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Module 1_DC Circuits_Part 1

Uploaded by

Abhishek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1

DC Circuits

M.R.Chakraborty
Department of EE
Outline
1 Electrical circuit and elements (R, L and C)

2 Voltage and current sources

3 laws

4 Analysis of simple circuits with dc excitation

5 Network theorems

6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

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1 Electrical circuit and elements (R, L and C)

1. Circuit: A closed conducting path through which an


electric current flows is called circuit.
2. Parameters: As electrical circuit consists of various
elements like resistance, capacitance, inductance etc.
these elements are called parameters. Parameters may
be distributed or lumped.

3. Node: The junction point of a circuit where more than one circuit elements are connected together is called
node.
4. Branch: The part of the circuit which lies between two nodes is called branch.
5. Closed path: Any path along various branches of a circuit which finishes at the starting point is called closed
path.
6. Loop: Any closed path of a circuit is called loop.
7. Mesh: Any closed path containing no other path within it is called a mesh. Thus it can be said that all the
meshes are loops but not all the loops are meshes. 3
1 Electrical circuit and elements (R, L and C)

8. Linear circuit: The circuit, whose parameters are


independent of voltage or current i.e. constant, is called linear
circuit.

9. Non-linear circuit: The circuit, whose parameters change


their value with voltage or current, is called non-linear circuit.
They follow the homogeneity & additive properties.

4
1 Electrical circuit and elements (R, L and C)

10. Active network: It is that network which constitutes of one or more than one sources
of emf.

11. Passive network: It is that network which contains no source of emf within it.

12. Unilateral circuit: Some circuit changes its characteristics if the direction of its
operation is changed. This type of circuit is called unilateral circuit.

13. Bilateral circuit: Some circuits change its characteristics if the direction of its
operation is changed. This type of circuit is called bilateral circuit.

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2 Voltage and current sources: Types

The sources that can be used in a circuit may be classified as

1. Independent voltage source

2. Dependent voltage source

3. Independent current source

4. Dependent current source

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2 Voltage and current sources: Types
1. Independent voltage source
An ideal independent voltage source has two-terminals across which the voltage is independent of the
current through it and remains independent of any other parameters of the circuit.
In practice this type of sources is unrealistic as all the sources have got certain amount of internal resistance.

2. Dependent Voltage Source


For a dependent voltage source the voltage is dependent to some other voltage or current in the circuit. The
dependent voltage source may be voltage controlled or current controlled.

7
2 Voltage and current sources: Types
3. Independent current source
Constant-current sources are less common than voltage sources. Normally the circuits composed of
transistors can produce a constant current. In practice a current source can be modelled by an ideal current
source in parallel with a very high internal resistance compared to the external load resistances.

4. Dependent current Source


Similar to dependent voltage sources, for a dependent current source the current is dependent to some other
voltage or current in the circuit.

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2 Voltage and current sources: Source conversion
Sometime while analyzing a dc network, conversion of sources from one form to the other facilitate the
analysis process. Conversion of source means a given source (voltage or current) is converted to other one
(i.e. to current or voltage).

Conversion of voltage source to an equivalent current source


9
2 Voltage and current sources: Source conversion
Sometime while analyzing a dc network, conversion of sources from one form to the other facilitate the
analysis process. Conversion of source means a given source (voltage or current) is converted to other one
(i.e. to current or voltage).

Conversion of current source to an equivalent voltage source


10
3
For circuits containing more than one sources & elements, law is not sufficient to determine
voltage or current across a certain element of the circuit. laws are useful for analyzing
those circuits.

"In any network in an electric circuit the algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must be
equal to zero"

Mathematically KCL can be expressed as

While using KCL the convention to be followed while considering the current
entering or leaving the node is very important.

Considering current entering a node as positive & leaving the node as negative, the KCL equation for the node
shown in figure will be :

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3
)
"The algebraic sum of the products of currents and resistances of each conductor in any closed path or mesh
of a network plus the algebraic sum of the voltages in that path is zero."

Mathematically KVL can be expressed as IR + V=0


Sign Convention for Voltage source:
The polarity of a voltage source is constant and independent of the direction of current flow. The +ve terminal is at higher
potential and ve terminal at lower potential.
If we go from +ve to ve terminal, there is a fall in potential and the voltage will be negative and If we go from ve terminal
to +ve terminal, there is a rise in potential & the voltage will be positive.

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3
Sign Convention for IR drop :
If we move through a resistor in the same direction of current flow, then we get a fall in potential because
current flows from higher potential to lower potential. Hence while writing the KVL equation contribution of
those IR drops should be taken as negative. On the contrary if we move in the opposite direction of current
flow, then we find a rise in potential & the IR drops should be taken positive.

The KVL equation for Mesh 1 :

The KVL equation for Mesh 2 :


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