taken outside where the air temperature is 20℉. At 2:03 PM, the
temperature reading yielded by the thermometer is 42℉. Later, the thermometer is brought inside where the air is 80℉. At
2:10 PM, the reading is 71℉. When was the thermometer brought indoors?
4. Radioactive radium has a half-life of approximately 1599 years. What percent of the given amount remains after 100
years?
5. The rate growth of a population is proportional to the present population. If it is 1000 initially and 2000 ten hours later,
how long will it take in hours to reach 5000?
6. Radium decomposes approximately at a rate proportional to the amount present. If it is 100 grams now, and it will be
96 grams a hundred years later, find a)the half life of the radium b)the time it takes for 2/3 of its amount to be decomposed.
7. Carbon-14 is a radioisotope of carbon that has a half life of 5600 years. It is used extensively in dating organic material
that is tens of thousands of years. What fraction of the original amount of C-14 in a sample would be present after 10000
years?
8. For a substance C, the time rate of conversion is proportional to the square of the amount x of unconverted substance.
Let k be the numerical value of the constant of proportionality and let the amount of the unconverted substance be 𝑥0 at
time 𝑡 = 0. Determine 𝑥 for all 𝑡 ≥ 0.

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