History|Nationalism in India

Nationalism in India

Growth of Anti-colonial movement Non-cooperation movement

First world war (Truce period)

Coming of Mahatma Gandhi Civil Disobedience movement

New phase of Indian National Movement ● Participants

● Agenda
● limitations

➔ The sense of collective Belongingness

History|Nationalism in India
Increase in defence expenditure, war loan
and increased taxes, Prices of goods doubled,
The first World War Resentment
forced recruitment, crop failure and influenza
epidemic.

● Resentment among masses Nationalist force intensified Opportunity for nationwide

● Mahatma Gandhi (Satyagraha) movement ( Proposed NCM in
Further Events sept 1920 )
[Rowlatt Act , Jallianwala Bagh Incident
(The idea of truth and Non Non-cooperation Movement
Khilafat movement (1919)(Hindu+Muslim)]
Violence, Champaran, Kheda (Nagpur, Dec 1920)
Ahmedabad)

Why Non- Cooperation ?

● Gandhi ji - British rule in india is because of the cooperation of Indians.

● How it could be a movement?

History|Nationalism in India
Differing strands within the movement (NCM began in 1921)

Countryside

Town Peasants Tribals Plantation

- Boycott of schools, colleges, - Baba Ramchandra - Gudem Hills of A.P. - Their own notion of Swaraj.
services and election and - Nai-Dhobi Bandh. - Story of Alluri Sitaram Raju. - Inland Emigration Act of 1859.
foreign products. - Oudh-Kisan Sabha - His idea - Boycott of plantation fields.
- Exception : Justice party. Limitations Limitations - Violence - Idea of ‘Swatantra Bharat’
Limitations Violence [House of
- Expensive Khadi talukdars were attacked]
- No alternative indigenous
institutions.
 MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Who among the following led the peasant movement in Bardoli in 1928 ?

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

a. Baba Ramchandra

b. Jawaharlal Nehru

c. Subhash Chandra Bose

d. Vallabhbhai Patel

History|Nationalism in India
Towards Civil Disobedience

Non cooperation movement

(Jan 1921 - Feb 1922) ? Civil Disobedience movement
(April 1930 - March 1931)

● Swaraj party (C.R Das, Motilal Nehru argued to participate in council election.)
● Economic depression (Fall in agriculture prices, countryside was in turmoil)
● Simon commission (No Indian member, “Go Back Simon”)

Offer of ‘Dominion status’ X ‘Purna swaraj’ (J.L Nehru,Subhas Chandra Bose at Lahore session 1929)

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Choose the correct option, related to the founders of the ‘Swaraj Party' within the Congress.

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/2]

a. Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru

b. Acharya Kripalani and Jayaprakash Narayan

c. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru

d. Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel

 History|Nationalism in India
Salt March and the Civil disobedience movement

● On 31 Jan 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to viceroy Irwin stating eleven

demands.(Including abolition of salt tax)
● Lord Irwin was unwilling to negotiate X Gandhiji started salt March
(24 days, 240 miles, 6 April reached Dandi Coast)

Beginning of civil disobedience movement

NCM V/S CDM → People were asked to refuse cooperation as well as break colonial laws.
(Breaking of salt, foreign cloth were boycotted, peasants refuse to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes)

● Assesting of leaders ஃ CDM was called off

Gandhi - Irwin pact was signed on 5
Reaction of colonial (Abdul Ghaffar khan) March 1931 , II round table Conference
government
● Brutal repression - Violence

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Which one of the following pairs regarding Indian nationalism is correctly matched?
Leaders Contribution
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

a. Sardar Patel : Hindustan Socialist Republican Army

b. Bhagat Singh : Swaraj Party

c. C.R. Das : Bardoli Satyagraha

d. Jawaharlal Nehru : Oudh Kisan Sabha

History|Nationalism in India
How participants saw the movement
Countryside Women Towns and Cities

Rich Peasant Poor peasant - Large scale Merchant and Industrialist Workers
- They were not in a - Lower revenue participation. - For expanding their - Not participated in
position to pay demands. - Participated in business, they reacted large number.
revenue demanded by - Tenants wanted land protest marches, against colonial policies that - Industrialist came
government. rent paid to the manufactured salts restricted business. closer, workers stayed
- Government also landlords to be and picketed - Formation of Indian aloof.
refused to reduce reduced or remitted. foreign cloth and Industrialist and - Still Gandhian idea
revenue. - Often joined radical liquor shops. commercial congress, 1920 dominated among
∴ Rich peasant were movement. - Services to nation - FICCI, 1927. some.
enthusiastic supporter - Congress was as a sacred duty of - Participation was led by - Reluctance of
of civil disobedience unwilling to support women. Purshottamdas Thakurdas congress to support
movement. ‘no rent’ campaigns. and G.D. Birla. worker.
- Later development. Upliftment Aspirations and Concerns
 MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Identify the appropriate reason from the following options, for the non-participation of industrial workers in
the Civil Disobedience Movement.
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

a. Industrialists were close to the Congress

b. British offered them good salaries

c. They were reluctant towards the boycott of foreign goods

d. Growth of Socialism

History|Nationalism in India
The limitations of Civil Disobedience

Caste Issues Religious Issues

Untouchables VS Sanatanis Hindu VS Muslims

● Viewpoint of congress. ● Congress came to be visibly associated openly with
● Gandhiji → Untouchable as ‘Harijans’. Hindu religious nationalist.
● Harijans began demanding reserve ● Muslim league.
seats, separate electorate. ● Religious processions with militant fervour provoking
Hindu-Muslim communal clashes.

Individual Level
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar VS Mahatma Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah VS M.R. Jayakar
➔ Organised dalits into depressed classes association. ➔ Failed negotiation over the demand of reserved
➔ Demanded separate electorates for dalits. seats in central assembly and representation in
➔ Gandhiji's opposition Poona Pact, September 1932. Bengal and Punjab province.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Arrange the following events of Indian National Movement in chronological order and choose the correct
option. 1
I. Formation of Swaraj Party
II. Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress
III. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
IV. Formation of Depressed Class Association

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

a. II, III, I and IV

b. I, III, II and IV

c. I, II, IV and III

d. IV, III, II and I

 History|Nationalism in India
The Sense of Collective Belonging

Achieved partly through the united struggles and partly through cultural processes.

❖ History, fiction, folklore and songs popular prints and symbols all played a part in making of nationalism.

❖ India came to be visualised with image of Bharat mata. Vande Mataram was written as a hymn to the
motherland by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

❖ Movement to revive Indian Folklore.

Contribution of Rabindranath Tagore, Natesa Sastri [The folklore of Southern India]

❖ Use of Icons and symbols to unify people. → Flag

❖ Reinterpretation of History → To infuse confidence [Glorious time and development].

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Who among the following wrote the Vande Mataram ?

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

a. Rabindranath Tagore

b. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

c. Abindranath Tagore

d. Dwarkanath Tagore

Key Words History|Nationalism in India

Satyagraha : Gandhi's method of movement and protest based Begar: Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without
on truth and non-violence. It says that if the cause was true, if any payment.
the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not
necessary to fight the oppressor Satyagrahi needs to appeal to Nai Dhobi Bandhs: Form of protest organised by
the conscience of the oppressor. Panchayats to deprive landlords of the basis services of
barber and washermen.

Rowlatt Act: Passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in Guerrilla Warfare : It is irregular military actions carried
1919. According to this act, the political prisoners could be
out by small usually independent forces.
detained in prison for two years without any trial.

Swaraj Party : A party formed by C.R. Das and Motilal

Boycott: he refusal to deal and associate with people or Nehru within the congress to argue for a return to
participate in activities or buy and use things, usually a form of
council politics and have power in the government.
protest.

Simon Commission : A statutory commission constituted

Picketed : A form of demonstration or protest by which people under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of
block the entrance to a shop, factory or office. constitutional system in India but the committee didn’t
have any Indian member.
 Key Words History|Nationalism in India

Dominion Status : It refers to semi-autonomous country Poona Pact: It was an agreement signed between
within the British empire that is also called British Mahatma Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar which
commonwealth countries. Where the locals would run the resolved the differences between them over the
government but under the domination of the imperial separate electorate for dalits. This pact gave the
power. depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and
central legislative council but the voting was to be
done by the general electorate.
Salt March: The famous march of Mahatma Gandhi
against the tax on salt and the government monopoly
over its production. This marked the beginning of the Swadeshi Flag: Designed during the Swadeshi
Civil Disobedience movement. movement in Bengal. A tricolour flag (Red, green
and yellow). It had eight lotuses representing eight
provinces of British India and a crescent moon
Gandhi-Irwin Pact: The Pact signed between Mahatma representing Hindus and Muslims.
Gandhi and lord Irwin. It was decided that Mahatma
Gandhi will participate in second round table Swaraj Flag: Gandhiji designed a Swaraj flag in 1921. It
conference in London and in lieu the British government was a tricolour flag (Red, green and white) and had a
agrees to free political prisoners and Civil disobedience spinning wheel in the centre representing the gandhian
movement will come to an end. ideal of self-help.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political
situations of India.

● Increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans.

● Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
● Increased prices of essential commodities led to extreme hardship for the
common people.

● Forced recruitment of villagers into armies caused widespread anger

among them.
● Crop failure and influenza epidemic.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Gandhi's idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to
search for truth. In the light of this statement assess the contribution of
Gandhiji towards Satyagraha.

● If the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary
to fight the oppressor.
● One can win the oppressor even by appealing to the consequences.
● Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
This was experimented in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.
 MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

What was Rowlatt Act? How did the Indians show their disapproval towards
this Act?

● Rowlatt Act was an oppressive act introduced by the British Government in

1919. It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities
and allowed detention of political person without trial for two years.

➔ Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway

workshops and shops were closed down.
➔ British administration suppressed the nationalists.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Why did the Non Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in towns and
cities?

● Khadi clothes were very costly and beyond the of the poor.
● Boycott of daily use products was also not possible because of lack of
swadeshi industries.
● Boycott of foreign institutions too could not continue for long. There were
no alternative institutions to fill the gap.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

“The Plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma

Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj”. Support the statement with arguments.

● The idea of freely moving in and out of the confined space.

● Thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the tea garden and
headed home.
● They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given
land in their own villages.
 MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.

● They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.

● They came in huge numbers of support Gandhiji and his followers.
● They launched ‘no rent’ campaign but it was not supported by the Congress.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.

● Made huge profit and became powerful. (Purshottamdas Thakur and GD Birla)
● Wanted protection against the imports of foreign goods.
● Gave financial assistance and refused to buy and sell imported goods.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation

Movement. Support the statement with example.

Non Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement

● Movement associated with withdrawing ● Cooperation was withdrawn and along with this
cooperation from British raj. authorities were disobeyed also.
● Launched in 1921 after the Nagpur session. ● Launched in 1930 after salt March.
● Due to Khalifat issues, Muslim community ● The growing proximity of the Congress party and
participated in Non cooperation Hindu mahasabha prevented the muslims to
movement on large scale. participate in Civil Disobedience Movement.
● In this movement women did not ● Large scale participation of women is one of the
participate in large scale. most significant features of the Civil Disobedience
● The Non cooperation movement was Movement.
withdrawn by Gandhiji due to violent ● The Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn
incident at Chauri Chaura. in 1931, when Gandhiji signed Gandhi Irwin Pact.
 MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside.

● In Awadh, Baba Ramchandra organised peasants’ movement against the

oppression of the landlords and talukdars. They even formed the Oudh Kisan
Sabha.
● Nai - dhobi bandhs were organised.
● Houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked.( sanctioned under the name
of Gandhi)
● Alluri Sitaram Raju led the tribal movement. Tribals demanded their traditional
rights over forests.
● The tribals used violence in their struggle against the colonial laws.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

Indian national movement is characterised with a truce period between the

Non Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain
the events taking place in this time period

● Swaraj party by the CR Das and Motilal Nehru for a return to council politics.
● World wide economic depression and Fall in the agricultural prices.
● Simon commission arrived in India.
● Opposition to simon commission - ‘ Go back Simon commission’.
● ‘Purna swaraj’ resolution at the Lahore session of 1929.

MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

How did the Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of
the country? Explain with examples.

● The rich peasants in countryside organised themselves, for them the fight
for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
● Poor peasants in countryside wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to
be remitted.
● Industrialist in the towns wanted protection against import of foreign
goods and gave financial assistance to CDM.
● Workers participated in the movement on a smaller scale.
● Women in both rural and urban areas participate in the CDM.
 MuST Know Question History|Nationalism in India

How had a variety of culture processes developed a sense of collective

belongingness in India during the 19th century? Explain the examples.

● Personification of Bharat Mata

● National Song ‘Vande matram’
● Folklore : Rabindranath Tagore and Natesha Sastri
● Use of icons and symbols
● Rediscovery of India’s past

Previous year questions 2019 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

How had the ‘First World War’ created economic problems in India ? Explain with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

Explain the implications of the ‘First World War’ on the economic and political situation of India. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ ? How did this movement unite the country
? Explain. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]

How did plantation workers have their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj ?
Explain. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]
How had peasants and tribals participated in the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in different parts of India ?
Explain. 5

Previous year questions 2019 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

Why did Mahatma Gandhi start the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ ? How did this movement unite the country
? Explain. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/1/1]

Define the term 'Civil Disobedience Movement.' Describe the participation of rich and poor peasant
communities in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement.'
5
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

Explain the limitations of the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/1/1]

Who had organized the dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? Describe his achievements. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th
century ? Explain with examples. 5
 Previous year questions 2020 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

Why did the Simon Commission come to India ? 1

Identify the correct reason from the following options.
(A) To control the campaign against the British in cities
(B) To look into the functioning of the British
(C) To initiate salt law in India
(D) To suggest changes in the functioning of the constitutional system in India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order : 1
1. Coming of Simon Commission to India
2. Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC.
3. Government of India Act, 1919
4. Champaran Satyagraha
Choose the correct option :
(a) 3 – 2 – 4 – 1
(b) 1 – 2 – 4 – 3
(c) 2 – 3 – 1 – 4
(d) 4 – 3 – 1 – 2

Previous year questions 2020 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

Who was the author of the novel ‘Anandmath’ ? 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

Why were some of the Muslim political organisations in India lukewarm in their response to the Civil
Disobedience Movement ? Give the main reason.
1
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]
Why did Gandhiji support the ‘Khilafat’ issue ? Write main reason.
1
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

Name the two main leaders of ‘Khilafat Committee’ formed in the year 1919. 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

Who was the author of ‘Hind Swaraj’ ? 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

Suggest any one measure to promote handspun khadi in India. 1

Previous year questions 2020 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

Why was the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 troublesome for plantation workers?
1
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]
Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement.’
3
 Previous year questions 2020 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows : 3
Why Non-cooperation?
In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with
the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate,
British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come. How could non-cooperation become
a movement ? Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages. It should begin with the
surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and
legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil
disobedience campaign would be launched. Through the summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali
toured extensively, mobilizing popular support for the movement.
1. What was the weapon of Gandhiji to fight against British Empire in India ?
2. How did the British survive in India ?
3. Explain Gandhiji’s idea for making non-cooperation as movement.

Previous year questions 2020 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: 3
The Movement in the Towns
The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left
government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their
legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party,
the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power–something
that usually only Brahmans had access to. The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more
dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The
import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore. In
many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott
movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of
Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
Explain the role of ‘Justice Party’ in boycotting of council elections.
How was the effects of ‘non-cooperation on the economic front’ dramatic?
Explain the effect of ‘Boycott’ movement on ‘foreign textile trade.’

Previous year questions 2020 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows : 4
Swaraj in the Plantations
Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. For plantation workers
in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were
enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration
Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact
they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of
workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was
coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination.
Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
1) Explain the understanding of ‘Swaraj’ for plantation workers in Assam.
2) Explain the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 as a barrier to freedom of plantation workers.
3) Explain the main outcome of the participation of workers in the Non-Cooperation Movement.
 Previous year questions 2022 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/3/1]

Mention the views of Mahatma Gandhi on Satyagraha. 2

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/4/1]

Why did Mahatma Gandhiji travel to Champaran in Bihar in 1917 ? Explain.
2
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]

Mention any two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement. 2

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/1/1]

Why did Indian merchants and industrialists support the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain. 2

Previous year questions 2022 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/4/1]

How did the First World War create a new economic situation in India? Explain. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/4/1]

Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/3/1]

"Mahatma Gandhi found, in ‘salt', a powerful symbol that could unite the nation." Support the statement with
three arguments. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/1/1]

"It was essential to preserve folk tradition in order to discover one's national identity and restore a sense of
pride in one's past." Support the statement in reference to India. 3

Previous year questions 2022 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]

Read the following case carefully and answer the questions that follows: 4
Nationalism in India
Modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also meant a
change in people's understanding of who they were, and what defined their identity and sense of belonging.
New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities.
In most countries the making of this new national identity was a long process. How did this consciousness
emerge in India? In India and as in many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately
connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle
with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many
different groups together. But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences
were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi
tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But the unity did not emerge without conflict.
1) What was people's understanding of nation?
2) How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement?
3) How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging ? Explain.
 Previous year questions 2022 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/4/1]

Read the given case and answer the questions that follow : 4
Mahatma Gandhi's thoughts on Satyagraha
It is said of "passive resistance" that it is the weapon of the weak, but the power which is the subject of this
article can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity.
The movement in South Africa was not passive but active ...' 'Satyagraha is not physical force. A satyagrahi does
not inflict pain on the adversary; he does not seek his destruction... In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will
whatever.' 'Satyagraha is pure soul-force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called
satyagraha. The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of love... Non-violence is the supreme
dharma ...' It is certain that India cannot rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the
war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in
India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own ...'
1) What type of movement Gandhiji organised in South Africa?
2) Why is satyagraha considered as pure soul-force?
3) How has Gandhiji described passive resistance?

Previous year questions 2022 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]

Read the case given below carefully and answer the questions that follow : 4
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January, 1930
We believe also that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and
to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of
growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them, the
people have a further right to alter it or to abolish it. The British Government in India has not only deprived the
Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India
economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British
connection and attain purna swaraj or complete independence.
1) Why was freedom considered an inalienable right of the Indian people ?
2) Why was Purna Swaraj considered essential by the people of India ?
3) Explain the significance of the Lahore Session of Congress (1930).

Previous year questions 2022 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/3/1]

Read the case given below carefully and answer the questions that follow : 4
The Sense of Collective Belonging
This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a
variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination. History and fiction,
folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. The identity of
the nation, as you know, is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which
people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the
identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. Later it
was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by
the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting,
Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years,
the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by
different artists. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism.
1) How did the nation' become a reality in the minds of people?
2) How did nationalism capture the people's imagination?
3) How did people belonging to different groups develop a sense of collective belonging?
 Previous year questions 2023 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Which one of the following aspects was common between the writings of B.R. Ambedkar and E.V. Ramaswamy
Naicker? 1
(A) Wrote on the caste system in India
(B) Highlighted the experiences of women
(C) Raised awareness about cultural heritage
(D) Motivated Indians for their national freedom.

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

How did the Rowlatt Act opposed by the people of India? Explain with three examples.
3
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]
Explain any three effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the Indian economy.
3

Previous year questions 2023 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Analyse the implications of First World War on the economic and Political situation of India. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]

'Workers of Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.' Explain with
examples. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

Analyse the role of the business classes in Civil Disobedience Movement. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/4/1]

Examine the progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the countryside. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

Analyse the role women in Civil Disobedience Movement. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]

How did the Business class relate itself to the Civil Disobedience movement? Explain with examples. 5

Previous year questions 2023 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/4/1]

Analyze the ways through which people of different communities developed a sense of collective belonging in
India. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Analyse the role of folklore and symbols in the revival of nationalism in India during late 19th century.
5
 Previous year questions 2024 History|Nationalism in India
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

Describe any three causes that led to the Non-Cooperation Movement. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

"Workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of 'Swaraj"." Explain the statement
with examples. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]
Describe any three causes of 'Civil Disobedience Movement'.
3
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a sense of collective
belonging in the National Movement? Explain with examples. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement, with examples. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

How did the Indian folklore and symbols strengthen the idea of nationalism during the twentieth century?
Explain with examples.
3

Previous year questions 2024 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]

"The Gandhian idea of Satyagraha, emphasized the power of truth and struggle against injustice." Explain the
statement with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/2]

How were the various social groups involved in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]

How did people belonging to different communities, regions and language groups develop a sense of collective
belonging in the late - nineteenth century India? Explain with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/2]

"There were variety of cultural processes through which Indian Nationalism captured people's imagination."
Explain the statement with examples. 5

Previous year questions 2024 History|Nationalism in India

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Arrange the following events in chronological order and choose the correct option. 1
I. Formation of Khilafat Committee in Bombay
II. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
III. Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement
IV. Bardoli Satyagraha
Options:
(A) I, II, III, IV
(B) II, I, IV, III
(C) I, II, IV, III
(D) III, IV, II, I
 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste
Gender, Religion and Caste

Gender Caste

● Public/Private division ● Caste and politics

● Discrimination faced by women. ● Caste inequalities
● Women’s political representation ● Caste in politics
● Politics in caste
Religion

● Religion and politics

● Communalism
● Secular state

Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Sexual division of labour.
Gender and Politics Sex (Biological) V/S Gender (Social expectations) Public domain: Women’s role in public
spaces has been restricted.
Private domain: Women are expected to
take the burden of household work
Feminist movement Demanded equal rights and opportunities
Political expression of gender division and
Discrimination on various parts political mobilisation helped to improve women’s
Situation in India being role in public life e.g Scandinavian countries.
Literacy rate, jobs, wages, sex
a patriarchal society
ratio and domestic violence

Solution

It should be legally binding to have a

Women’s Political Representation It very low (14.36 % in L.S, 5%
fair share of women in elected bodies
E.g 33% seats in local government S.L.A)
Demand for similar reservation at state and national levels. (Recently granted)
bodies are reserved for women.

MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

In which of the following regions was women representation the highest in their respective National
Parliaments (2018) ?

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

a. Nordic countries

b. America (North and South)

c. Europe

d. Asia
 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste
Religion, communalism and politics ● Many countries including India have followers of Religion & politics (Good or Bad)
different religions.
● Gandhi used to say that religion can never be Political acts towards religion are
separated from politics. not wrong as long as they treat
Religion and Politics ● Women’s movement has argued that family laws every religion equally.
of all religions discriminate against women.

Belief that people belonging to the same religion should form a nation, and in this process the
Communalism
power of state is used to establish domination of one religious group over the other.

Fundamentally Flawed ● Creating religious prejudices, stereotypes and domination.

● Political domination by a communal mind.
Communalism can take various form in politics
● Political mobilisation on religious lines (using sacred symbols & Colours)
● Violence riots and massacre.

Secular State A system to overcome the challenge of communalism, where all religions are treated equally.

India (No official religion, freedom of religion, constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of
religion, state intervene in the matters of religion to ensure equality)

MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Read the following statements and choose the correct term mentioned in the Indian Constitution from the
given options: 1
● There is no official religion for the Indian State.
● There is freedom to profess, practise and propagate any religion in India.
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

a. Republic

b. Sovereign

c. Socialist

d. Secular

Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

● Caste inequalities in India: Unique, based on hereditary occupational
division sanctioned by rituals, discrimination and untouchability.
Caste and Politics
● Breaking down of caste structure: Social reformer, (Worked to establish
equality), Socio - economic changes (Urbanisation, Literacy and education,
Occupational mobility, etc.) and constitutional provisions.

Untouchability has not ended completely, Certain groups still lag behind, Caste
Yet caste has not disappeared totally?
continues to be closely linked to economic status.
 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste
Bablu in Car and Car on Bablu
Caste in politics Caste as the basis of society → Takes various forms
[Caste composition of a constituency is seen during ticket distribution, appeals are made to caste
sentiments, universal adult franchise had brought new consciousness among all caste groups]

Are election all about caste only? NO Along with caste other factors also matters.

No constituency have majority of single caste, no party wins the vote of all the voters of a caste or community, many
parties may put up the candidates from the same caste, caste communities are not frozen in their voting patterns because
the ruling parties and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose.
Politics too influences caste system. (It is not politics that
Politics in Caste
gets caste - ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised)

● Caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating sub - castes.

● Coalition among various caste groups.
● Emergence of new caste groups in Political Arena. “Backward” and “Forward”

Positive Caste and Politics Negative

Disadvantaged communities It divert attention from other pressing issues
gets their share of power (Poverty, Development and Corruption)

Key Words Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Communalism: Communalism is an ideology whereby it is
Sexual division of labour : A system in which work division is based believed that people belonging to a same religion should
on the gender. According to which all work inside the home is either form a nation and in the process the power of state is used
done by the women of the family, or organised by them through the to establish domination of one religious group over the
domestic helpers and work outside the home is done by men. rest.

Secularism/Secular State: Secularism refers to the

separation of religion from the state. It means that the
Feminist : A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and state should not discriminate among its citizens on the
opportunities for women and men and raise voice for such equality. basis of religion. It should neither encourage nor
discourage the followers of any religion.

Patriarchal Society : Patriarchal society literally means a system of

Hereditary occupational division: It refers to the
rule by male. Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold primary
occupational division among the people which is based on
power, moral authority, special privilege, and control over property
the hereditary system whereby society is divided on the
and takes all the decision.
basis of occupation and the occupations are passed on
from one generation to another.
Family laws : Those laws that deal with family related matters such as
marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different Occupational mobility: Shift from one occupation to
family laws apply to followers of different religions. another, usually when a new generation takes up
occupations other than those practised by their
ancestors.

Key Words Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Caste hierarchy: A ladder like formation in which all the caste

groups are placed from the ‘highest’ to the ‘lowest’ castes. Some
are considered as upper caste and some are considered as lower
caste.

Vote bank : Vote bank is a group of people who can be

relied upon to vote together in support of the same party.
When people say that any caste is a ‘vote bank’ of one
party, it usually means that a large proportion of the voters
from that caste vote for that party.

Casteism : A belief system where caste is considered as the

basis of society. Where hereditary occupational division
was sanctioned by rituals. Members of the same caste
group are supposed to form a social community.
Casteism prefers marriage within the same caste group. It
also prohibits eating with members from other caste
group.
 MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

"In India, women still lag behind men despite some improvement since
Independence." Support the statement with examples.

● As India is still dominated by Patriarchal society, gender discrimination is prevalent at present.

Parents prefer to spend money for boy's education.
● Girls perform as well as boys in school, but the literacy rate among women in only 54 percent
compared with 76 percent among men.
● The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very little.
● In almost all areas of work, women are paid less than the men, even when both works exactly
the same.
● Women still face harassment, exploitation and violence in our society.

MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Explain the status of women's representation in India's legislative bodies. What can
be done to improve the situation.

The status of women's representation in India's legislative bodies is as follows:

● Central Legislature: touched 12 percent of its total members in 2014.
● State Legislature: Less than 5 percent of its total members are women.
● Panchayati Raj: One-third of the seats are reserved for women.
➔ It should be legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.
➔ There should be the reservation of at least one third of seats in the Lok Sabha and state
legislative assemblies for women.

MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Define communalism. Explain any three forms of communalism in the Indian politics.

● Belief that people belonging to the same religion should form a nation, and in this process the power of
state is used to establish domination of one religious group over the other.
● The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious
prejudices, the stereotype of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over
other religions.
● A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own religious community. For
those belonging to the majority community, this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those
belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
● Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use
of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the followers of
one religion together in the political arena.
● Sometimes, communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.
 MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Mention any three features of 'secularism' described in the Indian

Constitution.

● There is no official religion for the Indian state. Unlike the status of Buddhism
in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our
Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

● The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to

prefers, practice and propagate any religion or not to follow any.

● The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in

order to ensure equality within religious communities.

MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Describe any three factors that are responsible for breaking down the
Caste system in India?

● Political leaders and social reformers like Jyotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B. R.

Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswamy Naicker advocated and worked to
establish a society without caste inequalities.

● With economic development, large scale urbanisation, growth of literacy and

education, occupational mobility and the weakening of the position of
landlords and Zamindars in the villages, the old rigid notions of Caste
hierarchy are dying.

● The Constitution of India prohibited any caste-based discrimination and laid

the foundations of policies to reverse the injustices of the caste system.

MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

How caste can take several form in politics? Explain.

● While choosing candidates for election, political parties consider the caste
composition of the voters to win support.

● Political parties make an appeal to the caste sentiments to win votes.

● Some political parties are known to favour some particular caste.

● Universal Adult Franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote have

compelled the political leaders to bring caste sentiments into politics to
muster support.
 MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Describe any five features of the caste system in India.

● It was a hierarchical occupational division of the society, special to India .

● Caste system is both hierarchical and segmented.
● Most important aspect of caste system is 'untouchability'.
● In caste system, the members of the same caste group formed a social community that followed
similar occupation, married within the caste and did not mingle with other castes.
● Caste system was based on the exclusion of and discrimination against the ‘outcaste’ groups.

MuST Know Question Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

The focus on caste in politics can sometimes give an impression that elections are
all about caste and nothing else. Do you agree? Explain.

Introduction
● No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every
candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win
elections.
● No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say that a caste is a
'vote bank' of one party, it usually means that a large proportion of the voters from the caste vote for
the party.
● Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste (if that caste is believed to dominate
the electorate in a particular constituency). Some voters have more than one candidate from their
caste, while many voters have no candidates from their caste.
● The Ruling Party of the sitting MP or MLA frequently loses elections in our country. That could not have
happened if all castes or communities were frozen in their political preferences.

Previous year questions 2019 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/1/1]
"Women still lag much behind men in India despite some improvements since independence." Analyse the
statement. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]

How had the position of women improved in our country since independence? Explain with examples. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

How can caste take several forms in politics ? Explain with examples. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]

How can caste take various forms in politics? Explain with examples. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

Politics and social divisions should not be allowed to mix.” Justify the statement. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

Describe the different ways through which women face discrimination and oppression in India. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

Define the term 'Secularism'. Explain any four features of secularism in India. 5
 Previous year questions 2020 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

Suggest any one way to pay equal wages to women in all areas of work as equal to men. 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

Suggest any one way to change 'family laws' of all religions. 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

Read the following information and write a single term for it. 1
The Constitution of India provides freedom to profess and practice any religion to all its citizens. The
Constitution of India prohibits discrimination on religious grounds.

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

The Indian Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practise and
propagate any religion because ___________. 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

"Caste system is still prevalent in the Indian society." Suggest any one measure to abolish it. 1

Previous year questions 2020 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

"Sometimes elections are all about caste in India." How can this situation be avoided?
Choose the correctly matched option from the following: 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

Fill in the blank :

Castes and Caste system in modern India have undergone a great change because _________. 1

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

Describe the changes in castes and caste system in modern India. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

‘Communalism can take various forms in politics.’ Explain. 5

Previous year questions 2020 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

Describe the ways of discrimination faced by women in India. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

Suggest any one way to protect women from domestic oppression. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

Describe the problems of low representation of women in Indian Legislature. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

Describe any three problems of communism in Indian Politics 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

Describe any three problems of communalism in Indian politics. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

Mention any three features of 'secularism' described in the Indian Constitution. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

Mention the problem of 'Casteism' in Indian politics. 3

 Previous year questions 2023 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Read the statements and choose the appropriate option: 1

Assertion (A): Women in different parts of the World organized themselves and agitated for equal rights.
Reason (R): Women's movement aimed at equality in personal and family life as well.
Options:
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the not correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

In which one of the following regions is the participation of women in public life the highest? 1
(a) Nordic countries
(b) Arab states
(c) European countries
(d) Asian countries

Previous year questions 2023 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]

Which one of the following countries has the highest representation of women in their National Parliament ?
1
(A) Russia
(B) Australia
(C) Sweden
(D) India
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Which one of the following matters do NOT deal with the 'Family Laws'? 1
(A) Marriage
(B) Adoption
(C) Inheritance
(D) Finance

Previous year questions 2023 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]

Read the following statements and choose the correct option: 1

I. There is no official religion in India.
II. Communities have freedom to profess and practice their religion.
III. State helps communities by giving aid to educational institutions run by them.
IV. India believes in theocracy.
Options:
(A) I, II and III
(C) II, III and IV
(B) I, II and IV
(D) I, III and IV
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

Which one of the following statements is not true?

(a) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
(b) The Constitution allows us to practice, profess and propagate any religion or not to follow any.
(c) The Constitution of India allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality
within religious communities.
(d) As per the Constitution, religion can never be separated from politics.
 Previous year questions 2023 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Explain any two provisions that make India a secular state. 2
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/4/1]
“Women face discrimination in various ways in our society.” Explain any two ways. 2

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

Suggest three steps to enhance the literacy rate among women in India. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]
‘Communalism is harmful for the nation.’ Explain. 5

Previous year questions 2024 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

Which of the following term refers to the belief in and advocacy for the social, political and economic equality
of women? 1
(a) Patriarchy
(c) Socialist
(b) Matriarchy
(d) Feminists

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/3]

Which one of the following statements, best describes women empowerment? 1

(A) Encouraging men to take leadership roles.
(B) Promoting superiority of women over men.
(C) Ensuring equal opportunities and rights for women.
(D) Limiting the rights of men in all spheres.

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/3]

"Role of women is gradually enhancing in the politics of the country" Examine the statement. 2

Previous year questions 2024 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Two statements, I and II are given below. Read both the statements and choose the correct option. 1
Statement I: Women are now actively contributing to various professions including roles as doctors, engineers,
lawyers, managers and university teachers.
Statement II: Political expression of gender division and political mobilization helped to improve women's role in
public life.
Options:
(A) Statement I is true, but II is false,
(B) Statement I is false, but II is true.
(C) Statements I and II are true and II is the correct explanation of I.
(D) Statements I and II are true, but II is not the correct explanation of I.

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

Read the given statements 1
India has no official religion.
All the communities have freedom to profess and practice any religion in India.
Which one of the following constitutional term is used for the above statements?
(A) Republic
(B) Secular
(C) Sovereign
(D) Socialist
 Previous year questions 2024 Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Read the following provisions regarding Secularism in the Indian Constitution and choose the correct option. 1
I. The Indian State has not adopted any religion as its official religion.
II. The Constitution gives freedom to all the citizens to practice and propagate any religion.
III. The Constitution declares any kind of discrimination done on the basis of religion to be legal.
IV. It gives the government the right to intervene in religious matters for ensuring equality within religious
communities.
Options:
(A) Only I, II and III are correct.
(B) Only I, II and IV are correct.
(C) Only I, III and IV are correct.
(D) Only II, III and IV are correct.

Economics|Money and Credit

Money and Credit

Money Credit

● Medium of exchange ● Different credit situations

● Modern form of Money ● Terms of credit
● Variety of credit arrangements

● Loan activities of banks

● Formal sector credit in India
● Self help groups for the poor

Economics|Money and Credit

Situation before money → Barter System (Double coincidence of wants)

Money as a medium of exchange
Economy with money → Money acted as Medium of exchange

Currency Deposits with Banks

Modern form of money ● Precious metals → paper notes and coins ● Demand deposits
● RBI and legal force to Indian rupees. ● Cheque facility
● No one can legally refuse payment made in Rupees. ● Settle payment without cash
Loan activities of banks

● Banks charge a higher interest rate on loan than

what they offer on deposits
● The difference is the income of bank.
 MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

Which among the following organisations issues the currency notes in India?

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

a. The Central Government of India

b. The NITI Aayog

c. The Finance Ministry

d. The Reserve Bank of India

Economics|Money and Credit

Credit plays a vital and positive role

Two different credit situations Positive
Example: shoe manufacturer Salim
(whether it will be useful or not it Credit pushes the borrower into debt trap
depends on the risk involved) Negative
Example: Swapna and her agricultural loan

● Interest rates, documents required, collaterals and the mode of loan repayment
Terms of credit together comprise the terms of credit.
● These terms are subjective and may differ from one lender to another.

Trick: DO CO MO internet

MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

Read the following situation regarding credit and identify the positive impact of credit. 1
Salim obtains credit to meet the working capital needs of production. The credit helps him to meet the
ongoing expenses and complete production on time.
Impacts:

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

a. The burden of credit will increase on Salim.

b. Salim's income will increase.

c. The production will decrease.

d. Salim may get stuck in a debt trap.

 Economics|Money and Credit

Variety of credit arrangements Money lenders, Bank, employer and cooperatives

Formal sector Informal sector

Formal sector credit in India ● Banks and cooperatives ● Money lenders, friends, relatives
● Terms of credit are genuine ● Terms of credit are exploitative

Monitors that banks are maintaining cash balance.

Reserve Bank of India
Everyone gets the loan, Banks submit reports to RBI on how much
supervises it
they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate.

No organisation to supervise informal sector lending → Result ?

(Exploitation of borrower, higher interest rate, unfair means = Cost of borrowing)
Higher cost of borrowing = Borrower have less income, debt trap, no enterprise will start in country.
ஃ Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for country’s development.

MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

Select the formal sources of credit from the given sources and choose the correct option.
I. Bank
II. Moneylender
III. Cooperatives
IV. Businessman
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

a. Only I and II

b. Only II and III

c. Only I and III

d. Only I and IV

Economics|Money and Credit

Credit Who gets what?

Formal sector still meets only about half of the total credit needs of rural people

ஃ Banks and cooperatives should increase their lending particularly

in rural areas. Along with the expansion of formal sector loan, it is
needed to ensure that everyone receives it.

Self Help Groups for the poor Advantages

● The moneylenders charge very high rates of interest, keep no ● Loans without collateral
records of the transactions and harass the poor borrower.
● Decisions are taken by members
● The idea is to organise rural poor, in particular women, into small
Self Help Groups (SHGs) and pool (collect) their savings. ● Building blocks of rural poor, women
become self-reliant, can discuss other
● A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one issues.
neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly.
 MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

Who among the following takes the decision regarding saving and loan activities in the Self Help Groups
(SHGs)?

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

a. Manager of a Bank

b. Members of Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)

c. Local Money Lenders

d. Members of Self-Help Group (SHG)

Key Words Economics|Money and Credit

Double Coincidence of wants : A situation where the both Demand Deposits : The amount deposited with the bank
parties have agreed to sell and buy each other’s commodities. which the depositor can withdraw on his/her demand is known
as demand deposits.

Money as a medium of exchange : Money acts as an Cheque : Cheque is basically a paper instructing the bank to
intermediate in the exchange process where it facilitates the pay a specific amount from the person’s account to that person
transaction to take place. in whose name the cheque has been issued. Payments can be
made with the use of cheque instead of cash.

Barter Exchange : A system of exchange where the goods are Collateral : Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns and
being exchanged against the goods. It depends on double uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid. If
coincidence of wants. the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to
sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Currency: Currency is the paper notes and coins used as money Terms of credit : It is a set of conditions under which a
today. Unlike money used in the past, such as gold, silver, or
loan is given. It may include rate of interest, duration of
even grain and cattle, modern currency has no value or use on
credit and other related conditions like, collateral,
its own. It is accepted as a medium of exchange because it is
authorized by the government of the country.
documentation requirement and the mode of repayment.

Key Words Economics|Money and Credit

Formal Credit: Formal Credit refers to loans provided by

regulated institutions like banks, cooperatives, and financial
organizations, which are monitored by authorities like the
government or central banks.

Informal Credit: Informal Credit refers to loans from

unregulated sources, such as moneylenders, friends,
relatives, or employers, where the terms, like interest
rates, are not controlled by any authority.

Self help group : Self help groups are small groups of 15 -

20 members who come together to pool their savings
and can use this fund for themselves.
 MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

How money acts as a medium of exchange?

Money acts as a medium of exchange in the following ways:

● Eliminates Double Coincidence of Wants: Unlike barter, where both parties need to want what the other
offers, money allows transactions to happen without such a coincidence. A person can sell goods or
services for money, and then use that money to buy what they need.
● Facilitates Trade: Money enables the exchange of goods and services by providing a common medium,
making trade easier and more efficient.
● Provides Flexibility: Money can be used to purchase a wide variety of goods and services, meaning that
people don't have to find specific items they want to exchange directly.
● Acts as an Intermediary: Money serves as an intermediary in the exchange process, allowing people to
sell goods for money and then use that money to purchase other goods or services they need.

MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

Explain the loan activity of banks?

● Deposits from the Public - Banks accept deposits from the public. They hold a small portion of
these deposits as cash to meet daily withdrawal demands from depositors.
● Loan Provision - The majority of the deposits are then used by banks to provide loans to individuals
and businesses.
● Intermediation Role: Banks act as intermediaries between depositors, who have surplus funds, and
borrowers, who need funds. By providing loans, banks facilitate the flow of money within the
economy.
● Interest Rate: Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans given to borrowers than what they offer
to depositors. This creates a margin between loan interest rates and deposit interest rates.
● Main Source of Income: The difference between the interest charged on loans and the interest paid
on deposits forms the primary source of income for banks, allowing them to cover their costs and
generate profits.

MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

What do you understand by terms of credit? Explain.

➔ Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of

repayment together comprise what is called the terms of credit.
Explain each point

Documentation
Interest Rate Collateral Mode of Payment
requirement

Borrower must pay to the Collateral is an asset that the Paperwork Installment/
lender along with the borrower owns (such as Lump Sum Cash/
repayment of the land, building, vehicle, Gold/ Property
principal. livestocks, deposits with
banks) and uses this as a
guarantee to a lender until
the loan is repaid.
 MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

Explain any three reasons for the banks and cooperative societies to increase their
lending facilities in rural areas.

Banks and cooperative societies need to increase their lending facilities in rural areas for the following
reasons:
● Inclusion of the poor in the formal sector: By lending to small cultivators and rural borrowers,
banks and cooperatives can help include the poorer sections in the formal credit system,
reducing their dependence on informal lenders.
● Freedom from higher interest rates: Informal lenders often charge exorbitant interest rates. By
providing loans at lower, regulated rates, formal institutions can help borrowers avoid the
financial burden of high-interest loans.
● Access to cheaper credit: With formal sector loans, people can borrow at much lower rates,
improving their financial situation. This allows them to invest in businesses, agriculture, or
industries, leading to increased income and development.

MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

Which government body supervises the functioning of formal sources of
loans in India? Explain its functioning.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans in
India. Its key functions include:
● Monitors the banks: The RBI ensures that banks maintain required cash balances
and follow proper procedures for lending.
● Ensures loans are given to all: It ensures that loans are provided not just to
profit-making businesses, but also to small cultivators, small-scale industries, and
other small borrowers.
● Decides the rate of interest: The RBI plays a role in regulating interest rates to
maintain fairness and prevent exploitation by informal lenders.
● Requires periodic reports: Banks are required to submit information to the RBI
about how much they are lending, to whom, and at what interest rates.

MuST Know Question Economics|Money and Credit

What do you understand by SHGs? Explain their functioning and
contribution in eradication of poverty.

Self help groups are small groups of 15 - 20 members who come together to pool their savings and can use this
fund for themselves.
Here’s how they function and contribute to poverty eradication:
● Low-Interest Loans: Members can borrow money from the group at a much lower interest rate
compared to informal lenders like moneylenders, making it easier to meet urgent needs without
falling into heavy debt.
● Bank Loans for Groups: After consistent savings, SHGs become eligible for bank loans. The loan is
given to the group as a whole and used to fund small businesses or buy essential resources like
seeds, raw materials, or tools, helping members create self-employment opportunities.
● Collective Decision Making: The group members decide on important matters like loan amounts,
purposes, and repayment terms. This collective responsibility encourages timely repayments,
increasing the trust of banks in lending to SHGs despite the absence of collateral.
● Empowerment and Social Impact: SHGs not only make women financially independent but also
serve as a platform for discussing social issues such as health, nutrition, and domestic violence,
thus contributing to both economic and social upliftment in rural areas.
 Previous year questions 2019 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

Why is money called a medium of exchange? 1

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

Why are demand deposits considered as money? 1

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/1/1]

Why do banks or lenders demand collateral against loans? 1

Previous year questions 2019 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

Explain the meaning of ‘Currency’. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]

"Credit can play a positive role." Justify the statement with arguments. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]

"Credit can play a negative role." Justify the statement with arguments. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

Explain the three important terms of credit. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]

Why are service conditions of formal sector loans better than informal sector ? Explain. 3

Previous year questions 2019 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

Describe the importance of formal sources of credit in the economic development. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

Describe the bad effects of informal sources of credit on borrowers. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]

Why is it necessary to increase a large number of banks mainly in rural areas ? Explain. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

Explain the reason for necessity of supervision by the Reserve Bank of India of formal sources of loans. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]
Explain any three reasons for the banks and cooperative societies to increase their lending facilities in rural
areas. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

Explain any three functions of the Reserve Bank of India. 3

 Previous year questions 2020 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

Which among the following issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government? 1
(a) State Bank of India
(b) Reserve Bank of India
(c) Commercial Bank of India
(d) Union Bank of India

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

Krishna is working in a neighbouring field with very less wages. Expenses on sudden illnesses or functions in
the family are also met through loans. The landowner charges an interest rate of 5 percent per month. At
present she owes the landowner 5000.
Analyse the credit arrangements given above. 1

Previous year questions 2020 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

How do demand deposits have the essential features of money? Explain. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

"Bank plays an important role in the economic development of the country." Support the statement with
examples. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/1/1]

"Credit sometimes pushes the borrower into a situation from which recovery is very painful.” Support the
statement with examples. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/5/1]

Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending? Explain. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]

Describe the significance of the Reserve Bank of India. 3

Previous year questions 2020 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

"The use of money spans a very large part of our everyday life." Support the statement with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

"The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans." Support the statement with
examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]

"The Self-Help Groups help borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral security." Support the
statement with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/4/1]

"Self Help Groups (SHGs) are the building blocks of organisation of the rural poor." Support the statement
with examples. 5
 Previous year questions 2022 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/4/1]

How do double coincidence of wants arise? 1

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/4/1]

Explain the three important 'terms of Credit'. 1

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/3/1]

Analyse the situation in which credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which recovery is painful. 2

Previous year questions 2022 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/1/1]

How is 'Demand Deposit' an essential feature of money? 3

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/1/1]

How does a bank work as a key component of the financial system? Explain. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]

Explain, why the banks do not lend credit to certain borrowers? 3

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/1/1]

Differentiate between formal and informal sources of Credit. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]

Explain the functions of "Self Help Group". 3

Previous year questions 2022 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]

Read the following source and answer the questions that follow: 3
A House Loan
Megha has taken a loan of 5 lakhs from the bank to purchase a house. The annual interest rate on the loan is
12 per cent and the loan is to be repaid in 10 years in monthly instalments. Megha had to submit to the bank,
documents showing her employment records and salary before the bank agreed to give her the loan. The
bank retained as collateral the papers of the new house, which will be returned to Megha only when she
repays the entire loan with interest.
1 From which source of credit Megha has taken loan?
2 Explain the terms of credit given in the source.

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/3/1]

How does the credit vary substantially between formal and informal lenders? Explain with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/3/1]

How are 'self-help groups' the building blocks of the rural poor ?
Explain with examples. 5
 Previous year questions 2023 Economics|Money and Credit
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

Which among the following organisations issues the currency notes in India? 1
(a) The Central Government of India
(b) The NITI Aayog
(c) The Finance Ministry
(d) The Reserve Bank of India
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

Which one of the following is the modern form of currency? 1

(a) Paper notes
(c) Silver coins
(b) Gold coins
(d) Copper coins

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Which one of the following is a formal source of credit? 1

(A) Relative
(B) Trader
(C) Money lender
(D) Cooperative Society

Previous year questions 2023 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

Which one of the following categories of urban households take the highest percentage of loan from the
formal sector? 1
(a) Poor households
(b) Households with few assets
(c) Well-off households
(d) Rich households

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]

Who among the following takes the decision regarding saving and loan activities in the Self Help Groups
(SHGs)?
(A) Manager of a Bank
(B) Members of Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)
(C) Local Money Lenders
(D) Members of Self-Help Group (SHG)

Previous year questions 2023 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

"Credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which recovery is painful." Examine the statement. 2

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Explain the role of banks with regard to money which they accept from the public. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]

Explain any three functions of the Reserve Bank of India. 3

 Previous year questions 2023 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

How does credit play a positive and a negative role? Explain with examples. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

What is a collateral ? Why is it a main reason to prevent the poor getting a loan from banks? Explain. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

"Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development." Justify the statement. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]

Distinguish between formal and informal sources of credit. 5

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

Justify the role of 'Self Help Groups' in the rural economy. 5

Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/1]

Which one of the following banks in India controls the issuance of currency and regulates the credit system in
the country? 1
(A) Punjab National Bank
(B) Indian Bank
(C) Reserve Bank of India
(D) State Bank of India

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

Assertion (A): No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees.
Reason (R): In India the rupee is authorized by the State Governments.
Options:
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/1]

Read the image of the cheque. Identify the cheque number from the given options: 1
(A) 362255
(B) 110002078
(C) 000313
(D) 16137926023

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

'Self-help-groups (SHGs) in rural society serve as empowering platform towards socio-economic

development.' Give arguments in support of your answer. 3
 Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

Look at the given picture carefully and infer the income of the bank. 1
Choose the correct option from the following.
The difference between the amount deposited and borrowed by the bank to Reserve Bank of India.
The difference of amount of interest between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors.
The difference of interest rate between what is charged from borrowers and what is charged from depositor.
The difference between the amount deposited by the depositor and borrowed by the borrower.

Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/1]

Which of the following is the primary purpose of loan activities offered by banks? 1
(A) To compete with other financial institutions
(B) To generate profits for the primary sector only
(C) To increase income of MNCs
(D) To support economic growth

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

In one of the small villages, a farmer borrows money from the village moneylender at a high monthly interest
rate but is not able to repay it back. Next, he borrows it from a bank at a lower interest rate. Gradually he earns
and pays back the loan to the moneylender and the bank.
Which of the following best describes the role of the bank in this credit situation? 1
(A) The bank acts as a cooperative lender.
(B) The bank facilitates a debt-trap situation.
(c) The bank ensures a fair exchange of goods.
(D) The bank saves the farmer from debt-trap.

Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

Read the following situation regarding credit and identify the positive impact of credit. 1
Salim obtains credit to meet the working capital needs of production. The credit helps him to meet the
ongoing expenses and complete production on time.
Impacts:
(A) The burden of credit will increase on Salim.
(B) Salim's income will increase.
(C) The production will decrease.
(D) Salim may get stuck in a debt trap.

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

Why do lenders often require collateral before lending loan? 1

Choose the most suitable option from the following.
(a) To lower interest rates for borrowers.
(b) To establish personal relations.
(c) To increase their profit margins.
(d) To mitigate the risk of loan default.
 Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 4
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the cooperative societies (or
cooperatives). Members of a cooperative pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. There are
several types of cooperatives possible such as farmers cooperatives, weavers cooperatives and industrial
workers cooperatives, etc. Cooperative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300
farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the
Cooperative has obtained a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members.
Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.
Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and
agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenses.
1) 'Cooperative society' is an example of which source of 'credit'?
2) Explain the contribution of Cooperative Societies in rural development.
3) Mention any two sources of capital for Self-Help Groups.

Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the cooperative societies (or
cooperatives). Members of a cooperative pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. There are
several types of cooperatives possible such as farmers cooperatives, weavers cooperatives, industrial workers
cooperatives, etc. Krishak Cooperative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers
as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as collateral, the Cooperative has
obtained a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these loans are
repaid, another round of lending can take place. Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of
agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of
houses and for a variety of other expenses.
1) How do Krishak Cooperatives' secure funds for providing loans to their members?
2) What are the different types of loans that 'Krishak Cooperatives offer to their members?
3) Why are such cooperatives desirable in the rural areas?

Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/1]

Which of the following is the formal source of loan in India? 1

(A) Friends
(B) Money-lenders
(C) Banks
(D) Relatives

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Select the formal sources of credit from the given sources and choose the correct option. 1
I. Bank
II. Moneylender
III. Cooperatives
IV. Businessman
Options:
(A) Only I and II
(B) Only II and III
(C) Only I and III
(D) Only I and IV
 Previous year questions 2024 Economics|Money and Credit

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Assertion (A): Rural poor families are still dependent on informal sources of credit.
Reason (R): For obtaining loan from banks, collateral and special documents are required.
Options:
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]

Assertion (A): Banks are not ready to lend money to certain borrowers. 1
Reason (R): Some people do not have collateral.
Options:
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

Geography|Water Resources

Water Resources

Water scarcity → Cause Multipurpose river project Rain water harvesting

c
● Meaning ( Dam ) ● Various types and rooftop
● Ancient hydraulic structure rainwater harvesting
Need for water conservation
● Positive V/S Negative

Geography|Water Resources

Water scarcity Unavailability of water due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitations.

● Over-exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water, Population growth, Wastage of
Causes fresh drinking water, Intensive industrialisation and urbanisation, Agriculture as one of the major
exploiter of groundwater.
● Areas receiving heavy rainfall also face water shortage (qualitative Scarcity).

● Government of India by announcing the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM).

Solution ● Enable every rural household get assured supply of potable piped water(55 litres per capita per day )
● Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal) : Objective is to bring in behavioural changes in the community, from the
prevailing attitude of consumption to conservation and smart water management in water stressed districts.
● Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana : Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and
expand cultivable area under assured irrigation (har khet ko pani)

Conservation is essential to safeguard ourselves from health hazards,

Need for water conservation and management. ensure food security, of our livelihoods and prevent degradation of
our natural ecosystems.
Sophisticated water harvesting system at sringaverapura near Allahabad,
Hydraulic structures in ancient India dams and lakes built during Chandragupta Maurya, irrigation works in
Kalinga, Nagarjunakonda, Bennur and Kolhapur, Bhopal lake and Hauz Khas.
 Geography|Water Resources
Dams and multipurpose river projects

Meaning and type Positives Negatives

● A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a
reservoir. This reservoir is called dam. This structure has a section called spillway or weir through which
water flows.
● Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height.
Positive Multipurpose Projects Negative

- MPP serves variety of purposes such as - They fragment river streams, cause floods, earthquakes, and
irrigation, electricity generation flood landslides and displace hundred thousands people.
control, fish breeding, inland navigation etc. - They cause excessive sedimentation and harm the aquatic life of
- Integrated water resource management the water body.
approach for the development of both rural - Dams have also caused salinisation of soil and changed cropping
and urban area. pattern, leading to increased social and economic gaps.
- “Temples of modern India”- J.L. Nehru - It triggers floods, caused soil erosion, water-borne diseases,
pests, and pollution.

Geography|Water Resources

Rainwater Harvesting The collection, saving, and storage of rainwater for future use or times of crisis.

● Guls or kuls in hill and mountainous.

Traditional rainwater harvesting system
● Inundation channels in the flood plains of Bengal.
● Rooftop rainwater in the flood plains in Rajasthan.
Rooftop rainwater harvesting ● Khadins and Johads in parts of Rajasthan.
● Underground tankas were built in Barmer and Bikaner.
● Bamboo drip irrigation system in Meghalaya.

Common techniques for water conservation are

construction of percolation pits, digging and refilling
of dug wells and trenches, roof water collected in the
tanks below the ground and on the rooftops.

Though it is on the decline in western Rajasthan, rooftop rainwater harvesting is gaining popularity in other states
like Shillong, Karnataka(Gendathur) and Tamil Nadu (made compulsory in this state by law).

Key Words Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste

Water Scarcity : The shortage of water; an imbalance between the
Narmada Bachao Andolan: It is an Indian social movement
demand and supply of water, also good quality of water. Water
initiated and mobilised by tribal people, farmers,
scarcity is the shortage of water, but it is not only associated with
environmentalists and human rights activists against the
regions having low rainfall or those that are drought-prone. It also has
Sardar Sarovar Dam, being built across the Narmada river
a qualitative aspect.
in Gujarat.It focused on the environmental issues and
aims to rehabilitate displaced people.
Jal Jeevan Mission : It is an initiative launched by government in
2019, the main objective of this mission is to ensure the supply of 55
Rain Water Harvesting: It is a method that involves the
litres of water per person per day to every rural household through
collection and storage of rainwater for further use. Water
Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTC) by 2024.
harvesting system is a viable alternative, both
socio-economically and environmentally. People had
Multipurpose river Projects : A dam built across a river often serves in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and
more than one purpose at a time and is termed as a multipurpose developed wide-ranging techniques to harvest rainwater
project. These projects are planned for various purposes like for future use.
irrigation, hydropower generation, water supply for drinking and
industrial purposes, flood control, and navigation. Guls or Kuls: In hilly and mountainous regions, people built
diversion channels to collect rainwater, spring water and
Dam : It is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or store in circular tanks called 'guls' or 'kuls'.
retards the flow, typically creating a reservoir, lake, or
impoundment.The main purpose of dams is that they facilitate the
conservation of water.
 Key Words Civics |Gender, Religion and Caste
Atal Bhujal Yojana: The Atal Bhujal Yojana is being
Khadins and Johads: In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural implemented in 8,220 water-stressed villages across 229
fields were converted into rainfed storage structures. These blocks in 80 districts in seven states. These states account for
allowed the rain water to stand and moisten the soil. 37% of India's water-stressed areas. The scheme focuses on
promoting water conservation and better water management
through community behavior change.
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting : Rooftop rainwater
harvesting is a technique used for the conservation of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana : The Pradhan
water. In this technique, the rainwater that has fallen on Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana is a program aimed at
the roof of houses or buildings is collected in storage or enhancing water access for farms, expanding irrigated
underground tanks through the help of pipes. This also land, improving water use efficiency, promoting
helps us recharge the groundwater levels. water-saving technologies, and encouraging sustainable
water conservation practices to increase crop yield and
Bamboo Drip Irrigation System: This system is in practice reduce wastage.
for 200 years in Meghalaya. In this system, water from
streams and springs in the hills get transported to
agricultural fields by using bamboo as pipes.

MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

Which one of the following is the irrigation system in Meghalaya ?

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/3/1]

a. To irrigate land only during rainy season.

b. To use large volumes of water for irrigation.

c. To remove water from soil.

d. To use bamboo drip irrigation system.

MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

Explain the qualitative aspects of water scarcity?

Water pollution affects the quality of water available. That is the qualitative aspect
of water scarcity.

Overexploitation of water resources, reduces the quality of available water and

causes unequal access of water among different social groups.

Water quality is degrading due to pollution from domestic trash, industrial waste,
pesticides, and fertilisers used in agriculture, making it unsafe for human
consumption.
 MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim the dams as the "temples of

modern India"? Explain any three reasons.

Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the “temples of modern India” because
it will integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid
industrialisation and growth of the urban economy:
(i) They eliminate or reduce flooding.
(ii) Provide water for agriculture.
(iii) Provide water for human and industrial consumption.
(iv) Provide hydroelectricity for houses and industries.

MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

Describe any three different rainwater harvesting systems practised in India.

(i) In hilly and mountainous regions, people build diversion channels like 'gul' or 'kul' in Western
Himalaya for agriculture.

(ii) Roof-top rainwater harvesting integrated with tanks was commonly practised to store drinking
water particularly in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

(iii) In West Bengal, people develop inundation channels to irrigate their fields.

(iv) In semi-arid regions agricultural fields are converted into rain-fed storage structures that allowed
the water to stand and moist the soil known as Khadins and Johads.

MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

How has urbanisation posed a threat to A existing fresh water resources in India?

● Urban areas are densely populated.

● Housing societies and buildings have their own pumping devices to draw groundwater.
● Depletion of fresh water resources and over exploitation of groundwater.
● Urbanisation have aggravated the problem of water scarcity.
● Any other relevant point (open-ended question)
 MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

Describe the working of the rooftop rainwater harvesting technique.

● The rainwater falling on the roof is collected through a PVC pipe

and filtered using sand and bricks.

● Then, it is collected in the sump for immediate use.

● Excess water from the transferred to a well, which recharges the

sump groundwater.

● Any further requirement of water can be taken from the well.

MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

The shortage of water; an imbalance between the demand and supply of water, also good quality of
water, is referred to as water scarcity.
Causes of water scarcity are :
I. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in
seasonal and annual precipitation.
II. In agricultural sector to facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being
over-exploited.
III. Overuse of water resources due to rapid industrialisation and urbanisation.
IV. Scarcity due to the bad quality of water.( Pollution )

MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

Ancient hydraulic structures Describe the hydraulic structures made in ancient india?

(i) In the first century BCE, Sringaverapura near Allahabad had a sophisticated water harvesting system
which could channel the flood water of river Ganga.
(ii) During his reign Chandragupta Maurya, constructed many lakes, dams and irrigation systems.
(iii) Sophisticated irrigation works are also found in Kalinga (Odisha), Kolhapur (Maharashtra),
Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), etc.
(iv) One of the largest artificial lake was built in Bhopal in the 11th century.
(v) In the 14th century, Iltutmish constructed the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi to supply water to the Siri Fort
area.
 MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

State the importance of multi-purpose projects.

Some of the main functions of the multipurpose projects are:

I. Electricity Generation: Dams generate hydroelectric power, providing a renewable source of energy.
II. Water Supply: They supply water for domestic and industrial needs, ensuring availability for daily
activities and economic growth.
III. Flood Control: Dams help in controlling floods by regulating water flow and storing excess water
during heavy rains.
IV. Recreation: Reservoirs created by dams offer recreational opportunities such as boating and
tourism.
V. Inland Navigation: Dams facilitate inland water transport by creating navigable water routes.
VI. Fish Breeding: The water bodies formed by dams promote fish breeding, benefiting the fishing
industry.

MuST Know Question Geography|Water Resources

In recent years, multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and
opposition. Explain why?

In recent years, multipurpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition for a
variety of reasons.
(i) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow.
(ii) River's diversion and barricading due to building of dams impact migration and spawning of aquatic life.
(iii) The dams have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and release of excess water during
heavy rains.
(iv) Large scale displacement of local communities, local people who give up their land for the projects
hardly receive any benefit.
(v) Sometime multipurpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water borne-diseases and pests, and led
to pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

Previous year questions 2019 Geography|Water Resources

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

How has Shillong solved the problem of acute shortage of water? 1

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

How has Tamil Nadu solved the problem of acute shortage of water? 1
 Previous year questions 2019 Geography|Water Resources
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/1/1]

"Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population in India.” Analyse the statement. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

"Urbanisation has added to water scarcity." Support the statement with arguments. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]

"The dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods." Analyse the statement. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

"Multi-purpose projects and large dams have been the cause of many new social movements." Highlight the
concerns related to such movements. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]

"Traditional harvesting system is a useful system to conserve and store water." Highlight the importance of
this system with two examples. 3

CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]

"Water harvesting system is an effective measure to reduce the problem of water scarcity.” Justify the
statement. 3

Previous year questions 2023 Geography|Water Resources

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]
In which of the following States Tungabhadra Dam is located? 1
(A) Tamil Nadu
(B) Kerala
(C) Andhra Pradesh
(D) Karnataka
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]

Read the given source and answer the questions that follow : 3
Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were
built. Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control the floods have triggered floods due to
sedimentation in the reservoir. Moreover, the big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods
at the time of excessive rainfall. You may have seen or read how the release of water from the dams during
heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006. The floods have not only
devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion. Sedimentation also meant that the flood
plains were deprived of silt, a natural fertiliser, further adding on to the problem of land degradation. It was
also observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases and pests
and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
(1) Name the movement against the river project in Gujarat.
(2) How have the big dams mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall
(3) Analyse any two merits of multi-purpose river projects.

Previous year questions 2023 Geography|Water Resources

CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]

Read the given source and answer the questions that follow : 3

In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of
water-harvesting system. People had an in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed
wide ranging techniques to harvest groundwater, rainwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local
ecological conditions and their water needs. In hilly and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels
like the 'kuls' and 'guls' of Western Himalayas for agriculture. Rooftop rainwater harvesting was very commonly
practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
(1) Mention any two methods of traditional water-harvesting used in India.
(2) How do people of Rajasthan utilise rainwater?
(3) Explain any two benefits of rainwater harvesting.
 Previous year questions 2023 Geography|Water Resources
CBSE Board Paper 32/4/1 (2023)

Read the sources given below and answer the questions that follow :
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi purpose projects, water
harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In ancient India,
along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water harvesting
system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging
techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological
conditions and their water needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the
‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly
practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed
inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into
rainfed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer
and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
(I) Why is water harvesting system a viable alternative? 1
(II) Describe the process of ‘rooftop rainwater harvesting. 1
(III) Mention any two methods adopted by ancient India for water conservation. 2

Previous year questions 2024 Geography|Water Resources

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/6/1]

Match Column I with Column II and choose the correct option.

Column I Column II
(Dams) (Rivers)
i. Sardar Sarovar a. Sutlej
ii. Hirakud b. Krishna
iii. Bhakra Nangal c. Narmada
iv. Nagarjuna Sagar d. Mahanadi
Options:
(A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d
(B) i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c
(C) i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a
(D). i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

In which one of the following states is bamboo drip irrigation system' prevalent? 1
(A) Tamil Nadu
(B) West Bengal
(C) Meghalaya
(D) Odisha

Previous year questions 2024 Geography|Water Resources

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/1]

Read the given source and answer the questions that follow:
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi purpose projects, water
harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In ancient India, along
with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water harvesting system.
People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest
rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water
needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the 'guls' or 'kuls' of the Western
Himalayas for agriculture. 'Rooftop rainwater harvesting' was commonly practised to store drinking water,
particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their
fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed
the water to stand and moisten the soil like the 'khadins' in Jaisalmer and 'Johads' in other parts of Rajasthan.
(I) Why is water harvesting system a viable alternative?
(II) Describe the process of 'rooftop rainwater harvesting.'
(III) Mention any two methods adopted by ancient India for water conservation.
 Previous year questions 2024 Geography|Water Resources

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 3
FLOODS
Basic safety Precautions To Be Taken: Listen to radio/TV for the latest weather bulletins and flood warnings. Pass on
the information to others.
Make a family emergency kit which should include; a portable radio/transistor, torch, spare batteries, a first-aid box
along with essential medicines, ORS, dry food items, drinking water, matchboxes, candles and other essential items.
Keep hurricane lamp, ropes, rubb in your house. These could be usel.
Keep your cash, jewellery, valuables, important documents etc. in a safe place. If there is a flood, move along with
your family members and cattle to safe areas like relief camps, evacuation centers, elevated grounds Turn off power
and gas connections before leaving your house. where you can take shelter.

Previous year questions 2024 Geography|Water Resources

CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]

During floods:
Don't enter into flood waters; it could be dangerous.
Don't allow children to play in or near flood waters.
Stay away from sewerage line, gutters, drains, culverts etc.
Be careful of snakes; snakebites are common during floods.
Stay away from electric poles and fallen power-lines to avoid electrocution.
Don't use wet electrical appliances-get them checked before use.
Eat freshly cooked and dry food. Always keep your food covered. Use boiled and filtered drinking water.
Keep all drains, gutters near your house clean.
Stagnation of water can breed vector/water-borne diseases. In case of sickness, seek medical assistance.
Use bleaching powder and lime to disinfect the surroundings.
Mention any two essential items that should be included in a 'family emergency kit.'
Why are the items of family emergency kit important during flood situation?
In case of a flood, what are the recommended actions to ensure the safety of your family and belongings? Describe
any two.