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OEL WORD FLUID (PDF)

Torricelli experiment theory ,its proof and its experimental verification. done by Engineer Malak Amaad khan.

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22 views

OEL WORD FLUID (PDF)

Torricelli experiment theory ,its proof and its experimental verification. done by Engineer Malak Amaad khan.

Uploaded by

khanamad061
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECNOLOGY

MARDAN

OEL BATCH 2023


CIVIL ENGINEERIND
DEPARTMENT
SUBMITTED TO : MUHAMMAD ADIL

SUBJECT: FLUID MECHANICS LAB


SUBMITTED BY:
MALAK AMAAD KHAN 23MDCLE124
FAHAD SHAH 23MDCLE120
SAPNA ALI 23MDCLE118
SUMMERY

 DEFINETION
 THEORETICAL VERIFICATION
 Conservation of Energy
 Bernoulli’s Equation
 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
 SET UP
 MEASURE
 CALCULATE
ASSUMPTIONS
EXPERIMENTAL ERRORS
COMMENTS ON RESULTS
DEFINETION
Torricelli Theorem, a fundamental
principle in fluid dynamics, states that
the speed of a fluid flowing out of an
opening in a tank is proportional to the
square root of the vertical distance
between the liquid surface and the
center of the opening. Mathematically,
it can be expressed as:

v=√(2gh)
Where;
V = velocity of fluid.
H=height of fluid above opening

Theoretical verification
 Conservation of Energy:
Torricelli's Theorem can be derived
from the principle of conservation of
energy. As the fluid flows out of the
opening, its potential energy is
converted into kinetic energy. Assuming
no energy losses due to friction or other
factors, we can equate the potential
energy at the surface of the fluid to the
kinetic energy at the opening:

mgh = (1/2)mv^2
Where;
m = is the mass of the fluid.
Solving for v gives us Torricelli's
equation.
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Another way to derive Torricelli's
Theorem is through Bernoulli's
equation, which relates the pressure,
velocity, and height of a fluid in a
steady flow. By applying Bernoulli's
equation to the fluid at the surface and
at the opening, and assuming that the
pressure at both points is atmospheric,
we can obtain Torricelli's equation.
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
While theoretical derivations provide
strong evidence for Torricelli's
Theorem, experimental verification is
crucial to confirm its validity in real-
world scenarios. Here is a simple
experiment to verify the theorem:

1. Set up
• Obtain a transparent container
with a hole near the bottom.
• Fill the container with water to a
known height.
• Place a horizontal surface below the
hole to collect the water

2. Measure:
• Measure the height of the water in
the container (h).
• Measure the horizontal distance
traveled by the water jet in a given
time (d).
3. Calculate:
• Calculate the velocity of the water
jet using the formula:

v = d/t
Where;
t is the time taken for the water to
travel the distance d.
Calculate the theoretical velocity using
Torricelli's equation:
v = √(2gh)
Assumptions
 Incompressible Fluid: The fluid must be
incompressible, meaning its density
remains constant throughout the flow.
 Irrotational Flow: The fluid must have no
rotational motion within it.

 Steady Flow: The fluid flow must be


steady, meaning the velocity and pressure
at any point in the fluid do not change over
time.
 Inviscid Fluid: The fluid must be inviscid,
meaning it has no viscosity (internal
friction).

 Negligible Energy Losses: There must


be negligible energy losses due to
factors like friction with the container
walls or air resistance.

 Constant Gravity: The acceleration due
to gravity must be constant throughout
the fluid.

 Small Opening: The hole in the
container must be small compared to the
cross-sectional area of the container.
These assumptions simplify the fluid
flow and allow for the derivation of
Torricelli's equation, which relates the
velocity of the fluid flowing out of the
opening to the height of the fluid above
the opening.

Experimental Errors :

o Measurement errors: Inaccurate


measurements of the height of the fluid
column, the distance traveled by the jet, or
the time taken can introduce errors in the
experimental results.

o Air resistance: Air resistance can affect the


trajectory of the jet, especially if the hole is
not close to the surface of the fluid.

o Edge effects: The shape of the hole and its


edges can affect the flow pattern and
introduce errors.
o Surface tension: Surface tension can affect
the flow rate, especially for small holes.

Other Factors:
o Temperature variations: Changes in
temperature can affect the density and
viscosity of the fluid, leading to deviations
from the theoretical predictions.

o Vibrations: Vibrations in the experimental


setup can cause fluctuations in the flow rate
and affect the results.
CALCULATIONS;
S.NO H Y Area X Volume Vtheo Vactual Q Error
(m) (m) (m^2) (m) (m^3) (%)

1 0.25 0.025 0.00002826 0.15 0.000600 2.21 2.13 0.0000604 3.6%

2 0.30 0.56 // 0.25 0.000555 2.42 2.30 0.0000652 4.95%

3 0.33 0.03 // 0.20 0.000470 2.54 2.44 0.0000692 3.9%

4 0.40 0.059 // 0.30 0.000500 2.80 2.72 0.0000772 2.8%

5 0.28 0.039 // 0.20 0.000642 2.34 2.27 0.0000642 2.4%

6 0.23 0.011 // 0.10 0.000540 2.12 1.92 0.0000542 9.4%


These are our
experimental
values and
calculated
results of OEL
project.
THANK YOU
SIR!

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