A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(S.I.W.E.S)
UNDERTAKEN AT:

EKITI STATE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME,

Behind fire service station, Ijesa-Isu road, IKOLE EKITI, EKITI STATE, NIGERIA.

PRESENTED BY:

CLEMENT MOSES CHIBUIKE

SLM/2018/1032
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIO RESOURCES ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OYE EKITI, [FUOYE]
FROM:
MAY 2023 TO SEPTEMBER 2023

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF

ENGINEERING (B.AGRIC) IN SOIL SCIENCE AND LAND
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
SEPTEMBER 2023.
1
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report which is a documentation of my industrial

training was compiled, written and edited by CLEMENT MOSES CHIBUIKE,
Matriculation Number SLM/2018/1032 of the department of Soil Science and
Land Resources Management, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, which was undertaken
at EKITI STATE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, behind fire service station,
Ijesa-isu road, Ikole Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Agric) in Soil Science and
Land Resources Management.

Student Name:

…………………………………………………….

Signature and Date

SIWES Coordinator:

…………………………………………………….

Signature and Date

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 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated foremost to God Almighty for his Unending Favor,
Mercy and Grace upon my life especially during my 5 months Industrial Training
Program at EKITI STATE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, IKOLE
EKITI.
I would also like to dedicate it to my parents for their utmost support and
love in person of MR & MRS clement and everyone else that contributed towards
making my Industrial training program a fun and successful one.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

All kudos to God Almighty, the giver of all wisdom, knowledge and understanding. To my parents
and siblings, I thank you all for your regular support in all areas.

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this program would be incomplete
without my mentioning the people who made it possible

"I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the director of Agriculture Development program Ikole
Ekiti(ADP) Mr. Aderedolu Z. Oluwadare, the Base Training Coordinator, for his invaluable guidance and
support throughout my siwes program. His expertise and dedication have been instrumental in shaping
my learning experience and enhancing my skills in the field of agriculture.

I would also like to extend my appreciation to the entire staff of the Agriculture Development Program
in Ikole Ekiti. Their warm welcome, cooperation, and willingness to share their knowledge have greatly
contributed to my professional growth during this program.

Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge and thank my Head of Department H.O.D Dr. Babalola, for his
continuous support and encouragement. His guidance and mentorship have been crucial in shaping my
academic and professional journey.

Lastly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all my amiable lecturers in the department. Their
dedication to teaching and commitment to my education have played a significant role in my
development as a student.

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 ABSTRACT

SIWES is an acronym for students industrial work Experience scheme. It is

designed to equip majorly the students with the necessary industrial experience
needed in their field of study. This industrial training report presents the
experience gathered during the 18 weeks of siwes undertake at Agricultural
development program Ikole Ekiti. This report discuses the technical skills gained
during the training period and justifying the relevance of the scheme in equipping
student with needed technical competence to thrive the real world.

The Agricultural Development Program in Ikole Ekiti is a comprehensive initiative

aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural practices and enhancing food security
in the region. This report provides an overview of the program's activities and
focuses on various aspects of agricultural development, including crop production
(specifically cassava cultivation yam cultivation ), livestock management,
agroforestry, oil palm nursery,cocoa seed nursery etc fish pond management,
and engineering department. Additionally, the report explores the role of
agriculture economics and extension in supporting the program's objectives. Most
importantly it describes the activities and experience gained during the period of
the training. It is also described the problem encountered during the training and
suggestion of solution for implement of the scheme.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE...............................................................................................................................i
CERTIFICATION......................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL TRAINING...........................................................1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.........................................................1
1.3 BENEFIT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.........................................................................2
1.4 HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION.............................................................................2
1.5 FUNCTIONS OF ADP.......................................................................................................3
1.6 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS in ADP................................................................................3
1.7 OBJECTIVES/POLICY OF ADP......................................................................................4
1.8 ORGANOGRAM OF THE ORGANIZATION[ADP].......................................................4
1.9 RELEVANCE OF PLACE OF ATTACHMENT TO SOIL SCIENCE AND LAND
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................6
2.1 IRRIGATION SYSTEM.....................................................................................................6
2.2 IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION....................................................................................6
2.3 TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS...............................................................................7
2.4 METHODS OF IRRIGATION.........................................................................................11
2.5 CALCULATIONS............................................................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................14
3.1 INTRODUCTIONS TO TRACTORS..............................................................................14
3.2 DEFINITION OF TRACTOR...........................................................................................14
3.3 TYPES OF TRACTORS...................................................................................................14

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 3.4 TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR......................................................................15
3.5 TRACTOR COMPONENTS & ANATOMY...................................................................16
3.6 TRACTOR POWER SOURCES.......................................................................................17
3.7 TRACTOR IMPLEMENTS & ATTACHMENTS............................................................18
3.8 TRACTOR USAGE IN AGRICULTURE........................................................................19
3.9 TRACTOR SAFETY PRECAUTIONS............................................................................20
3.10TRACTOR ROUTINE MAINTENANCE........................................................................20
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................21
4.1 POULTRY FARMING......................................................................................................21
4.2 SYSTEM OF POULTRY MANAGEMENT....................................................................22
4.3 POULTRY HOUSING......................................................................................................26
4.4 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CARRIED OUT ..........................................................27
4.5 DAILY ROUTINE PRACTICES CARRIED OUT..........................................................27
4.6 FEEDING...........................................................................................................................28
4.7 HEALTH CARE AND SANITATION..............................................................................28
CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………………………………….
5.0 CROP PRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….37
5.1 CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA)………………………………………………….37.
5.1.1 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: ……………………..…………………….………… 37
5.1.2 CULTIVATION: …………………………………………………………………….. 38
5.1.3 GROWTH AND HARVESTING: …………………………………………………… 40
5.1.4 NUTRITIONAL VALUE: ……………………………………………………………. 41
5.1.5 PROCESSING:………………………………………………………………………… 42
5.1.6 USES: ………………………………………………………………………………… 42
5.1.7 CHALLENGES AND CONCERNS: ………………………………………………… 43
5.1.8 CHEMICALS USED FOR CASSAVA ……………………………………………… 43
5.1.9 SOURCE OF CASSAVA STEM ……………………………………………………. 44
5.2 MAIZE (ZEA MAYS)…………………………………………………………………. 44
5.2.1 BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: ………………………………………………. 44
5.2.2 CULTIVATION: …………………………………………………………………….. 45
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5.2.3 VARIETIES: ………………………………………………………………………….. 46
5.2.4 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: …………………………………..…………….. 46
5.2.5 PESTS AND DISEASES:…………………………………………………………….. 46
5.3.2.6 FERTILIZATION…………………………………………………………………….46
5.3.2.7 WEED CONTROL……………………………………………………………………47
5.3.2.8 HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST HANDLING……………………………...……47
5.3.2.9 USES……………………………………………………………………………………47
5.3.2.10 NUTRITIONAL VALUE……………………………………………………………47

CHAPTER SIX............................................................................................................................48
6.1 EXPERIENCE GAINED:………………………………………………………………….48

6.2 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE:…………………………………………………...…….48

6.3 PROBLEM ENCOUNTED DURING SIWES:……………………………………………49
6.4 CONCLUSION:……………………………………..………………………………….....49
6.5 RECOMMENDATION:…………………………………………………………………..49
6.6 REFERENCE:……………………………………………………………………………50

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
According to Akerejola (2008), acquisition of practical skill is an antidote to meaningful
development in any society. Ochiagha (1995) also posits that practical knowledge is learning without
which mastery of an area of knowledge may be too difficult to achieve and that practical knowledge
involves developing skills through the use of tools or equipment to perform tasks that are related to a
field of study. The federal government of Nigeria introduced the Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) in tertiary institutions in 1974 to ensure acquisition of field practical knowledge and
skills by students before graduation. Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was
established by Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills in
preparation for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions.

The scheme exposes students to industry-based skills that are necessary for smooth transition from the
classroom to the world of work and it gives students opportunity to experience the theory that has been
taught in class in the practical sense of it. It affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of
being familiarized and exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which
are usually not available in the educational institutions. Participation in Industrial Training is a well-
known educational strategy. Classroom studies are integrated with learning through hands-on work
experiences in a field related to the student’s academic major and career goals. Successful internships
foster an experiential learning process that not only promotes career preparation but provides
opportunities for learners to develop skills necessary to become leaders in their chosen professions.

One of the primary goals of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is to help
students integrate leadership development into the experiential learning process. Students are expected
to learn and develop basic non-profit leadership skills through a mentoring relationship with innovative
non-profit leaders. By integrating leadership development activities into the Industrial Training
experience, we hope to encourage students to actively engage in non-profit management as a
professional career objective. However, the effectiveness of the Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) experience will have varying outcomes based upon the individual student, the work

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assignment, and the supervisor/mentor requirements. It is vital that each internship position description
includes specific, written learning objectives to ensure leadership skill development is incorporated.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

The aim of establishing Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is to enable students to have
genuine and enough practical working experience in their course of study.

The objectives of SIWES includes;

i. Provision of avenue for students to acquire industrial skills and experience during their course of
study.
ii. To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
iii. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machineries
that they may not be available in the universities.
iv. To make the transition from the university to the world of work easier and thus

1.3 BENEFIT OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

1. Industrial Training can make the students aware of the Industry Norms.
2. The students get to work in a real work environment which can help them in understanding how an
organization works.
3. It also helps them in knowing the latest happenings in the industry.
4. It helps the students in understanding and using the latest technologies.
5. Industrial Training can fetch them job offers from good companies.
6. The students can get certifications and recommendations from the company after completion of their
training program.

1.4 HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION

The ADP approach originated in Malawi, East Africa, to combat poverty by focusing on improved
technologies for food crops, enhanced agricultural extension, and better infrastructure. It employed a
well-structured organization with professional staff. This concept was introduced in Nigeria in 1974 with
the establishment of three initial enclave projects: Funtua, Gusau, and Gombe Agricultural Development
Programmes, located in the northern part of Nigeria. These projects showed success, leading the Federal
Government and the World Bank to replicate the model in other states, resulting in the expansion from
three to nine projects by 1980. One of these projects led to the creation of the Ekiti-State Agricultural
Development Programme.

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 My Eighteen (18) weeks student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was observed at
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IKOLE EKITI STATE located at zone 3 Ijesa Isu Road, Behind
Fire Service Station, Ikole-Ekiti. Where MR. AKEREDOLU OLUWADARE, is the Managing Director of the
organization at this zone. The ADP is saddled with the responsibility of extending new improved
agricultural technologies from the research institutes and the universities to the farmers in the nook and
crannies of the state so as to enhance their livelihood and increase their income. The ADP is currently
adopting the following methodologies to extend improved agricultural technologies to the farmers in
the state;

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  The farmers field school (FFS)
 Radio and television agricultural enlightment programme
 Extension bulletin and pamphlets
 Community driven development (CDD) approach
 Training and visit (T&V) extension

OUR VISION
The primary focus of the ADP is to improve the economic well-being of the poor resource small holder
farmers in the nooks and crannies of the state by exposing them to the new improved agricultural
Technologies from the Research institutes and Universities with the view to increase their production
and income. To ensure the medium and large-scale farmers benefit from the agricultural extension
packages of the ADP

OUR MANDATE
 To ensure prompt efficient and effective service delivery to our end users.
 To remain responsive to the demands and aspirations of the beneficiaries of our services.
 To ensure quality service in all aspect of our endeavor and interaction with our clients.
 To uphold firm principles of transparency, accountability and reliable service delivery.
 To abhor all external and internal impediments inimical to effective and efficient service
delivery.

1.5 FUNCTIONS OF ADP

i. Procedure, process and distribute improved varieties of seedlings to farmers.
ii. Improve fish production technology and livestock (poultry, sheep and goats) production
management through the establishment of demonstration and skill/acquisition centers.
iii. Assist in the provision of portable water and the development of irrigation agriculture.
iv. Development of agro-processing facilities to enhance produce preservation and storage.
v. Provide liaison services to facilitate credit assistance to small scale farmers.

1.6 VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS in ADP

a. Agroforestry
b. Engineering/technical department
c. Extension service department
d. Administration department
e. Research and crop department Poultry department

12
13
1.7 OBJECTIVES/POLICY OF ADP
•To ensure prompt efficient and effective service delivery to our end users.
• To remain responsive to the demands and aspiration to the beneficiary of our services.
• To ensure quality service in all aspects of our endeavor and interaction with our clients.
• To uphold firm principles of transparency, accountability and reliable service delivery.
service delivery.
• To abhor all external and internal impediments inimical to effective and efficient

1.8 ORGANOGRAM OF THE ORGANIZATION [ADP]

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1.9 RELEVANCE OF PLACE OF ATTACHMENT TO SOIL SCIENCE AND
LAND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

The Agricultural Development Program (ADP) is highly relevant to Soil science and land resources
management. ADP focuses on improving agricultural productivity and sustainability, which directly
involves understanding and managing soil health and land resources. ADP provides resources, training,
and support to farmers and agricultural professionals, including soil scientists and land resource
managers. Through ADP, these professionals can access information on soil fertility, soil conservation
practices, and land management techniques. This knowledge and support from ADP can greatly
contribute to the effective management and utilization of soil and land resources in agriculture.

The AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (ADP) has undertaken numerous projects yearly,
these projects ranges from increasing food production in 1972, irrigation construction, raising the
income of small-scale farmers etc. The ADP has worked to improve agriculture and rural development
through irrigation, control of river pollution and also to assist farmers in processing food.

15
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 IRRIGATION SYSTEM

In agriculture, the artificial application of water to land. Some land requires irrigation before it is
possible to use it for any agricultural production. In other places, Irrigation in agriculture is largely used
to supplement rainfall and boost output.

Irrigation water can come from groundwater (extracted from springs or by using wells), from surface
water (withdrawn from rivers, lakes or reservoirs) or from non-conventional sources like treated
wastewater, desalinated water, drainage water, or fog collection. A special form of irrigation using
surface water is spate irrigation, also called floodwater harvesting. In case of a flood (spate), water is
diverted to normally dry river beds (wades) using a network of dams, gates and channels and spread
over large areas. The moisture stored in the soil will be used thereafter to grow crops. Spate irrigation
areas are in particular located in semi-arid or arid, mountainous regions. While floodwater harvesting
belongs to the accepted irrigation methods, rainwater harvesting is usually not considered as a form of
irrigation. Rainwater harvesting is the collection of runoff water from roofs or unused land and the
concentration of this.

Irrigation's major objective is to provide plants the right amount of water at the right time. The entire
growth process, including seedbed preparation, germination, root growth, nutrient consumption, plant
growth and regrowth, yield, and quality, will be influenced by good watering. Systems for irrigating
plants are referred to as irrigation systems.

2.2 IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION

The importance of irrigation can be explained in the following points:

1. Insufficient and uncertain rainfall adversely affects agriculture. Droughts and famines are caused due
to low rainfall. Irrigation helps to increase productivity even in low rainfall.

2. The productivity on irrigated land is higher as compared to the un-irrigated land.

3. Irrigation has helped to bring most of the fallow land under cultivation.

4. Irrigation has stabilized the output and yield levels.

5. Irrigation increases the availability of water supply, which in turn increases the income of the farmers.

16
6. Multiple cropping is not possible in India because the rainy season is specific in most of the regions.
However, the climate supports cultivation throughout the year. Irrigation facilities make it possible to
grow more than one crop in most of the areas of the country.

2.3 TYPES OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

A variety of irrigation techniques are used to increase crop productivity. These irrigation techniques are
used in accordance with various soil types, climatic conditions, crop varieties, and resource availability.
Farmers typically use the following forms of irrigation:

1. Surface Irrigation

2. Sprinkler Irrigation

3. Drip or trickle Irrigation

4. Subsurface Irrigation

SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Surface irrigation is one of the types of irrigation and to distribute water these types of irrigation rely on
gravity flow these types of irrigation are most commonly used to deliver water to the fields and are well
suited to mild or regular slopes.

Surface Irrigation System

In soil with fine texture surface irrigation works best and it requires plenty of groundwater and an
adequate workforce since it operates without the use of advanced technology under surface irrigation,
there are several methods such as;

17
BASIN IRRIGATION

This is a type of surface irrigation in which the water crops of flat land are called basins and it involves
flooding a flat area with water to avoid the flow of water to nearby fields the bunds help in this. This
irrigation serves crops such as rice that is in flat areas.

FURROW IRRIGATION

Furrow irrigation involves the construction of parallel channels which are called furrows and by gravity
that allows the water to flow to the rest of the field. For row crops this method is suitable.

BORDER IRRIGATION

Border irrigation waters land structured as long strips with bunds separating these sloping strips and
through siphons or gates water flows to these borders and this irrigation is used for large forms.

ADVANTAGES OF SURFACE IRRIGATION

There are the following advantages of surface irrigation such as;

1. It can be used in small pieces of land and does not require advanced machinery or technology that’s
why it is cost-effective.

2. In soil, its minimum filtration rate makes leaching of salts.

3. It is not affected by heavy rainfall and makes good use of rainwater.

DISADVANTAGES OF SURFACE IRRIGATION

There are also some disadvantages of surface irrigation such as;

1. Draining excess water from basins is difficult.

2. Crops can be covered by water over long periods due to the soil’s texture and infiltration rate.

3. Surface irrigation requires an only level and flat land.

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

By use of permanently or temporarily set tools sprinkler irrigation involves spraying crops with water
and in this type, water is pumped through pipes and sprinkled on crops like raindrops. For both small
and large farms sprinklers are effective and suitable for any slope. Sprinkler irrigations are also the most
common type of irrigation.

Sprinkler irrigation can irrigate any field crop and row crop and this irrigation are fit for most types of
soil such as the soil with high infiltration and there are two main categories of sprinklers which are called
spray sprinkler and rotor sprinkler.

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sprinkler irrigation system
Like shower nozzle spray head sprinkles water and depending on the size and structure of the farm
sprinkler nozzle have different patterns while rotor sprinklers consist of sprinklers that spin or rotate
when watering the area and on the market rotor nozzles are the latest and most popular sprinklers. By
the size of water droplets, the operating pressure and the nozzle are also determined and large drops
should be avoided as they can damage the crops.

ADVANTAGES OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

There are the following advantages of sprinkler irrigation such as;

1. For any slope this irrigation is convenient and land leaving is not necessary.

2. Operating sprinklers are easy.

3. A skilled person is not required.

4. Improves the quality and quantity of farms and conserves water.

DISADVANTAGES OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

There are also some disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation such as;

1. This type of irrigation is expensive.

2. By high temperatures and strong winds, water distribution is affected.

3. Sprinkler irrigation consumes a lot of energy for the work.

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DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Drip irrigation is sometimes referred to as trickling irrigation. In contrast to surface and sprinkler
irrigation, which includes watering the entire soil profile, water is supplied near to the plants so that just
the area of soil where the roots develop is moist. It drips water into the soil at very low rates (2-20
liters/hour) using a system of small diameter plastic pipes equipped with outlets known as emitters or
drippers. When compared to other approaches, drip irrigation uses water applications more frequently
(typically every 1-3 days), which creates a very favorable high moisture level in the soil where plants can

thrive.

Drip irrigation system

ADVANTAGES OF DRIP IRRIGATION
There are following advantages of drip irrigation such as;

1. Chances of weed growing are low and to each crop, water is directly applied.

2. Drip irrigation boosts seed and yield germination.

3. For fertilizer applications, it is very convenient.

4. This irrigation saves water.

DISADVANTAGES OF DRIP IRRIGATION

There are also some disadvantages such as;

1. Drip irrigation system set-up is very expensive.

2. Regular cleaning of the pipes is required since emitters are prone to blockage.

3. In water management areas, it requires skilled persons.

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SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
From below the ground, subsurface irrigation is done such as pipes placed beneath the soil surface
supply water to the roots of plants, and depending on how deep the water table lies there are various
methods used for this irrigation and this is one of the types of irrigation. In subsurface irrigation tillage
methods are a significant factor and this irrigation is suitable for windy and dry areas to avoid blockage
in the pipes water should be filtered.

Subsurface irrigation system

On any farmable slope subsurface irrigation can be set up to water any crop and these types of irrigation
are used mostly on high-value crops such as vegetables, etc.

ADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION

There are the following advantages of subsurface irrigation such as;

1.Evaporation saves water and minimizes water loss.

2.This irrigation allows crops to improve yield and grow uniformly.

3.It is not labor-intensive.

DISADVANTAGES OF SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION

Maintaining and setting up this system is expensive.

This irrigation system is easily damaged by cars, tractors, and machines.

In the root of the pipe, hairs can block the drippers.

2.4 METHODS OF IRRIGATION

1. Traditional Methods of Irrigation

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In this method, irrigation is done manually. Here, a farmer pulls out water from wells or canals by
himself or using cattle and carries to farming fields. This method can vary in different regions.

The main advantage of this method is that it is cheap. But its efficiency is poor because of the uneven
distribution of water. Also, the chances of water loss are very high.

Some examples of the traditional system are pulley system, lever system, chain pump. Among these, the
pump system is the most common and used widely.

2. Modern Methods of Irrigation

The modern method compensates the disadvantages of traditional methods and thus helps in the
proper way of water usage.

The modern method involves two systems:

i. Sprinkler system as its name suggests, sprinkles water over the crop and helps in an even
distribution of water. This method is much advisable in areas facing water scarcity.

Here a pump is connected to pipes which generate pressure and water is sprinkled through nozzles of
pipes.

ii. Drip System In the drip system, water supply is done drop by drop exactly at roots using a hose
or pipe. This method can also be used in regions where water availability is less.

2.5 CALCULATION
HOW TO CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF ACRES COVERED BY A CENTER PIVOT IRRIGATOR THAT
HAS A LENGTH OF 1560 FEET USING THE FORMULAR
NB: π =3.14159

Where:
= Area in acres

= Pivot length in ft

= pi or 3.14159
Area = (3.14159) x (1560 x 1560)
_____________________
43560

Area = 175 acres

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HOW TO CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF ACRES COVERED BY A CENTER PIVOT USING THE
FORMULAR

R = Wetted radius in feet including end gun

System length =900ft

End gun wetted distance = 100ft

Wetted Radius (R) = 900+100 = 1000ft

Areas Irrigated = (3.14159) x (1000 x 1000)

____________________
43560

Area irrigated = 72 acres.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO TRACTOR

The introduction of tractor vehicles (tractorisation) into agriculture has grossly increased
engineering involvement in agriculture and hence the choice of equipment acquisition, hazards
prevention programme and increased maintenance activities. In today’s agricultural industry, system
automation and remote sensing applications with guided technologies are now being employed in the
field of agricultural production. The introduction of mechanical power and advanced technologies into
agricultural production system has revolutionized this age-long industry.

Agricultural tractors operate in a poor and most unpleasant environment, and as such must be
adequately maintained in order to effectively perform their desired functions. As a result, maintenance
and repair programme has become inevitable. The serviceability and reliability of any machine in
performing its desired function depends so much on how much of the maintenance practices that are
observed in operating such machine.

3.2 DEFINITION OF TRACTOR

Tractors are traction machines designed primarily to supply power to agricultural implements and
farmstead equipment. A tractor is a self-powered work vehicle, designed for pulling or pushing special
machinery or heavy loads over land. The agricultural tractor is a vehicle for off-road and on-road
operation, being able to carry, guide, pull and drive implements or machines – moving or stationary –
and to pull trailers. Tractors are widely used in agriculture, building construction, road construction, and
for specialized service in industrial plants, railway freight stations, and docks

In agriculture, tractors are commonly used for tasks such as plowing fields, planting crops, cultivating
soil, and towing equipment like plows, harrows, and harvesters. They play a fundamental role in modern
farming by increasing efficiency and productivity. Tractors can be powered by various sources, including
gasoline, diesel fuel, electricity, or even alternative fuels, depending on their intended use and
environmental considerations.

3.3 TYPES OF TRACTORS

*Agricultural Tractors
*Industrial Tractors
*Garden Tractors
*Utility Tractors
*Specialty Tractors
*Construction Tractors
*Lawn & Garden Tractor

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3.4 TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS
Subcompact Tractors: Small, lightweight tractors often used for gardening and landscaping tasks on
small plots of land.

Compact Tractors: Versatile tractors suitable for small to medium-sized farms and landscaping
applications.

Utility Tractors: Larger and more powerful tractors used for a wide range of agricultural tasks, including
plowing, planting, and hauling.

Row Crop Tractors: Designed for row-crop farming, these tractors have adjustable wheel widths to
navigate between crop rows.

25
Articulated Tractors: Tractors with a jointed or articulated design that allows for better maneuverability,
especially in tight spaces.

Specialty Tractors: Tailored for specific agricultural needs, such as orchard tractors for fruit tree farming
or vineyard tractors for grape cultivation.

3.5 TRACTOR COMPONENTS & ANATOMY

Tractors are complex machines with various components that work together to perform a wide
range of tasks. Here is an overview of the key components and anatomy of a typical tractor:

1) Engine and Powertrain:

Engine: The heart of the tractor, typically powered by diesel fuel but can also be gasoline or electric. The
engine generates the power necessary to drive the tractor's wheels and operate various attachments.
Transmission: Transmits power from the engine to the wheels. Tractors often have multiple gears,
allowing operators to select the appropriate speed and torque for the task.

2) Wheels and Tires:

Wheels: Tractors can have two-wheel (rear-wheel drive) or four-wheel (all-wheel drive) configurations,
depending on the type and purpose of the tractor.
Tires: Tractor tires vary in size and tread pattern, with specialized designs for specific applications like
agricultural, construction, or off-road use.

3) Implements and Attachments:

Three-Point Hitch: A hydraulic linkage system at the rear of the tractor that allows for the attachment of
various implements like plows, cultivators, and mowers.
Front-End Loader: An attachment that mounts to the front of the tractor for lifting and moving
materials.

26
PTO (Power Take-Off): A shaft that extends from the rear of the tractor to power external equipment,
such as a baler or generator.

4) Operator's Cabin:
Seat: The driver's seat, equipped with controls and a comfortable seating arrangement.
Controls: Various levers, pedals, and switches for operating the tractor's functions, including steering,
throttle, and hydraulics.
Instrument Panel: Displays vital information about the tractor's performance, such as engine speed, fuel
level, and temperature.
Rollover Protection Structure (ROPS): A safety feature that protects the operator in case of a rollover
accident.

5) Hydraulic Systems:
Hydraulic Pump: Generates hydraulic pressure to operate implements and attachments.
Hydraulic Cylinders: Convert hydraulic pressure into mechanical force, allowing for the lifting and
lowering of implements.

6) Steering and Controls:

Steering Wheel: Allows the operator to control the direction of the tractor.
Brakes: Enable the tractor to stop safely.
Throttle: Adjusts the engine's speed and power output.
Clutch: Engages and disengages the power from the engine to the transmission

3.6 TRACTOR POWER SOURCES

Tractors can be powered by various sources, depending on their type and intended use. Here are
the common power sources for tractors:

Internal Combustion Engines:

Diesel Engines: Diesel engines are the most common power source for agricultural and many
construction tractors. They are known for their durability, fuel efficiency, and high torque output,
making them well-suited for heavy-duty tasks.
Gasoline Engines: Some smaller tractors, particularly those used in lawn and garden applications, are
powered by gasoline engines. Gasoline engines tend to be quieter but may have less torque compared
to diesel engines.

Electric Power:
Electric Tractors: Electric tractors are becoming more popular, especially for smaller applications and
where emissions need to be minimized. Electric tractors are quieter, produce no emissions at the point
of use, and can be recharged using various methods, including grid electricity and renewable sources.

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Hybrid Power Systems:
Diesel-Electric Hybrids: These tractors combine a diesel engine with an electric motor and battery
system. They provide increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions by using the electric motor during
lower load operations.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrids: In some cases, tractors are powered by hydrogen fuel cells, which produce
electricity by combining hydrogen with oxygen. These tractors are known for their clean operation,
emitting only water vapor as a byproduct.

Natural Gas:
Natural Gas Engines: Tractors can also be powered by natural gas, which is considered a cleaner-burning
alternative to diesel or gasoline. Compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be
used as fuel.

Biodiesel and Biofuels:

Biodiesel: Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking
grease. Some tractors are designed to run on biodiesel blends, offering a more environmentally friendly
option.

Propane:
Propane Engines: Propane is another alternative fuel source for tractors. Propane-powered tractors
produce fewer emissions compared to diesel or gasoline engines and can be a cleaner choice for certain
applications

3.7 TRACTOR IMPLEMENTS & ATTACHMENTS

Tractor implements and attachments are tools that can be connected to a tractor to perform
various tasks and functions. Here are some common tractor implements and attachments:

Moldboard Plow: Used for turning over and breaking up soil for planting.

Drag Harrow: Used for leveling and smoothing the soil surface.

Rotary Harrow: Breaks up clods and incorporates organic matter into the soil.

Row Crop Cultivator: Removes weeds and aerates soil between rows of crops.

Field Cultivator: Prepares seedbeds, controls weeds, and incorporates fertilizers.

Seed Drill: Sows seeds in rows with precise spacing.

No-Till Planter: Plants seeds without disturbing existing vegetation or soil.

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Rotary Mower: Cuts grass, weeds, and light brush in large areas.

Sickle Bar Mower: Ideal for cutting tall grass and hay.

Round Baler: Compacts cut grass or straw into round bales for storage or transport.

Square Baler: Produces square or rectangular bales for easy stacking.

Front-End Loader: Equipped with a bucket for lifting and moving materials.

Pallet Forks: Used for lifting and transporting pallets and other loads.

Backhoe Attachment: Digs trenches, excavates, and performs other digging tasks.

Disc Harrow: Breaks up soil clumps and prepares the seedbed.

Chisel Plow: Loosens compacted soil and incorporates organic matter.

Boom Sprayer: Sprays herbicides, pesticides, or fertilizers over large areas.

Mounted Sprayer: Smaller sprayers for precision application.

Auger Attachment: Drills holes for fencing, planting trees, or setting posts.

Trencher Attachment: Digs trenches for utilities, irrigation, or drainage.

Three-Point Hitch: Allows for easy attachment of various implements.

Drawbar Hitch: Used for towing trailers and other equipment.

3.8 TRACTOR USAGE IN AGRICULTURE

 Field Preparation: Tractors till, plow, and harrow soil to create ideal planting conditions.

 Planting and Seeding: They use specialized equipment to sow seeds evenly.

 Crop Cultivation: Tractors with cultivators manage weeds and improve soil aeration.

 Fertilization: They distribute fertilizers and nutrients for optimal crop growth.

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  Irrigation: Tractors power irrigation systems, ensuring consistent moisture levels.

 Harvesting: Tractors pull harvesters to efficiently gather crops.

 Transportation: They move harvested crops and materials to storage or transport.

 Livestock Management: Tractors assist in feeding and manure management.

 Soil Conservation: Tractors help implement soil conservation practices.

 Environmental Care: They can be adapted for sustainable farming practices.

 Labor Efficiency: Tractors boost productivity, reducing manual labor

3.9 TRACTOR SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

 Ensure that tractors are equipped with ROPS, which are structures designed to protect the
operator in case of a rollover accident.
 Reduce speed and maintain stability by driving up and down slopes rather than across them.
 Properly attach implements and equipment to the tractor, ensuring they are securely fastened
and in good condition
 Do not allow passengers or riders on the tractor unless it is specifically designed and equipped
for multiple occupants
 Check brakes, lights, tires, and other critical components routinely to identify and address any
issues promptly

3.10 TRACTOR ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

 Regularly change the engine oil, hydraulic fluid, and other necessary fluids as recommended by
the manufacturer
 Clean or replace the air filter as needed to ensure the engine receives clean air for combustion.
 Check the tires for proper inflation and wear. Underinflated or damaged tires can affect traction
and stability
 Inspect the brakes for wear and tear. Adjust or replace brake components as necessary to
maintain effective braking performance.
 Lubricate all moving parts and pivot points, including joints and bearings, with the appropriate
grease.

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 CHAPTER 4

4.1 POULTRY FARMING

According to agriculture diary, poultry refers to a wide range of birds of various species. It applies to
them generally alive or dressed that is killed and prepared for sales. It involves chickens, turkeys, ducks,
guinea fowl, pigeons, peacock and birds. Most of them may be classified based on the basis of utility,
economic value or purpose and this may include meat type, Egg type, dual purpose, game, ornamental
etc.
The practice of raising domesticated birds, such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese, for their
meat or eggs, is known as poultry farming. Agriculture Diary defines poultry as a broad category of birds
of different types. It involves birds, including peacocks, pigeons, chickens, turkeys, ducks, and guinea
hens.
The layer birds kept in the poultry division of ADP are primarily raised for their meat and eggs. Layer
hens are renowned for producing large quantities of high-quality eggs and meat. Battery cages are used
in the poultry portion of the Agricultural Development Program in Ekiti to house the birds. Daily regular
procedures and the care of the poultry bird were carried out during my attachment term. With lectures
and practical demonstration of these activities, I was able to gain more knowledge on the birds’
management practices and also the production practices.

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 A POULTRY CHICKEN

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4.2 SYSTEMS OF POULTRY MANAGEMENT
There are three systems of poultry management. The system of management defines the extents to
which birds are exposed to sunshine, pasture and housing pattern. These are

INTENSIVE SYSTEM

SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM

EXTENSIVE SYSTEM

INTENSIVE SYSTEM
These are the system by which the birds are totally confirmed in a particular housing unit. Their
movements are restricted to a limited. But all the necessary essential requirement are provided for
effectiveness.

These are done to avoid card wastage and promote proper planning and management.

This system is divided into two forms:

i. The battery cage system

ii. Deep litter system

Battery Cage System

In this technique, birds are maintained in specific cages inside of sizable, regulated environments with
access to food and water. They either land on the floor or in the belt below (falling). Depending on
whether method is chosen, these excretes are eliminated manually or automatically. Landed eggs are

collected by

rolling them gently into a cradle.

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Advantages of Battery Cage System
1. Wastage of feed is restricted

2. Birds consume feeds they are for lipid growth and development

3. It gives room for adequate and accurate record keeping

4. Unproductive, sick birds are easily identified and culled

5. Easy management

6. Labor can be conserved

Disadvantages of Battery Cage System

1. It is capital intensive

2. It is not suitable for broiler production

3. They may be incidence of cage fatigue due to continuesrestricted movement.

Deep Litter System

This is a system whereby birds are housed in a single large building with their materials such as wood
sharing; saw dust etc. This floor which contains the litter material provides protection for the birds from
cold and excessive heat, because of it insulating property. However, the litters are usually change
occasionally depending on the nature, so as to prevent disease outbreak and pest.

Advantages of Deep Litter System

1. it’s suitable for all stages and classes of poultry

2. They are free movement of the birds

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3. It is most suitable for broiler production and breeding

Disadvantages of Deep Litter System

1. There is rapid increase of vice outbreak

2. Difficulty in culling productive sick birds

3. Feed wastage is witnessed

SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM
This system involves the combination of intensive and extensive system in marriage merit of birds. They
are provided with housing, it is suitable force areas where land supply is limited and it requires some
forms of pasture management. Their buildings are made up of wood and are raised above the ground
with wire netting on the floor to permit easy dropping of faces. A good example of the semi-extensive
system is the fold unit system.

Advantages of Semi-Intensive System

1. The birds have access to natural vegetation which providesvitamins and minerals

2. There is protection against adverse weather condition

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3. Labor is not needed for locking up the birds at night

Disadvantages of Semi-Intensive System

1. There is a high cost per house when compared with the rangesystem

2. It leads to low egg production

3. It also leads to high cost of feeding the birds

EXTENSIVE SYSTEM
Under this system, the domestic fowls are allowed to roam about in search of food and water. There is
not proper housing, care and feeding for these birds. Unlimited grassland is available to the birds. The
capital investment is small and the bird’s population per hectare of land is minimal and production is
usually very low. The use of technology is also limited. Example of the extensive system of rearing
poultry is the free-range system.

Advantages of Extensive System

1. Initial capital requirement is small

2. The labor involved is also very small

3. It minimizes the incidence of ectoparasites

Disadvantages of Extensive System

1. There is lack of land because it requires large area and so, not good for commercial purpose

2. It also requires large labor force to collect eggs

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3. Economic losses through predators, thieves and laying of eggs in the bush.

The poultry unit of the farm comprise of a poultry farms which contain two (2) different pens house and
a brooder house.

4.3 POULTRY HOUSING

Poultry housing are constructed so as to meet the environmental condition of the birds. The body
temperature of the birds varies from 40.6°C-41.8°C. When this is altered, it will lead to mortality of some
border. A good housing system is provided for the birds for maximum output.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POULTRY HOUSING

a. The house is made up of concrete, roof of asbestos, floor of Concrete

b. The housing should be on a flat land to avoid erosion and excess sunlight

C. The birds should be in pens

d. The walls are about 3.4ft on the sides for easy ventilation and the remaining covered with expanded
metals, nets, which prevent the interest of insects, rat, lizard etc.

e. They are nylon at side of the walls and door for control measure during brooding

REASONS FOR GOOD HOUSING IN POULTRY

Poultry needs good housing because of the following reasons:

i. This is to protect birds against adverse weather condition

ii. It is also to protect birds against disease's attack

iii. It assists to keep birds against groups for proper management

iv. It protects birds from thieves

V. It protects birds from attack by wild animals, dangerous reptiles like snakes and from hawks

vi. Housing enhances maximum production bird

vii. Good housing helps to increase the efficiency of feeding and feed utilization

Viii. It facilitates management and veterinary care

4.4 MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CARRIED OUT

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Adequate management of the layers leads to maximum egg production while diseases, parasites and
mortality are reduced. Poultry vices like cannibalism, egg eating, fighting etc. can also be minimized.
The birds were fed with the layer’s mash after 5% egg production. Birds begin laying at the 5th month of
age (20-23weeks). The size of egg depends on the breed, size of layer, age at sexual maturity, quality and
quantity of feed and adequacy of management. Feeding them with layers’ mash before the onset of laying
was usually unnecessary and wasteful. Feeding space of 10-12.5cm/layer was provided on long feeders.
Eggs were collected at least a day on the floor to prevent breakage in the process of laying or deliberate
cracking and drinking of eggs. Some of the routine management practices carried out in this section
include:
1. Dipping of the foot to avoid disease infection
2. General inspection of all the birds
3. Cleaning and disinfecting of the house
4. Washing of the water and feeding troughs
5. Picking of eggs
6. Feeding and providing water for the birds
7. Arrangement of the eggs collected in crates
8. Storing them in the store

4.5 DAILY ROUTINE PRACTICES CARRIED OUT

Some of the Daily routine practices carried out at the farm include;
i. Cleaning of the poultry cage and farm surroundings: this is done to help prevent diseases and
contamination in the farm house. Leaving the birds’ environment unclean can lead to infection
which in return can kill the birds.
ii. Cleaning of most of the Implements used on the farm: Proper hygiene and sanitation will help
prevent infection and spread of diseases. Cleaning the implements used on farm helps prevent
spread of diseases and contaminations.
iii. Supply of feed and water: Layer mash are supplied to the birds thrice daily. This helps keep the
birds filled and in weight. Reduction in feed quantity can affect egg quality and quantity and even
also the bird weight. Water is also given adequately to the birds to help keep them hydrated.

iv. Supply of detergent and water to the foot basin right outside the poultry pen: The foot basin is
one important component of a farm house. It is a small cement or plastic bowl like, placed outside
a farm house. People and farm visitors wash their leg in the basin before entering into the poultry
house. This helps keep contamination out of the farm house. Detergents and water are added
every day to help prevent transfer of germs.

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 v. Picking of eggs from the cage: Egg collection is done thrice in a day also. Eggs are packed to help
prevent pecking and theft. Depending on the egg sizes, eggs are separated and distributed into
small, medium and large crates. The collected eggs are moved to the area where they are tagged
and sold to the general public.
vi. Recording of the quantity of eggs collected per collection time: Egg count is one important
process as it Helps reduces theft and also keep records of bird performance over time.

4.6 FEEDING

All categories of poultry birds require balanced diet for proper growth and development. Their ration is
enriched with proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Cold and clean water is kept in the
drinkers while the feeds are kept in the feeders for the birds.
Feeding of the chicks: The feed given to the chicks is called chick's mash which contains high protein
of about 18% to promote the rapid growth of the chicks. The feeds are provided "Al-libitum" which
means: the feeds are always in the feeder for the chicks to eat.
Feeding of the layer: The feed given to the layers is called layer's mash. This is also high protein (16%)
for proper growth and egg formation. In addition, the diet or mash is high in bone meal or oyster shell
which provides calcium and phosphorus for the formation of the egg shell. Lack of these minerals results
in cracking of the egg or soft-shelled eggs.

4.7 HEALTH CARE AND SANITATION

For proper growth and production of the birds, high level of health and sanitation must be maintained
from day old chick till maturity of the birds. Administration of drugs, vaccination and sanitation must be
carried out. The vaccination program of the poultry is being design by each farm based on the prevalent
environmental condition of the area in particular.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

CROP PRODUCTION

Crop production refers to the process of growing plants for food, fiber, or other purposes. It involves
various activities such as preparing the soil, planting seeds or seedlings, providing proper nutrition and
water, managing pests and diseases, and harvesting the crops when they are ready. Crop production
plays a crucial role in providing food for human consumption and is an essential part of agriculture.

5.1 CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta)

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a starchy root crop that is widely grown in tropical and subtropical
regions. It is a staple food for millions of people in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Cassava is known for
its ability to tolerate drought and poor soil conditions, making it an important crop in areas with limited
resources. The roots of the cassava plant are rich in carbohydrates and can be processed into various
food products such as flour, starch, and tapioca. Additionally, cassava leaves can also be consumed as a
vegetable.

5.1.1 Botanical Description:

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a woody perennial plant known for its starchy root, which serves as a
major source of food for many people in tropical and subtropical regions. Here is a botanical description
of the cassava plant:

a. Growth Habit:

Cassava is a shrub or small tree with a bushy appearance. It typically reaches a height of 2 to 4 meters,
but it can grow taller under favorable conditions.

b. Leaves:

Cassava leaves are palmately lobed, typically with five to seven lobes radiating from a central point,
resembling the shape of a human hand. The leaves are arranged alternately on the stems.

The leaves are dark green and vary in size, with mature leaves being larger and broader.

c. Stem:

The stem of cassava is woody and often has a smooth, grayish or brownish bark.

The stem contains a white latex, which is a natural defense mechanism against pests.

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 d. Roots: The primary edible part of cassava is its tuberous root. The root is elongated,
tapered, and covered in a brown, rough, and sometimes woody skin.

The root’s flesh is typically white, but there are also yellow and pink varieties. Cassava roots can vary in
size, with some reaching lengths of over a foot and weighing several pounds.

e. Flowers:

Cassava produces unisexual flowers, which means individual plants typically have either male or female
flowers. The flowers are often small, with five petals, and they are usually white or greenish-yellow.

f. Fruit:

Cassava produces capsule-like fruits that contain seeds. However, these seeds are rarely used for
propagation in modern cassava cultivation.

g. Root Development:

Cassava roots develop as storage organs to store energy and nutrients. They grow underground and are
the primary source of carbohydrates.

h. Varieties:

There are many different cassava varieties, some of which have been bred for specific culinary or
industrial purposes. These varieties may exhibit variations in root size, color, and culinary qualities.

Cassava is a hardy and drought-resistant plant that is well-suited to tropical and subtropical
environments. It is grown primarily for its starchy roots, which can be processed into various food
products, including cassava flour, tapioca, and various traditional dishes. Proper processing is essential
to remove cyanogenic compounds that can make cassava toxic if not prepared correctly.

5.1.2 CULTIVATION:
1. Land Selection:

Choose a site with well-drained soil, as cassava is sensitive to waterlogged conditions. The soil should be
sandy loam or loamy for optimal growth.

2. Land Preparation:

Clear the land of weeds, rocks, and debris.

Plow or till the soil to create a loose seedbed that promotes root development.

Incorporate organic matter or compost to improve soil fertility.

3. Planting:

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Cassava is typically propagated from stem cuttings rather than seeds. Cuttings should be about 20-30 cm
(8-12 inches) long and taken from healthy, disease-free plants.

Plant the cuttings at a slant or horizontally in rows or mounds to a depth of about 5-10 cm (2-4 inches).

Adequate spacing between rows and plants is essential to allow for root development and good airflow.
A typical spacing might be around 1-1.5 meters between rows and 0.75-1 meter between plants within a
row.

4. Weed Management:

Regularly weed the cassava field to minimize competition for nutrients, water, and sunlight.

Mulching can also be used to reduce weed growth.

5. Fertilization:

Cassava is not a heavy feeder, but it benefits from balanced fertilizer applications. Apply a complete N-P-
K (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) fertilizer based on soil test results or general recommendations.

6. Irrigation:

Cassava is relatively drought-tolerant but benefits from irrigation during dry periods, especially during
the early growth stages and root formation.

7. Pest and Disease Control:

Monitor the crop for pests and diseases. Common cassava pests include mealybugs and spider mites,
while diseases like cassava mosaic virus can impact the crop.

Integrated pest management practices and disease-resistant varieties can help mitigate these issues.

1. Harvesting:

Cassava can be harvested 8-24 months after planting, depending on the variety and intended use.

For the best root quality and yield, cassava is typically harvested when the leaves start to fall and the
root starch content is highest. The leaves can serve as animal fodder.

Roots are dug out carefully to avoid damage and can be stored in the ground for some time, as they
have a relatively long shelf life.

2. Post-Harvest Handling:

After harvesting, cassava roots need to be processed or used promptly, as they perish quickly once
removed from the ground.

Proper processing techniques, such as peeling, boiling, and drying, are essential to remove cyanogenic
compounds and make cassava safe for consumption.

Cassava is a versatile crop used for a wide range of culinary and industrial purposes. Proper cassava
cultivation and post-harvest practices are essential to ensure food safety and high-quality cassava
products.

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5.1.3 GROWTH AND HARVESTING
Cassava is a tropical root crop that is primarily grown for its starchy tuberous roots. The growth of
cassava starts with planting stem cuttings in well-prepared soil. The stem cuttings are usually about 20-
30 centimeters long and contain several nodes. These cuttings are planted in rows or ridges, with a
spacing of about 1-1.5 meters between plants.

Once planted, cassava requires regular watering, especially during dry periods. It is also important to
control weeds around the cassava plants to ensure optimal growth. Cassava plants typically take about
8-12 months to reach maturity, although this can vary depending on the variety and growing conditions.

Harvesting cassava is usually done when the roots have reached their full size and the leaves start to
turn yellow. To harvest cassava, the plants are uprooted carefully, and the tuberous roots are separated
from the stems. The roots are then cleaned and can be stored for later use or processed into various
products.

It’s important to note that cassava can be toxic if not properly processed. The roots contain cyanogenic
glucosides, which can release cyanide when consumed. Therefore, it is crucial to follow proper
processing methods such as peeling, soaking, and cooking to remove the toxins before consuming
cassava.

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5.1.4 NUTRITION VALUE:
Cassava is a good source of energy as it is rich in carbohydrates. It also contains some essential vitamins
and minerals, although the nutrient content can vary depending on the variety and how it is prepared.

Cassava is a good source of vitamin C, which is important for immune function and collagen production.
It also contains small amounts of B vitamins, such as thiamine (vitamin B1) and folate (vitamin B9),
which are important for energy metabolism and cell division.

In terms of minerals, cassava is a good source of potassium, which is important for maintaining proper
fluid balance and blood pressure. It also contains small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and
phosphorus, which are important for bone health.

However, it’s important to note that cassava is relatively low in protein and lacks certain essential amino
acids. Therefore, it is often consumed alongside other protein-rich foods to ensure a balanced diet.

5.1.5 PROCESSING
1. Harvesting: Start by harvesting mature cassava roots from the field. Look for roots that are fully
grown and have a good starch content.

2. Cleaning: Remove any dirt, debris, or outer skin from the cassava roots. Rinse them thoroughly
with clean water.
3. Peeling: Use a knife or a cassava peeler to remove the outer brown skin of the cassava roots.
Make sure to remove all the skin to avoid any bitter taste.
4. Grating: Grate the peeled cassava roots using a grater or a mechanical grating machine. This will
help break down the roots into smaller pieces.
5. Pressing: Place the grated cassava into a clean sack or a cheesecloth. Squeeze out the liquid
from the grated cassava by pressing it firmly. This process helps remove excess moisture.
6. Fermentation: Transfer the squeezed cassava into a container or a plastic bag and allow it to
ferment for a few days. This fermentation process helps reduce the cyanide content in cassava
and improves its flavor.
7. Drying: Spread the fermented cassava on a clean surface or a drying rack to dry under the sun.
Alternatively, you can use a mechanical dryer if available. Ensure that the cassava is completely
dry before proceeding to the next step.
8. Milling: Once the cassava is dry, use a milling machine or a mortar and pestle to grind it into a
fine powder. This powder is commonly known as cassava flour.
9. Sieving: Pass the cassava flour through a fine sieve to remove any lumps or impurities. This will
result in a smooth and uniform cassava flour.
10. Packaging: Finally, package the cassava flour in airtight containers or bags to maintain its
freshness and prevent moisture absorption.

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5.1.6 USES
Cassava has a wide range of uses. Here are some common uses of cassava:

1. Food: Cassava can be cooked and consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. It can
be boiled, steamed, fried, or roasted. It is used to make various dishes such as cassava fufu,
cassava bread, cassava chips, and cassava cake.
2. Flour: Cassava flour is a versatile ingredient that can be used in baking and cooking. It is gluten-
free and can be used as a substitute for wheat flour in recipes. It is commonly used to make
bread, cakes, cookies, and other baked goods.
3. Starch: Cassava starch, also known as tapioca starch, is extracted from cassava roots and is used
as a thickening agent in food products. It is commonly used in soups, sauces, puddings, and
other food preparations.
4. Animal feed: Cassava leaves and stems can be used as animal feed, particularly for livestock such
as pigs and poultry. They are rich in nutrients and can provide a source of protein and energy for
animals.
5. Industrial uses: Cassava starch is also used in various industrial applications such as
papermaking, textile sizing, adhesive production, and bioethanol production.
6. Traditional medicine: In some cultures, cassava is used for its medicinal properties. It is believed
to have various health benefits and is used to treat ailments such as diarrhea, fever, and skin
infections.

These are just a few examples of the uses of cassava. Its versatility and nutritional value make it an
important crop in many parts of the world.

5.1.7 CHALLENGES AND CONCERNS

The challenges and concerns of cassava cultivation can vary depending on the specific context and
region. However, some common challenges include:

1. Pests and diseases: Cassava is susceptible to various pests and diseases, such as cassava mosaic
disease, cassava brown streak disease, and mealybugs. These can significantly reduce crop yields
and quality.
2. Climate change: Cassava is sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall patterns. Extreme
weather events, such as droughts or floods, can negatively impact cassava production.
3. Lack of improved varieties: The availability of high-yielding and disease-resistant cassava
varieties is limited in some areas. This can hinder farmers’ ability to maximize their yields and
adapt to changing conditions.
4. Post-harvest losses: Cassava has a short shelf life and is prone to spoilage if not properly
processed and stored. Inadequate post-harvest handling and storage facilities can lead to
significant losses.
5. Market access and value addition: Limited access to markets and low-value addition
opportunities can affect the profitability of cassava farming. Lack of infrastructure and
processing facilities can restrict farmers’ ability to add value to their cassava products.

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5.1.8 CHEMICALS USED FOR CASSAVA
Chemicals are sometimes used in cassava cultivation for various purposes. Some common chemicals
used in cassava farming include:

1. Herbicides: Herbicides are used to control weeds that compete with cassava for nutrients,
water, and sunlight. They help to maintain a weed-free environment, which can improve
cassava yields.
2. Insecticides: Insecticides are used to control pests that attack cassava, such as mealybugs,
whiteflies, and aphids. These pests can cause significant damage to cassava plants and reduce
yields.
3. Fungicides: Fungicides are used to control fungal diseases that affect cassava, such as cassava
mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease. These diseases can cause leaf yellowing,
stunted growth, and reduced tuber yields.

5.1.9 SOURCES OF CASSAVA STEM

The source of cassava stem is the cassava plant itself. Cassava stems are obtained by cutting the
mature stems of the cassava plant and using them for propagation.

5.2. Maize (Zea mays)

is a type of cereal grain that is widely cultivated for its edible seeds. It is commonly known as corn in
some regions. Maize is a staple food crop in many parts of the world and is used for various purposes
such as human consumption, animal feed, and industrial applications. It is a versatile crop that can be
grown in a wide range of climates and soil conditions.

5.3 Botanical Characteristics:

The botanical characteristics of maize (Zea mays) include tall, grass-like plants with long, narrow leaves.
The plants typically have a single main stem with multiple branches. Maize plants produce both male
and female flowers on separate parts of the plant. The male flowers, called tassels, are located at the
top of the plant, while the female flowers, called ears, are located lower down on the plant. The ears
contain the kernels, which are the edible seeds of the maize plant. Maize plants can vary in height, color,
and other physical characteristics depending on the variety.

5.3.2.2 Cultivation:
Maize cultivation refers to the process of growing maize plants for the purpose of harvesting their edible
seeds. It involves several steps, including land preparation, planting, fertilizing, watering, and pest
control.

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First, the land needs to be prepared by clearing any existing vegetation and tilling the soil to create a
suitable seedbed. This helps to loosen the soil and remove any weeds or debris that may hinder the
growth of the maize plants.

Next, the maize seeds are planted in rows or hills, depending on the preferred planting method. The
seeds are typically sown at a specific depth and spacing to ensure proper growth and development.

Once the seeds are planted, it is important to provide adequate water and nutrients to support their
growth. This may involve regular watering, especially during dry periods, and the application of
fertilizers to provide essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Throughout the cultivation process, it is also important to monitor and control pests and diseases that
may affect the maize plants. This can be done through the use of pesticides or other pest management
strategies.

As the maize plants grow, they will produce tassels and ears. The tassels contain the male flowers, which
release pollen to fertilize the female flowers on the ears. The ears then develop and mature, producing
the edible kernels.

Finally, when the maize plants have reached maturity, the ears can be harvested by hand or using
machinery. The kernels can be used for various purposes, such as human consumption, animal feed, or
processing into other maize products.

Overall, maize cultivation requires careful attention to soil preparation, planting, watering, fertilizing,
pest control, and harvesting to ensure a successful crop yield.

5.3.2.3 Varieties:
Maize varieties refer to the different types or breeds of maize plants that have been developed through
selective breeding or genetic modification. These varieties can have different characteristics such as
yield potential, disease resistance, maturity time, and nutritional content. Farmers often choose specific
maize varieties based on their specific needs and growing conditions.

Some examples of maize varieties include Dent corn, Flint corn, Sweet corn, Popcorn, and Flour corn.
Dent corn is the most widely grown variety and is used for animal feed and industrial purposes. Flint
corn has hard kernels and is often used for making cornmeal and tortillas. Sweet corn is bred for its high
sugar content and is commonly consumed as a vegetable. Popcorn is a variety that pops when heated
and is enjoyed as a snack. Flour corn has soft kernels and is used for making corn flour and cornmeal.
These are just a few examples, and there are many more maize varieties available.

5.3.2.4 Growth and Development:

Maize growth and development refers to the various stages and processes that a maize plant goes
through from seed germination to maturity. It involves the physical growth of the plant, including the
development of roots, stems, leaves, tassels, and ears. Maize growth and development are influenced
by factors such as temperature, sunlight, water availability, soil fertility, and genetics. The growth and

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development of maize plants can be divided into several stages, including germination, vegetative
growth, reproductive growth, and grain filling. During these stages, the plant undergoes changes in
height, leaf production, tassel and ear development, and ultimately the formation and maturation of
maize kernels.

5.3.2.5 Pests and Diseases:

Maize pests and diseases refer to the various insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other organisms that
can cause harm or damage to maize plants. Some common maize pests include corn borers,
armyworms, aphids, and cutworms. As for diseases, maize can be affected by fungal diseases like gray
leaf spot, southern corn leaf blight, and stalk rot, as well as viral diseases like maize dwarf mosaic virus
and maize streak virus. It’s important for farmers to be aware of these pests and diseases in order to
take appropriate measures to protect their maize crops.

5.3.2.6 Fertilization:
Maize fertilization refers to the process of applying fertilizers to maize plants or the soil in order to
provide the necessary nutrients for optimal growth and development. This involves determining the
nutrient requirements of the maize crop, selecting the appropriate type and amount of fertilizer, and
applying it at the right time and in the right manner. Fertilization helps to replenish nutrient levels in the
soil, promote healthy plant growth, increase yields, and improve overall crop quality. It is an important
aspect of maize cultivation to ensure the plants have access to the nutrients they need for optimal
productivity.

5.3.2.7 Weed Control:

Maize weed control refers to the methods and practices used to manage and eliminate weeds that
compete with maize plants for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Weeds can significantly reduce maize
yields if left uncontrolled. Common weed control methods for maize include mechanical methods like
hand weeding or using tools like hoes or cultivators to physically remove weeds. Chemical methods,
such as herbicides, can also be used to selectively kill or suppress weeds while minimizing damage to the
maize plants. Integrated weed management approaches, which combine different control methods, are
often recommended to effectively manage weeds and minimize the development of herbicide
resistance. Proper weed control is important to ensure the healthy growth and productivity of maize
crops.

5.3.2.8 Harvest and Post-Harvest Handling:

Maize harvest refers to the process of gathering mature maize crops from the field. Post-harvest
handling, on the other hand, involves the activities that take place after the maize has been harvested,
such as drying, cleaning, storing, and processing the maize to ensure its quality and prevent spoilage.

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5.3.2.9 Uses:
Maize has various uses. It can be consumed as a staple food, used as animal feed, processed into various
food products such as cornmeal, cornflour, and corn oil, and even used in the production of ethanol for
fuel. Additionally, maize can also be used in the manufacturing of industrial products such as bioplastics
and biofuels.

5.3.2.10 Nutritional Value:

Maize has a moderate nutritional value and is a good source of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and protein.
It also contains various vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin B6, folate, magnesium, and
phosphorus. However, it is important to note that the nutritional value of maize can vary depending on
factors such as the variety, processing methods, and cooking techniques used.

CHAPTER SIX

6.1 EXPERIENCE GAINED

Experiences gained during the course of the training program includes:
 COMMUNICATION SKILL: The field of practice is a place that requires good communication
skills, for acquisition of relevant knowledge, skills and to coordinate activities on the site. My
communication was improved with time while getting used to site activities, and having to bridge
the gap between the contractor and the supervision team sides respectively.

 TEAM WORK: Team work is very important in construction field, the ability to work with
others efficiently is important if a task is to be completed effectively. I was able to improve on
my team work skill while working with other IT students in carrying out activities, learning, and
solving problems.

 MANAGERIAL SKILL: Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to

accomplish an organizational goal or mission. I was taught how to manage the site, coordinate
activities and manage workers. I was placed in-charge of minor activities, with that I was able to
improve my leadership skill, effectively manage human resources, work with work plan and
control working time and amount of work done by each worker.

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6.2 THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
 How to raise seedlings and the routine management

 I practicalized different techniques and approach to crop production

 Mode of operating Drip irrigation system

 Interpretation of drawings such as A drip irrigation drawing & Tractor drawing

 Bar bending, positioning and tying according to specified drawings.

 The effectiveness of media in extension programmes

 Learned various construction machines and their uses.

 I was able to enhance my report writing skill.

6.3 PROBLEM ENCOUNTED DURING SIWES

1. ADPs have been put into operation in Nigeria without significant agricultural technology and
available supply of production input related to the level of technology to be applied. The
scarcity of input like improved seeds, fertilizers and other agro-chemical poses a great
limitation to production practices and adoption effort of farmer.
2. The extension process been largely U.S. Invention have been carried into Nigeria inform and
pattern and adopted without adequate modification to accommodate cultural norms and
physical human resources of the country.
3. Lack of qualified well-trained staff to establish creditability of farmers at levels necessary to
influence change behavior related to modern agricultural practices and without adequate
administrative
4. Lack of adequate co - ordination with research and training centers.
5. Inadequate incentives

6.4 CONCLUSION

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme has been of great resource to me, it has
broadened my knowledge and widened my scope and added more to my interest in the course of
study. It has also helped me to improve my understanding about lives Agriculture and bio

50
resources Engineering and work etiquettes which has prepared me for future challenges. It has
opened my eyes to the challenges and realities of life outside the university environment. It is
therefore a commendable scheme.

6.5 RECOMMENDATION
 I recommend that more skilled and professional workers should be employed to handle the
technical and production aspect of the farm. Also, the road in the farm premises is bad; the
management should repair the road for better transportation.

 The University should assist in linking up students with organizations whose activities are well
related to student’s course of study as securing proper placement has been a problem to most
students.

 Also, I suggest ITF should liaise with some companies where they will take up students for
industrial training. This will help students who find it difficult to find attachments or who end up
in companies where they do nothing.

 Allowances should be paid to students during their programme just like NYSC and not after.
These would help them a great deal to handle some financial problems during their training
course

6.6 REFERENCE

FARMTRACTORSYSTEMS_22-06-2013_Academia

troellEcyclopedia2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
275642331_Farm_Tractor_Systems_Operations_and_Maintenance

https://www.academia.edu/3848891/Farm_Tractor_Systems

https://www.asabe.org

https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W871.pdf

https://www.academia.edu/43806750/INTRODUCTION_TO_POULTRY_FARMING

https://ncwd.org.ng/

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https://dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Excerpts%20of%20Poultry%20Farmn%20Manual.pdf

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