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feedforward questions

Uploaded by

Nicole Nicole
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Relate the structure of blood vessels to their role in circulation

a. The tunics of a typical blood vessel are the tunica intima, tunica media,
and tunica externa. The tunica intima is present in all blood vessels.

b. Elastic arteries, like the aorta, have more elastic fibers in their walls to
withstand and dampen pressure fluctuations. Muscular arteries, such as
the brachial artery, have a thicker layer of smooth muscle in their walls to
regulate blood flow to specific organs.

c. Arteries have thicker walls and more smooth muscle compared to veins,
which have thinner walls and less smooth muscle. Both arteries and veins
have an endothelial lining (tunica intima), but arteries have a thicker
tunica media compared to veins.

d. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, arterioles regulate blood flow
into capillary beds, capillaries allow for exchange of nutrients and waste
between blood and tissues, venules collect blood from capillary beds, and
veins carry blood back to the heart.

e. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure,
while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart at lower pressure.
Arteries have thicker walls and more elastic fibers to withstand high
pressure, while veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
f. The three structural types of capillaries are continuous (found in muscle
and nervous tissue), fenestrated (found in organs with rapid absorption or
filtration, like the kidneys), and sinusoidal (found in the liver and spleen,
allowing for larger molecules to pass through).

2. Explain how blood is distributed to organs and tissues

a. About 64% of blood is found in systemic veins, 13% in systemic


arteries, 9% in the heart, 7% in systemic capillaries, and 7% in pulmonary
vessels.

b. Blood flow is influenced by blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and


vessel length.

c. Blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length influence


blood flow by affecting resistance to blood flow. A smaller diameter or
increased viscosity increases resistance, while a larger diameter
decreases resistance.

d. Vessel diameter is controlled intrinsically by local factors such as


metabolic changes and extrinsically by neural and hormonal regulation.

3. Identify major blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic


circulations

a. The systemic circulation has arteries branching from the aorta, while
the pulmonary circulation has arteries branching from the pulmonary
trunk. Veins in the systemic circulation return blood to the superior and
inferior vena cava, while in the pulmonary circulation, veins return blood
to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

b. The major arteries include the aorta, brachiocephalic artery, common


carotid arteries, subclavian arteries, and common iliac arteries. The
accompanying veins include the superior and inferior vena cava, internal
jugular veins, subclavian veins, and common iliac veins. These arteries
and veins supply blood to various body regions and organs.

4. Explain the physiological principles underlying the circulation


of blood and the control and maintenance of blood pressure

a. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood
vessels. Blood flow is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel per
unit of time, and peripheral resistance is the resistance of blood flow due
to friction between blood and vessel walls.
b. Autoregulation of tissue blood flow refers to the ability of tissues to
regulate their own blood flow based on metabolic needs. It is important to
ensure that tissues receive adequate oxygen and nutrients.

c. The brachial artery is used to measure blood pressure because it is


accessible and its diameter is relatively constant.

d. Contraction of the ventricle increases blood pressure as blood is ejected


into the arteries.

e. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and


stethoscope.

f. Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood


pressure, while mean arterial pressure is the average pressure during one
cardiac cycle.

g. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure during ventricular contraction


(systole), while diastolic blood pressure is the pressure during ventricular
relaxation (diastole).

h. Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume all influence


blood pressure. An increase in any of these factors leads to an increase in
blood pressure.

i. Venous return is the rate of blood flow back to the heart from the
systemic circulation. Factors affecting venous return include skeletal
muscle pump, respiratory pump, and venoconstriction.

j. The baroreceptor reflex detects changes in blood pressure and triggers


adjustments in heart rate and vascular resistance to maintain blood
pressure within normal limits.

k. Short-term mechanisms include the baroreceptor reflex and


chemoreceptor reflex, while long-term mechanisms involve the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system and regulation of blood volume by the
kidneys.

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