ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

COURSE:
CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION GROUP 1

TOPIC:
CONSTITUTED AUTHORITY

GROUP MEMBERS
S/N NAMES MATRIC. NUMBER
1. KENNETH JOSHUA ESHOMONU ENG/107230276
2. MICHAEL RITA MERCY ENG/107230305
3. HASSAN ABDULMALIK ENG/107230040
4. MUHAMMED YUNUS ZAID ENG/107230227
5. ALEX FAVOUR ENG/107230382
6. NZEI DESTINY CHINEDU ENG/107230424
7. OLUWA TEMISAN FAME ENG/107230506
8. ODU MIRACLE EHICHIOYA ENG/107230180
9. JIMOH FAROUK BAMIDELE ENG/107230423
10. BUNUJU DANIEL ENG/107230371
11. AREGUAMEN CHRISTIANA ENG/107230050
12. EROMOSELE MICHAEL EHILLHOYA ENG/107230283
13. IDOOBE BRIGHT ENG/107230446
14. AZILU JACOB ENG/107220425
15 AMADIN MOSES ENG/107230598
16. AIMUAMWOSA PRECIOUS ETINOSA ENG/107230247
17. JOSEPH GEORGE ESHIOT ENG/107230266
18. EDAREFO. COLLINS ENG/107230487
19. ULUKWU EBENEZER EMEKA ENG/107230215
20. ABU SUMOILA ENG/107230042
21. SAMUEL COLLINS ENG/107230303
22. AGBOLUAI MATTHEW ENG/107230294
23. AKONWELE SAMUEL ENG/107230135
24. EMEKA CHINEDU JOHN ENG/107230035
25. OMOZE LUCKY AKPEMINOGNA ENG/107230260
26. INOBEMHE FAWAZ ENG/107230329
27.

28.

29.

30.
 INTRODUCTION
The word "Power" and "Authority" are closely related concept, there are
some difference between them but people often confuse power for
authority. According to Lain McLean in 1996, "Power is defined as the ability
to make people or things do what they would not otherwise have
done."Hanna (2003) "Power is defined as the ability to command others and
have obedience from them: It also the ability to punish or sanction those
who fail or refuse to obey the commandment of order"
Conversely, Authority is defined by Dare (200) as the form of power based
on the recognition that the person exercising the power has the right to do
so and the right is base on the accepted rules of the society. McLean (1996)
saw the authority as "the right or capacity or both to have proposals or
instructions accepted without recourse to persuasion, bargaining or force"
 THE TERM CONSTITUTED AUTHORITY
Authority refers to the power or right to exercise control or command over
others, make decisions, and enforce laws or rules. It involves the ability to
influence actions, opinions, or behavior of others through various means,
such as: legitimacy, persuasion, tradition.
Constitute means to give an official authority to a group of people or a
person who is now in the position to exercise that authority.
Constitution authority cam be defined as a person or organization that has
been officially given the power to make rules, enforce them, and take
actions when the subjects fail or refuse to obey.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN POWER AND AUTHORITY

1. Power refers to the ability to achieve a desired outcome or exert
influence while authority refers to the legitimate power granted to an
individual or institution
2. Authority is derived from a recognized source, such as law, tradition, or
social norms while power can be derived from various sources, such as
wealth, strength, knowledge, or charisma
3. Power may not necessarily be legitimate or recognized by others while
authority involves a recognized right to exercise influence or make decisions
4. Authority typically accompanied by a sense of responsibility and
accountability while power can be exercised through coercion,
manipulation, or persuasion

MAX WEBER CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUREAUCRACY

Max Weber's contributions to the development of bureaucracy include:
1. Defining bureaucracy as a distinct form of organization
2. Identifying key characteristics: hierarchical structure, division of labor,
impersonal relationships, merit-based appointments, and written rules and
procedures
3. Emphasizing efficiency, rationalization, and effectiveness
4. Developing the concept of the "ideal type" bureaucracy
5. Highlighting potential drawbacks, such as inefficiencies and
dehumanization
 CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL BUREAUCRACY AS POSTULATED BY MAX
WEBER
Max Weber's ideal bureaucracy is characterized by the following features:
1. Specialization and division of labour: This implies the sphere of
competence This therefore brings about division of labour.
2. Position arranged in hierarchy: A clear chain of command with well-
defined authority and responsibility, ensuring efficient decision-making and
accountability.
3. A system of abstract rules: Refers to a comprehensive and systematic
framework that governs the organization's operations.
4. Impersonal Relationship: Personal feelings and relationships are
separated from official duties, ensuring objectivity and fairness.
5. Employment is based on technical qualification: This means that hiring,
job assignments, promotions, and career advancement are determined by
an individual's technical expertise, skills, and knowledge.
6. Protection against arbitrary dismissal: This is the principle that
employees have job security and can only be terminated for legitimate
reasons, following established procedures
7. Resources allocation and control: Refers to the efficient and effective
management of resources.
8. Record keeping: refers to the systematic and thorough documentation of
all organizational activities, decisions, and transactions.
9. Salary and pension provisions: Salary and pension provisions are
designed to ensure that employees are compensated fairly and securely for
their work.
10. Career promotion: This is based on merit, seniority, and technical
expertise, ensuring that employees advance through the hierarchy based on
their abilities and contributions.

CRITIQUE OF BUREAUCRACY
The attempt to critique bureaucracy is a vital endeavor that seeks to
evaluate the limitations and drawbacks of bureaucratic systems. This
critique aims to expose the potential flaws and inefficiencies of
bureaucracies, including:
1. Inflexibility: Bureaucracies can be slow to adapt to changing
circumstances, hindering innovation and progress.
2. Inefficiency: Red tape and excessive regulations can lead to wastefulness
and slow decision-making.
3. Lack of accountability: Bureaucracies can obscure responsibility, making
it difficult to hold individuals accountable for their actions.
4. Disconnection from citizens: Bureaucracies can become detached from
the needs and concerns of those they serve.
5. Abuse of power: Concentration of power can lead to corruption and
exploitation.

ADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACY ORGANIZATION

Bureaucratic organizations offer several advantages, including:
1. Efficiency: Standardized processes and clear hierarchies enable efficient
decision-making and task execution.
2. Stability: Established rules and procedures ensure continuity and
stability, even in times of change.
3. Accountability: Clear lines of authority and responsibility promote
accountability and transparency.
4. Specialization: Division of labor and specialization lead to expertise and
improved performance.
5. Scalability: Bureaucratic structures can be scaled up or down to
accommodate growth or change.

DISADVANTAGES OF BUREAUCRACY
Bureaucratic organizations also have several disadvantages, including:
1. Inflexibility: Resistance to change and slow adaptation to new
circumstances.
2. Red tape: Excessive rules, regulations, and paperwork can hinder
decision-making and action.
3. Lack of innovation: Encourages conformity rather than creativity and
innovation.
4. Slow decision-making: Hierarchical structure can lead to delayed
decision-making.
5. Disconnection from clients: Bureaucracies can become detached from
the needs and concerns of those they serve.
6. Abuse of power: Concentration of power can lead to corruption and
exploitation.

BUREAUCRACY IS MORE INDISPENSABLE TO MAN

Bureaucracy is indeed indispensable to modern man, as it provides a
framework for organized governance, administration, and service delivery.
1. It provides a structured framework for governance and administration.
2. It ensures stability and continuity in government and public services.
3. It enables efficient management of large-scale organizations and
governments.
4. It promotes specialization and expertise in various fields.
5. It establishes standardized procedures for consistency and fairness.
6. It provides a system of accountability and transparency.
7. It facilitates coordination and communication across different
departments and agencies.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, power, constitute, authority, constituted authority, and
bureaucracy are interconnected concepts that form the foundation of
modern society's governance and administration, with power being a
fundamental aspect of human relationships, constitutions establishing the
framework for governance, authority being the legitimate power to make
decisions, constituted authority being the formal, institutionalized power
established by a constitution or laws, and bureaucracy being a necessary
instrument for implementing constituted authority, providing stability,
efficiency, and expertise, all of which must be balanced and held
accountable to ensure effective and responsive governance. By
understanding these concepts, we can work towards building a more just,
equitable, and prosperous society. By acknowledging the importance of
constituted authority and bureaucracy, we can work to improve their
limitations and harness their full potential to build a more efficient,
effective, and responsive society. Ultimately, a well-functioning bureaucracy
is essential for promoting the common good and enhancing the well-being
of citizens.