FORCES AND ENERGY

3.1 Forces and motion

3.2 Speed
3.3 Describing movement
3.4 Turning forces
3.5 Pressure between solids
3.6 Pressure in liquids and gases
3.7 Particles on the move
1 What is the unit of force?
2 How are forces shown on diagrams?
3 One or more forces always act on any object on Earth. Is
this true?
What is a Force? (youtube.com)
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IF I WANT TO STRETCH THIS
SPRING WHAT FORCE DO I
NEED TO USE. ?

IF I WANT TO COMPRESS THIS

SPRING (MAKE IS SMALLER)
WHAT FORCE DO I NEED TO
USE ?
BALANCED FORCES (VERTICLE)

These two forces are balanced. This means the forces are equal in size
and opposite in direction.
HORIZONTAL FORCES (BALANCED FORCES)

The longer the arrow, the bigger the force. In balanced forces,the arrows
are the same length and point in opposite directions.
 UNBALANCED FORCE
A. STARTING TO MOVE
Force diagram.

The rock will move in the direction of the larger sideways force.

The rock will not move up or down- forces acting up and down are still balanced.
(85) BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES FOR KIDS WITH EXAMPLES | PHYSICS | SCIENCE - YOUTUBE

(86) BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES | MIGHTYOWL SCIENCE | 3RD GRADE - YOUTUBE
B. SLOWING DOWN
Unbalanced or unequal forces can also make moving
objects slow down. A parachute makes a falling object slow
down.
C. CHANGING DIRECTION
Tennis ball will change direction because of an unbalanced force
THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
The force of gravity on a planet is a constant, unbalanced force
SUMMARY

When forces are equal in size and opposite in direction, the forces are
balanced.
Balanced forces cause no change in movement.
When forces are not equal in size and/or act in directions that are not
opposite, the forces are unbalanced.
Unbalanced forces cause change in movement: speeding up, slowing
down or changing direction
Forces, motion and energy test questions - National 4 Physics - BBC Bitesize
SPEED BING VIDEOS
SPEED LIMITS
THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT UNITS OF SPEED

Ships - knots
Aeroplanes - Mach
Roads: Some countries - kilometres per hour
Roads: some countries - miles per hour

The standard unit for speed

Metres per second. (m/s)

AVERAGE SPEED IS SOMETIMES USED BECAUSE THE
SPEED OF AN OBJECT DURING A JOURNEY IS NOT
ALWAYS CONSTANT.
Formula Triangle
Calculating speed

A car has travelled 100m in 20 s, so how many metres does it

travel in each 1 s?
Speed= Distance/Time

Speed= 100 m / 20s

Speed = 5 m/s
A SHIP TRAVELS 2500 M IN 25S. WHAT IS THE SPEED OF THE
SHIP IN M/S ?

A BOY RUNS 1500 M WITH A SPEED OF 6 M/S. WHAT IS THE

TIME TAKEN ?
SPEED=DISTANCE/TIME
TIME = DISTANCE/SPEED
TIME= 1500 M/6 = 250S 4 MINUTES AND 10 SECONDS
MARCUS RIDES HIS BICYCLE AT A SPEED OF
4M/S FOR 60 S. HOW FAR DOES HE GO IN THIS
TIME?
SOFIA IS IN A CAR TRAVELLING AT A SPEED OF
35M/S. HOW LONG WILL THE CAR TAKE TO
TRAVEL 2100M?
AN AEROPLANE TRAVELS 2500 KM IN A TIME OF 5
HOURS. WHAT IS THE SPEED OF THE AEROPLANE IN
KM/H?
DESCRIBING MOVEMENT
DISTANCE–TIME GRAPHS
THIS IS A DISTANCE–TIME GRAPH. IT SHOWS THE JOURNEY
OF A CAR FROM A STARTING POSITION A TO A DESTINATION,
C. THE CAR THEN RETURNS TO ITS STARTING POSITION.
1. At the starting position, A, the object has travelled zero distance.
2.The car stops at B. It is stationary.
3. The car starts again and moves at a constant speed to its
destination, point C
4. From point C, the car travels at a constant speed back to the
starting position
TURNING FORCES

• Work in groups. Make a list of things, such as a door handle, that are
turned by forces.
• When you push down on a door handle, the handle turns.
• When you push down on the pedal of a bicycle, the pedal turns.
• When you pull on a door, the door turns toward you.
THE OBJECT THAT TURNS IS CALLED A LEVER. THE
POINT AROUND WHICH THE LEVER TURNS IS CALLED
THE PIVOT.
THE MOMENT
• Moments | Forces & Motion | Physics | FuseSchool (youtube.com)

• Remember: anything that turns when pushed or pulled uses moments.

the unit of moment is newton × metre, which is

written as newton metre or N m.
QUESTIONS
1. A pulling force of 35 N is needed to open a door. The distance from the door handle to the
door hinges (the pivot) is 0.8 m What is the moment caused by the pull on the door?

Moment = Force x Distance

= 35 N
x 0.8 m
…...........
…...........
28 N m
2.Look at this diagram. What is the moment caused by the
weight on the arm?
M=F x D

M= 20 x 0.25

M= 5 N m
BALANCING
A seesaw is a type of lever. People sit on either side of the pivot of a seesaw and
make the lever turn one way and then the other. A seesaw will be balanced when
the moments on both sides of the pivot are equal and opposite.
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What is a moment in physics?
A. The mass of an object
B. The turning effect of a force
C. The speed of an object
D. The distance an object travels
For a see-saw to balance, the anti-clockwise moment must equal the:
A. Weight
B. Mass
C. Clockwise moment
D. Distance
Which of the following is an example of a lever?
A. A wheel
B. A pulley
C. A see-saw
D. A spring

If a force of 10 N is applied at a distance of 2 meters from the pivot, what is the moment?
A. 5 Nm
B. 10 Nm
C. 20 Nm
D. 30 Nm
600 N 2m
Pressure between solids
THE PUSHING EFFECT OF A FORCE.

The knife works because the force used to push down on the clay causes
pressure on the clay.
• increase the force on the knife; as the force increases, the pressure
increases
• use a sharper knife (a sharp knife has less surface area in contact
with the clay); as the area decreases, the pressure increases.

• The unit of pressure is newtons per metre squared, or N/m2.

• If an object’s surface area is smaller, does it create more or less pressure?
• A) More
• B) Less
• C) The same
• What is pressure?
• A) The amount of force exerted on a surface
• B) The surface area of an object
• C) The weight of an object
• If you’re walking in snow, why would you wear boots instead of high
heels?
• A) Because boots have a higher surface area, making the pressure less and stopping you
from sinking.
• B) Because it’s more comfortable
• C) No, high heels are better

• What pressure does a 4000N horse exert on the ground if each foot is
10cm²?
• A) 400 Pa
• B) 40,000 Pa
• C) 4,000 Pa
• D) 200 Pa
• Which of these animals would probably cause the greatest pressure
on the ground?
• A) Elephant
• B) Human
• C) Cat

• A block of wood measuring 5 m long, 4 m wide, and 0.5 m

thick is placed on a table. Find the pressure exerted on the
table due to the block if the mass of the block is 4000 kg.
• A) 4000 Pa
• B) 2000 Pa
• C) 400 Pa
• A hammer is used to push a nail into wood. The area of the point at
the end of the nail is 1.5 mm2. The pressure needed for the nail to go
into the wood is 50 N/mm2 Calculate the force needed from the
hammer.?
PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS AND GASES

Observing the Effect of Water Pressure (youtube.com)

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THIS IS BECAUSE PRESSURE IN THE WATER INCREASES WITH DEPTH.

The wall is wider at the

bottom to make the wall
stronger where the pressure
from the water is greatest.
WHY PRESSURE INCREASES WITH DEPTH ?
• Deeper, there is more liquid above
• The weight of this liquid, caused by
gravity, pushes on the particles of the
liquid.
• When the particles of the liquid are
pushed, they move with more force.
• As the particles in a liquid are moving
randomly in all directions, then the
pressure in the liquid is equal in all
directions.
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PRESSURE IN GASES

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• THE AIR INSIDE THE TYRE IS AT LOW PRESSURE. THE PRESSURE IS NOT
ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE WEIGHT OF THE VEHICLE.

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IF MORE AIR IS PUT INSIDE THE TYRE, THE PRESSURE WILL INCREASE. MORE
COLLISIONS WILL HAPPEN WITH THE INSIDE WALLS OF THE TYRE, PUSHING THE
TYRE OUTWARD AND SUPPORTING THE VEHICLE.

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WHAT HAPPENS IN A BALLOON

blow air into the balloon ---adding more gas particles.

Particles in a gas move randomly and collide with the

walls of the container. The container is the balloon.

When gas particle collides ----particle exerts a small

force on the wall.

more particles --------more collisions -------more force on

the walls-----pressure---baloon becomes bigger.

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EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
metal container.

1. Pressure inside of the container = pressure on the

outside.

2. When air is pumped out, pressure inside 'close to

0 . The pressure on the outside not changed.

The container is crushed by the pressure of the air

outside the container.

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PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN GASES
Temperature increases ----Speed of the particles increases.

When particles are travelling faster, their collisions exert more

force-------- will increase the pressure of the gas.

High pressure can be used to cook food. (Pressure cooker)

How does a Pressure Cooker Work? - Science for Kids |

Educational Videos by Mocomi Kids (youtube.com)

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PARTICLES ON THE MOVE
• How can you smell food cooking when you are some
distance away from the food?

• When you pour orange juice into water, why does all
the water eventually turn orange?

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Mixing gases

In gas both the speed of the particles

and the direction of the particles are
random.

Diffusion Random movement of

particles from higher concentration
area to lower concentration area.

Concentration - number of particles in

a particular volume.

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Tap Closed High Concentraion of
High Concentraion of RED
BLUE Zero Concentration of
Zero Concentration of BLUE
RED

The tap is opened and the The tap is opened and

gases start to spread out the gases start to spread
(diffuse) out (diffuse)

After some time, the equal concentration

gases have completely
diffused. equal
concentration

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When food is heated, some particles in the food change state and become gas.
The gas particles from the food move randomly and so spread out through the air by diffusion. The
strength of the smell will get stronger as you move closer to the food.

This is because the concentration of the particles is higher, the closer you get to the source of the
particles. Many animals use this change in strength of smell to fi nd food.

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MIXING LIQUIDS
Particles in a liquid also
move at random.

The blue ink moves

from the area of high
concentration to the
areas of low
concentration, until it is
completely diffused
throughout the water.

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SPEED OF DIFFUSION
Diffusion and Temperature: Water & Pen ink & Vinegar
(youtube.com)

The difference in concentration of the particles

The bigger the difference in the concentrations of the particles, the faster the diffusion

Temperature
The higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion.
Higher temperature makes particles move faster, so the particles can spread out faster.

When you make a cup of tea, the tea diffuses through the water. It diffuses faster in hot
water than it does in cold water.

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