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Optical Instruments

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jankacopmuter
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9 views

Optical Instruments

opopop

Uploaded by

jankacopmuter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optical Instruments

Angular Magnification

Object Subtends Larger


closer to Larger perceived
eye Angle size

Object cannot be kept closer than least distance of


distinct vision (D) ➔ 25 cm.
Angular Magnification

Maximum angle that


an object can subtend
on eye will be: h D
ℎ
𝜃𝑜 =
𝐷

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝜃𝑖


Angular magnification = =
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝜃𝑜
Two Modes

1. Normal Adjustment: Final image is formed at


infinity.

2. Final image is at least distance for distinct vision (D).

Generally, magnification is less in Normal adjustment


but eyes are least strained.
Simple Microscope

It is simply a converging lens of small focal length.

Object is kept between optical center and focus and


hence enlarged erect and magnified image is formed.
Simple Microscope
ℎ
𝜃𝑖 =
𝑢𝑜
ℎ
𝜃𝑜 =
𝐷

𝜃𝑖 𝐷
Angular magnification = =
𝜃𝑜 𝑢𝑜

𝐷 1 1 𝐷
𝑚𝐷 = =𝐷 − − =1+
𝑢 𝐷 𝑓 𝑓
Simple Microscope

ℎ ℎ
𝜃𝑜 = 𝜃𝑖 ≈
𝐷 𝑓

𝜃𝑖 𝐷
Angular magnification = =
𝜃𝑜 𝑓
Simple Microscope

The maximum magnification that can be achieved is


upto 8x to 9x.

If focal length is decreased, magnification will increase.


But as the focal length is decreased, chromatic
aberrations will increase significantly. This puts limit on
minimum focal length and hence on maximum
magnification.
Compound Microscope
Two convex lenses:
Objective – the one close to the object
Eyepiece – the one close to the eye
Objective has smaller aperture and smaller focal
length compared to eyepiece.

Objective: Forms real, inverted and magnified image


which serves as object for eyepiece.

Eyepiece: Functions as simple microscope and forms


virtual and magnified image of the image formed by
objective.
𝐿∞ = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑓𝑒

𝑣𝑜 𝐷
𝑚∞ = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 =
𝑢𝑜 𝑓𝑒

𝐿𝐷 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑢𝑒
𝜽𝒊
𝒎= = 𝒎𝒐 𝒎𝒆 𝑣𝑜 𝐷
𝜽𝒐 𝑚𝐷 = 𝑚𝑜 𝑚𝑒 = 1+
𝑢𝑜 𝑓𝑒
Astronomical Telescope
It has two lenses:

Objective – Facing distant object


Eyepiece – Close to eye

Objective has larger aperture and larger focal length


compared to eyepiece.
Astronomical Telescope
ℎ
𝛼≈
𝑓𝑜
ℎ
𝛽≈
𝑢𝑒
𝛽 𝑓𝑜
𝑚= =
𝛼 𝑢𝑒

𝑓𝑜
𝑚∞ = and 𝐿∞ = 𝑓𝑜 + 𝑓𝑒
𝑓𝑒

𝑓𝑜
𝑚𝐷 = and 𝐿𝐷 = 𝑓𝑜 + 𝑢𝑒
|𝑢𝑒 |
Reflecting or Cassegrain Telescope
A compound microscope has an eye-piece of focal
length 10cm and an objective of focal length 4cm. Find
the magnification if an object is kept at a distance of
5cm from the objective and final image is formed at
least distance of distinct vision 20cm.
An astronomical telescope has an angular
magnification of 5. The separation between the
objective and eyepiece is 36cm and final image is at
infinity. Find the focal length of objective and
eyepiece.

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