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 Table of contents
Culture
Characteristics of Indian Culture
Classical Dances of India
Folk Dances of India
Fairs and Festivals of India
Important Heritage Monuments in India
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
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CULTURE

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WHAT IS CULTURE?
• The Cambridge English Dictionary states that
culture is "the way of life, especially the
general customs and beliefs, of a particular
group of people at a particular time.
• Culture is an umbrella term which
encompasses the social behavior and norms
found in human societies, as well as the
knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs,
capabilities, and habits of the individuals in
these groups.
• A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in
society; it serves as a guideline for behavior,
dress, language, and demeanor in a situation,
which serves as a template for expectations
in a social group..

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CULTURE AND HERITAGE
• Cultural development is a historical process, our ancestors learnt many things from their
predecessors.
• With the passage of time they also added to it from their own experience and gave up
those which they did not consider useful.
• We in turn have learnt many things from our ancestors.
• As time goes we continue to add new thoughts, new ideas to those already existent and
sometimes we give up some which we don’t consider useful any more.
• This is how culture is transmitted and carried forward from generation to next generation.
• The culture we inherit from our predecessors is called our cultural heritage.
• Cultural heritage includes all those aspects or values of culture transmitted to human
beings by their ancestors from generation to generation.
• The Taj Mahal, Sun Temple Konarak, Jagannath Temple, Puri, Red Fort of Agra, Delhi’s
Qutub Minar, Mysore Palace, Jain Temple of Dilwara (Rajasthan), Golden Temple of Amritsar,
Sanchi Stupa, Christian Church in Goa, India Gate etc., are all important places of our
heritage and are to be protected by all means.
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INDIAN
CULTURE
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INDIAN CULTURE
• Indian culture is one of the most ancient cultures of the world.
• On the basis of excavation done in places like Harappa and Mohanjodaro etc. we come to know the
developed civilization and culture of the pre-historical era, which was flourished around 3000 B.C.
• Thus, Indian culture is about 5000 years old.
• The ancient cultures of Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc. were destroyed with time and only their remnants are
left.
• But Indian culture is alive till today. Its fundamental principles are the same, as were in the ancient
time.
• One can see village panchayats, caste systems and joint family system.
• The teachings of Buddha, Mahavira, and Lord Krishna are alive till today also and are source of
inspiration.
• The values of spirituality, praying nature, faith in karma and reincarnation, non-violence, truth, non-
stealing, Chastity, Non- Acquisitiveness, etc. inspire people of this nation, today also.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN CULTURE
Some of the striking features of Indian culture are as follows
1. Sense of Harmony: Indian culture balances and seeks to synthesize the material and the spiritual well-being.
2. Tolerance: In India, tolerance and liberalism is found for all religions, castes, communities, etc.
3. Continuity and Stability: The principles of Indian culture are today also that much in practice, as they were
initially.
4. Adaptability: Adaptability has a great contribution in making Indian culture immortal. Adaptability is the
process of changing according to time, place and period.
5. Receptivity: Indian culture has always accepted the good of the invading cultures.
6. Spirituality: Spirituality is the soul of Indian culture. Here the existence of soul is accepted. Therefore, the
ultimate aim of man is not physical comforts but is self-realisation.
7. Religious Dominance: Religion has a central place in Indian culture. Vedas, Upanishads, Purana,
Mahabharata, Gita, Agama, Tripitak, Quran and Bible affect the people of Indian culture.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN CULTURE
8.Thoughts about Karma and Reincarnation: It is believed that one gains virtue during good
action and takes birth in higher order in his next birth and spends a comfortable life. The
one doing bad action takes birth in lower order in his next birth and suffers pain and leads
a miserable life.
9. The Ideal of Joint Family: At the level of marriage, there is a lot of plurality in India. At the
level of family, however, there is striking similarity. For example, the ideal or norm of joint
family is upheld by almost every Indian. Every person may not live in a joint household but
the ideal of joint family is still favoured.
10. Caste System: Another characteristic of Indian culture is social stratification. In every
region of India, there are about 200 castes. The social structure is made of thousands of
those castes and sub-castes, which decide the social status of a person on the basis of
birth.
11. Unity in Diversity: There is much diversity in Indian culture like in geography, in caste, in
creed, in language, in religion, in politics,CAetc.
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 INDIAN
CLASSICAL
DANCES
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Classical Dance Folk Dance
The classical dance originates from Natya Shastra. The Folk dance is the kind of dance that is developed by
2 basic aspects of Classical dance are Lasya and the people reflecting their lives, often to the local
Tandava. music.
Classical dances are associated with Spirituality. Folk dance is associated with celebrating agricultural
harvest or social gatherings like weddings etc.
Classical dance is more demanding and is usually strict Folk dancing is funnier and free. Folk dance is based on
with technical aspects. local stories usually about relationships among people
or about different seasons.
Classical dances are more about grace and composure Folk dances are all about energy, enthusiasm and
power.
Classical dances are performed by professional or Folk dances are not performed by professional dancers.
highly trained dancers who have studied their form for It is a dance of common people.
many years.
There are nine classical Dances in India: Kathak from There are numerous folk dances in India. Some of the
North India, Sattriya of Assam, Bharatnatyam of Tamil most popular folk dances are Ghoomer (Rajasthan),
Nadu, Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, Kathakali and Jhumar (Haryana), Dandiya (Gujurat).
Mohiniaattam of Kerala, Manipuri of Northeast India,
Odissi of Odisha and Chau of East India. CA Lateef's Academy
IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO THE CLASSICAL DANCES OF INDIA
• Prominent Sources of Classical Dances of India:
1. Natyashastra: Also known as the 5th Vedas. Written by Bharatmuni.
2. Abhinay Darpan: Written by Acharya Nandikeshwar.
• Nataraja idol of Shiva is the symbol of Indian Classical Dance.
• Important Terms:
1. Mudras: Hand Gestures and Body Postures.
2. Tandava: It denotes movements and Rhythm symbolising the male aspects of Dance.
3. Lasya: It denotes grace, bhava, Rasa and Abhinaya symbolising the female aspects of Dance.
4. Natya: Dramatic Component of the dance.
5. Nritta: It is the basic dance steps.
6. Nrittya: It is an expressional component of the dance.

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The Ministry of Culture has
recognised 9 Classical
Dance Forms While as the Kathak
Sangeet Natak Academy has Sattariya
recognised only 8 (CHAU
not recognised).

Manipuri
MohiniYattam

Chau
Kuchhipudi
Odissi

KathaKali
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Bharatnatyam
1. BHARATNATYAM
• It is the oldest classical dance form of all dance forms.
• Bharatnatyam derives its name from Bharatamuni (An ancient sage who
the musical treatise Natya Shastra is traditionally attributed to.) and
Natyam(which means dance in Tamil).
• Some attribute the word it to be derived from Bhav, Raag and Taal.
• The origin of this dance is traced to the solo dance performance
of Devadasis (Temple dancers) in Tamil Nadu (earlier known as Sadir or
Dashiattam)
• The art became nearly extinct after the decline of devadasi system.
• The efforts of prominent freedom fighter E.Krishna Iyer revived this dance
form.
• The present-day format of a Bharatanatyam recital was created by the
famed ‘Tanjore Quartet’ of the nineteenth century: the brothers Ponniah,
Chinnaiah, Sivanandam and Vadivelu.
• Famous Proponents: Rukumani devi Arundale, Yamini Krishna Murthy,
Lakshmi Vishwanathan, Padma Subramanian, Mrinali Sarabai, Malika
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Sarabai.
1. BHARATNATYAM
• It was It is often known as Fire Dance as its movements resemble a Dancing Flame.
• Usually a solo dancer used to play multiple roles called – Ekcharya Lasaym.
• On 8 February 2020, Largest Bharatanatyam Dance was performed by 10,176 participants, and was
achieved by Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu (India) in Chennai.
• During the dance performance the knees are generally bent and the emotions are depicted via Mudras, i.e.,
Hand Gestures and Body Postures.
• Katakamukh Hastra – Hand Gesture in which three fingers are joined to symbolize Om.
• The music of Bharatanatyam belongs to the Carnatic system of southern India.
• The musicians accompanying a dance recital include at least one vocalist, a Mridangam (drum)-player, and a
flutist or violinist or Veena (lute)-player.
• The group also includes a Nattuvanar, or dance conductor, who recites the dance syllables as he plays a pair
of small bronze cymbals.

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1. BHARATNATYAM
• Stages of Bharatnatyam Dance:

Jatishaw
Allaripu Shabda Varnam Padam Jawali Thillana
ara

• Alarippu: It is the beginning of dance with simple posses and rhythmic syllables. It seeks to get the blessing
from the God. It helps the dancer to get ready for the performance.
• Jatishwara: It is the pure form of dance in which basic dance moves without expressions (Nritya) are
performed.
• Shabda: In this stage the dancer introduces expressions and abhinaya (Natya) in the performance which
generally praises the glory of God.
• Varnam: Core of the performance. Dance and emotions synchronized with Raga and Tala.
• Padam: Music gets light and dance becomes emotional imparting a spiritual message.
• Jawali: Short love-lyrics performed at a faster tempo.
• Thillana: It is the last stage of performance which comprise of pure dance, high spirited body movements
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and complicated variation in rhythm.
2. KUCHIPUDI

• Kuchipudi, one of the major dance forms of India was originated

from Andhra Pradesh, where it grew largely as a product of Bhakti
movement beginning in the 7th Century AD.
• Kuchipudi derives its name from the village
Kuchelapuram/Kusselavapuri, where it was nurtured by great
scholars and artists.
• The central theme of the dance is the stories of Bhagvata Purana.
• It involves difficult foot movements.
• The emphasis is laid on the dynamics of movement and
expressionism of feeling.
• Kuchipudi dance is accompanied by Carnatic Music.
• Kuchipudi today is performed either as a solo, duet or a group
presentation, but historically it was performed as a dance drama,
with several dancers taking different roles.

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2. KUCHIPUDI

• Some popular solo elements of Kuchipudi:

1. Manduk Shabdam: Tells the story of a frog.
2. Tarangam: The dancer performs with his/her feet on a dance plate and balancing a pot of
water of a set of diyas on the head.
3. Jala Chitra Nrityam: The dancer draws pictures on the floor with his/her toes while
performing.
• Siddhendra Yogi formalized and Systematized the dance.
• Lakshmi Narayana Shastri bought renown to Kuchipudi dance form. In the present century,
Kuchipudi is changing its character greatly to solo items.
• Famous Proponents: Radha Reddy, Raja Reddy, Yamini Krishna Murthy, Indrani Rehman.

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3. KATHAKALI
• Kathakali evolved from various social and religious theatrical forms in South India like
Koodiyattam, Ramanattam, Krishnattam, etc.
• Kathakali is a classical dance form of Kerala.
• It derives its name from 'Katha' means story and 'kali' means drama.
• Stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata provide the content of most Kathakali
plays.
• It is performed in open air theatre or in temple premises. Brass lamp is used for lighting.
• The actor’s performance in a Kathakali plays is completely speechless: the ‘libretto’ is
sung by two singers on the stage who keep time on gong and cymbals, while a pair of
drummers also on the stage play the Chenda.
• Malayalam with many Sanskrit words is the language used in Kathakali songs.
• Kathakali is a mixture of dance, music, drama and acting and dramatizes stories.
• The dance form can be distinguished via its elaborate facial masks, costumes, makeup,
and movements.
• Representation of Rasa through movement of Eye and Eyebrows is the most remarkable
feature of Kathakali.
• The facial expression is extremely important in this dance form to showcase the fight
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between good (pacha) and evil (kathi).
• The faces of actors are painted according to the type of character they
represent – green for heroes, kings, and divinities, red and black for
the evil and fierce, etc.
• Colour Indication:
1. Green : Good, Dignity
2. Red : Valour, Ferocity or Sin.
3. Black : Evil and primitiveness.
4. White : purity.
• Kathakali was renowned Malayali poet Vallathol Narayana
Menon revived it under the patronage of Mukunda Raja. He
established Kerala Kala Mandalam for the progress of Kathakali.
• Kalamandalam Ramakuttay Nair, Sadanam Krishnakutty, Guru Kunchu
Kurup, Gopi Nath, Rita Ganguly etc are the famous proponents of
Kathakali.

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4. MOHINIATTAM
• Mohiniyattam is a classical dance tradition
of Kerala though its exact period of origin is not
known.
• It gained prominence under the rulers of
Travancore.
• 'Mohini' means beautiful and 'Attam' means dance.
• It is interpreted as the dance of Mohini.
• It is essentially a solo dance performance that
generally incorporates Lasya style.
• White and off-white is the principal colour used
in costumes of Mohiniyattam.
• The gesture and facial expressions are natural
and closer to natural and realistic expressions
than being dramatic. CA Lateef's Academy
• It generally narrates the story of the feminine dance
of Vishnu.
• Mohiniyattam perform symbolizes the element
of air.
• Characterized as it is by femininity, Mohiniattam has
no heavy steps or rhythmic tension: the footwork is
gentle, soft, and sliding.
• The dancer’s body rises and falls with an easy grace,
with the emphasis mainly on the torso. Restraint in
movement is the hallmark of the dance.
• It includes a peculiar manner of dancing with feet
and legs apart in a gentle or soft manner.
• After a period of decline, it was revived by famous
poet Vallathol Narayana Menon along with Kalyani
Ammal.
• Sunanda Nair, Vajyanti Mala, Hema Malini, Madhuri
Amma, Jayaprabha Menon etc are the main
proponents of Mohiniyattam. CA Lateef's Academy
5. ODISSI
• Odissi derives its name from 'Odra Nirtya' mentioned in Natya Shastra.
• Khandariya - Udayagiri caves provide some of the early examples of Odissi
dance.
• It is inscribed at the Sun Temple at Konark.
• It was patronized mainly by the Jain King Kharvela and primarily performed
by Maharis or Temple Female Servents as temple Service.
• Odissi dance music is Hindustani and lyrics of Gita Dovinda written by
Jayadeava are used.
• Water is symbolized in this dance form.
• The woman wears an elaborate hairstyle, silver jewellery and long necklace
etc.
• Mudras and postures for expressing emotions are similar to that of
Bharatanatyam.
• The movements are soft and graceful.
• Geometrical shapes and patterns are created with dancers body. Hence it
is called 'Mobile Sculpture'. CA Lateef's Academy
5. ODISSI

• Two basic postures involved:

1. Chowk: Posture mimicking a Square.
2. Tribhanga: Three Bended form of the
body.
• Kabichanda Kallicharan Patnaik revived this
dance form after the independence.
• Later efforts of Charles Fabri and Indrani
Rehman bought International acclaim to
this dance form.
• Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Kelu Charan
Mohapatra, Sonal Manson Sharron
Lowen etc are the main proponents of this
dance form. CA Lateef's Academy
6. MANIPURI
• The mythological origin of Manipuri dance is traced to the
celestial dance of Shiva and Parvati along with local
'Gandharva’ in the valley of Manipur.
• The dance gained prominence after the advent
of Vaishnavism.
• Manipuri emphasis on devotion and is generally performed
by the females.
• It incorporates both Tandava and Lasya in which more
emphasis is given to Lasya.
• The dancer never establishes an eye-eontact with the
audience.
• The body connected through curves in the shape of '8'
called Nagabhanda Mudra is an important feature of this
dance form. CA Lateef's Academy
• Various forms of the Dance are:
1. Rasleela: Dance based on Radha Krishna and Gopis.
2. Sankirtana: Male Dancers bow and play Pung and
Kartal while dancing.
3. Tangtha: Battle scenes are displayed.
• Jagoi and cholom are the two main divisions in
Manipur’s dance, the one gentle and the other
vigorous, corresponding to the lasya and tandava
elements described in Sanskrit literature.
• Rabindra Nath Tagore introduced it
in Shantiniketan thereby brought back the prominence
of this dance form in modern times.
• Jhaveri sisters, Guru Bipin Singh, Guru Nabh Kumar, etc
are the famous proponents of Manipuri dance form.
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7. KATHAK

• Kathak is the traditional dance form of Uttar Pradesh.

• Kathak derives its name from the ' Kathika' or storyteller
who recites verses from the epics with music and
gestures.
• During the Mughal times, it was influenced by Islamic
features, especially in costume and dancing style.
• Later in the twentieth century, Lady Leela
Sokhey revived the classical style of Kathak.
• It is commonly identified with the court tradition in
North India.
• Kathak is accompanied by Dhrupad and Thumri music.
• During the Mughal period, Taranas, Thumris, and Gazals
were introduced. CA Lateef's Academy
7. KATHAK
• Emphasis on hand gestures and footwork.
• It is also called as the Natvari Dance.
• Jugalbandi is one of the main features of Kathak
recital which is a competitive play between dancer
and tabla player.
• Gatbhaar is the dance without music or chanting.
• Major Gharaanas are: Jaipur Gharaana, Lucknow
Gharaana, Banaras Gharaana and Raigarh
Gharaana.
• Lachha Maharaj, Shambu Maharaj, Birju Maharaj ,
Pandit Sitaram Prasad, etc are the main proponents
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of Kathak.
8. SATTRIYA
• In the 15th century AD, Vaishnava saint and reformer of
Assam, Shankaradeva introduced the Sattriya form of dance.
• Sattriya derives its name from the Vaishnava Monastries
Known as Sattras.
• The dance form is performed in a group by male
monks known as Bhokots as part of their daily rituals.
• It narrates the mythological stories of Vishnu.
• It is an amalgamation of various dance forms like Ojapalli
and Devadasi.
• The emphasis is on hand gestures, movements, use of
steps and expressions.
• There is a strict guideline laid down for the hand gestures
and footwork in Sattriya dance. CA Lateef's Academy
8. SATTRIYA

• Khol and Flute are the main instruments played in

Sattriya dance.
• Gayan-Bhayanar Nach and Kharmanar Nach are two
streams evolved in the modern times.
• Famous Proponents are Ramakrishna Talukdar,
Krishnaakshi Kashyp.

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9. CHHAU
• Chhau is a tribal martial art popular in the states
of West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
• Chhau originates from 'Chhaya' means shadow.
• It narrates mythological stories.
• It is a form of mask dance in which martial movements
are used to narrate the stories.
• Sarpa Nirtya, Mayur Nirtya etc. are some of the natural
themes used to Chhau dance.
• Saraikela Chhau in Jharkhand, Mayurbhanj (the mask is
not used in this) in Odisha and Purulia Chhau in West
Bengal are the three main styles of Chhau dance.
• Chhau was inscribed on the Representative List of
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in
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2011.
The Ministry of Culture has
recognised 9 Classical
Dance Forms While as the Kathak
Sangeet Natak Academy has Sattariya
recognised only 8 (CHAU
not recognised).

Manipuri
MohiniYattam

Chau
Kuchhipudi
Odissi

KathaKali
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Bharatnatyam
INDIAN FOLK
DANCES
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 State Folk Dances
Assam Bihu, Bichhua
Bihar Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain.
Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Ras
Haryana Jhumar, Phag, Daph
Himachal Pradesh Jhora, Jhali

Jammu and Kashmir Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach, Damali.
Karnataka Yakshagan
Maharashtra Lavani, Nakata,
Odisha Odissi (Classical), Savari
West Bengal Kathi, Gambhira
Punjab Bhangra, Giddha, Daff
Rajasthan Ghumar, Chakri, Kalbelia
Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila
Uttarakhand Garhwali, Kumayuni
Madhya Pradesh Jawara, Matki
Jharkhand Alkap

Arunachal Pradesh Buiya,

Manipur Dol Cholam, Tang Ta

Meghalaya Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem
Mizoram Cheraw Dance
Nagaland Rangma
Tripura Hojagiri.
Sikkim Chu Faat Dance, Sikmari
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Lakshadeep Lava
 Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud
Bhangra, Gidda and Dafff Dandi Nach, Damali.

Jhumar, Pagh & Daph Jhora & Jhali

Jata Jatin & Bakho Bakhain
Garwali & Kumaoni
Buiya
Nautanki & Rasleela
Ghumar, Chakri & Kalbelia
Bihu and Bichua
Rangma

Kathi & Gambira

Garba and Dandiya Ras
Matki and Jawari

Lavani & Nakata

Yakshagan Dollu Kunitha Veeranatyam

Lava
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Ottam Tullal & Padayani
 State Folk Dances

Andhra Pradesh Kuchipudi, Vilasini Natyam, Andhra Natyam, Bhamakalpam, Veeranatyam, Dappu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, Butta Bommalu.

Assam Bihu, Bichhua, Natpuja, Maharas, Kaligopal, Bagurumba, Naga dance, Khel Gopal, Tabal Chongli, Canoe, Jhumura Hobjanai

Bihar Jata-Jatin, Bakho-Bakhain, Panwariya, Sama Chakwa, Bidesia.

Gujarat Garba, Dandiya Ras, Tippani Juriun, Bhavai.

Haryana Jhumar, Phag, Daph, Dhamal, Loor, Gugga, Khor, Gagor.

Himachal Pradesh Jhora, Jhali, Chharhi, Dhaman, Chhapeli, Mahasu, Nati, Dangi.

Jammu and Kashmir Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud Dandi Nach, Damali.

Kerala Kathakali (Classical), Ottamthullal, Mohiniattam, Kaikottikali.

Maharashtra Lavani, Nakata, Koli, Lezim, Gafa, Dahikala Dasavtar or Bohada.

Odisha Odissi (Classical), Savari, Ghumara, Painka, Munari, Chhau.

Punjab Bhangra, Giddha, Daff, Dhaman, Bhand, Naqual.

Rajasthan Ghumar, Chakri, Ganagor, Jhulan Leela, Jhuma, Suisini, Ghapal, Kalbeliya.

Tamil Nadu Bharatanatyam, Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi.

Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, Raslila, Kajri, Jhora, Chappeli, Jaita.

Uttarakhand Garhwali, Kumayuni, Kajari, Jhora, Raslila, Chappeli.

Madhya Pradesh Jawara, Matki, Aada, Khada Nach, Phulpati, Grida Dance, Selalarki, Selabhadoni, Maanch.

Arunachal Pradesh Buiya, Chalo, Wancho, Pasi Kongki, Ponung, Popir, Bardo Chham.

Manipur Dol Cholam, Thang Ta, Lai Haraoba, Pung Cholom, Khamba Thaibi, Nupa Dance, Raslila, Khubak Ishei, Lhou Sha.

Meghalaya Ka Shad Suk Mynsiem, Nongkrem, Laho.

Mizoram Cheraw Dance, Khuallam, Chailam, Sawlakin, Chawnglaizawn, Zangtalam, Par Lam, Sarlamkai/Solakia, Tlanglam.

Nagaland Rangma, Bamboo Dance, Zeliang, Nsuirolians, Gethinglim, Temangnetin, Hetaleulee.

Tripura Hojagiri.

Sikkim Chu Faat Dance, Sikmari, Singhi Chaam or the Snow Lion Dance, Yak Chaam, Denzong Gnenha, Tashi Yangku Dance, Khukuri Naach, Chutkey Naach, Maruni Dance.
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Lakshadeep Lava, Kolkali, Parichakali.
1. Bhangra (Punjab)
• This folk dance, originating in the
North-Indian state of Punjab, is
generally performed during
Vaishakhi (the harvest festival) in
North India.
• It can be distinguished by its vivid
colorful costumes and loud
rhythmic beats with dhols and
cloths tied at the wrists of the
dancers.

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2. Bihu (Assam)
• Originating in Assam, this dance is performed during the harvest time of the year –
marking springtime (Bihu period).
• Displaying rhythmic motions, rapid hand movements, sways, and group formation, and
brisk footstep are the peculiar features of Bihu dance.
• This dance form was performed at the London Olympics 2012.
• Both men and women perform this dance form to its rhythmic beats.

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3. Garba
• Garba is a famous folk dance of Gujarat.
• Garba refers to "Garba deep" which is
am an earthen pot with holes.
• It is a dance performed in a circular form
by the village as well as urban women
with rhythmic clapping.
• It is performed during the occasion
of Navaratri, Sharad Purnima, Vasant
Panchami, Holi, and other festival
occasions.

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4. Raslila
• Raslila is a popular dance form
originating in the Mathura and
Vrindavan in Uttar Pradesh.
• The dance is based on the love
stories of Radha and Krishna.
• Some of the movements of the
dance are common to that
of Kathak.
• The expression of dance is full of
charm and freshness.

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5. Ghoomar
• Ghoomar is the most popular folk dance form of Rajasthan.
• It is mainly performed by veiled women wearing a flowing dress called 'Ghaghara'.
• It is accompanied by all songs of love, glory, or defeat.
• It is performed in all seasons.
• Men also perform Ghoomar. Men and women dance in a circle where one half is made of
men and the other by women.
• The dance accompanies instrumental and vocal music.

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6. Jhumar
• Jhumar dance is a folk dance popular in the Haryana state of India.
• In some parts of the state, Jhumar dance is also popularly known as the 'Hariyanvi Gidda'.
• The folk dance of Jhumar initially originated from the Balochistan and Multan.
• Jhumar dance performers dress themselves with colourful costumes and adorn with sparkling jewelleries.
• They dance in happiness by singing and clapping with the beats of 'dholak' and 'thali'.
• The most unique part of Jhumar dance is in one of its variations the performers stand on the thali or steel
plate and they all move very elegantly by keeping the thali in feet.

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7. Veeranatyam
• Veeranatyam is popular in Andhra Pradesh.
• Veernatyam means 'Dance of the Brave'. It is a tribute to the God Shiva and Goddesses Veerabhadra.
• The dance consists of hand gestures, flaming tridents, and spears.
• Colorful dhotis are the costume of Veeranatyam which is covered by sacred ash.
• The dancer uses a big flaming plate of a palm and till the fire is extinguished, the dance will go on.

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8. Lavani
• Lavani is a genre of music popular in Maharashtra, India.
• Lavani is a combination of traditional song and dance, which particularly performed to the beats of Dholki, a
percussion instrument.
• In Maharashtra and southern Madhya Pradesh, it is performed by the female performers wearing nine-yard
long sarees. The songs are sung in a quick tempo.
• There are also men that dance in lavni along with the ladies.
• They are the called nat (male dancer) usually the kinnars.

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9. Dollu Kunitha
• Dollu Kunitha is an outstanding and dynamic folk art of Karnataka.
• The dance is confined to males with good physique. A hollow drum is tied on the waist of the performer.
• It is a religious and cultural ritual and is performed mostly by Kurubas, devotees of Beere Devaru.
• The dancers stand in a circle and moves as they start beating the drum.

10. Pata Kunitha

• The dancers use long bamboo poles decorated with colourful ribbons known as Pata.
• It is extremely popular in all religions.
• Another variant of Pata Kunitha is Puja Kunitha
which is popular in Bengaluru and Mandya region.

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10. Matki Dance
• Matki dance is a folk dance popular in the state of Madhya Pradesh, especially in the Malwa region.
• It is a variation of Rasa dance. The love episode of God Krishna during his younger age is depicted in the
dance.
• Women perform it during marriages and festivals. Fingers or ring on the finger is used to strike the empty
pot while maintaining the time beat.
• Dhol is the musical instrument used in this folk dance. Sari and lehenga are the costumes.

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11. Ootam Tullal
• Ootam Thullal is a folk dance of Kerala. Kunchan Nambiar introduced it in the 18th century.
• It is a solo performance where the performer act and dance during the recital.
• The artist is accompanied by chorus singer, drummer, and cymbal player.
• Mythological stories are the basis of chorus songs. Interprets of choicest and select excerpts of Malayalam
Literature is presented with immense beauty.
• Green makeup and colourful costumes are used in the dance.

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12. Kolattam
• Kolattam is a folk dance originated in Tamil Nadu. This dance form is popular throughout
India.
• Kolattam is derived from 'Kol' means stick and 'Aatam' means dance.
• It is a dance performance by young girls with little stick held in hand to celebrate the
birthday of God Rama.

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13. Kalbelia
• Kalbelia is a folk dance performed by the women of the Kalbelia community of Rajasthan.
• The dance movements and costumes are similar to Serpents.
• The most popular musical instrument of this dance form is 'Been'(Wind instrument played by snake chain).
• In 2011, UNESCO inscribed Kalbelia folk songs and dances in the Representative List of the Intangible
Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

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14. Padayani
• Padayani is a martial folk dance performance of Kerala.
• The name Padayani means a row of infantry. It is a very rich and colourful affair.
• Huge masks called 'Kolams and wore by the dancers.

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 Rauf, Hikat, Mandjas, Kud
Bhangra, Gidda and Dafff Dandi Nach, Damali.

Jhumar, Pagh & Daph Jhora & Jhali

Jata Jatin & Bakho Bakhain
Garwali & Kumaoni
Buiya
Nautanki & Rasleela
Ghumar, Chakri & Kalbelia
Bihu and Bichua
Rangma

Kathi & Gambira

Garba and Dandiya Ras
Matki and Jawari

Lavani & Nakata

Yakshagan & Dollu Kunitha Veeranatyam

Lava
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Ottam Tullal & Padayani
 INDIAN
FESTIVALS

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1. Holi
• Holi is the festival of colour.
• On this day coloured powder and coloured water are sprinkled by people on each other.
• This spring festival, falls in the month of Phagun on the, day of Purnima (February-March), was known in
ancient times as ‘Madan-Utsav.’
• The Holi of Braj (the Mathura-Brindavan region of Uttar Pradesh traditionally associated with Krishna’s
childhood, and with stories of Radha-Krishna), is marked by several days of festivals.
• At Anandpur Sahib, in Punjab, the day following Holi is marked by festivities, mock-battles, and archery and
fencing contests by a sect of the Sikh community.

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2. Deepavalli
• India’s ‘Festival of Light’ (Dipawali) falls 20 days after Dashehra on the Amavasya or ‘New Moon’ night of the
Hindu month of Kartik (October-November)
• Coinciding with the approach of winter, and the sowing of the winter-crop in many parts of India, people
celebrate the return of Rama to Ayodhya, after 14 years of exile, and after slaying Ravana.
• For many in South India, Dipawali commemorates the slaying of Naraka by Krishna.
• In Bengal and some other parts of Eastern India, Kali is worshipped on this occasion.
• Dipawali marks the beginning of new commercial year for many and businessmen finalize their old account
books and open new accounts.
• Practically every village, town and city is illuminated with earthen lamps, candles and even electric bulbs to
welcome Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity and wealth.
• Jains also celebrate Dipawali ten days after Dipawali as part of Moksha celebrations of their 24th
Tirthankara, Mahavira.

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3. Ganesh Chaturthi
• Its observed in the honor of Ganesh, the
elephant headed God, son of Shiva and
Parvati.
• It is celebrated in the month of Bhadrapada
(August-September).
• Ganapati is worshipped on this day in
other parts of India as well but it is
celebrated with special zeal and fervor in
Western India.
• Clay images of Ganesh are made and sold
to worshippers.
• The images are sanctified and worshipped
for ten days after which they are immersed
in a tank or river. CA Lateef's Academy
4. Id-ul Fitr
• It marks the end of the holy month
of Ramzan- the month of fasting.
• It is celebrated on the 1st Shawwal
of Arabic calendar.
• People offer prayers at Idgahs.
• This festival is commonly referred to
as ‘sweet Id’ by children, as vermicelli
or ‘seveyian’ are offered to all.
• It is a day of celebrations, feasting
and wearing new clothes.

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5. Id-ul Zuha
• It is also called Bakr Id.
• This commemorates the sacrifice of Ibrahim.
• Ibrahim was ordered by God to offer his son Ismail
as a sacrifice.
• Ibrahim blindfolded himself and devotedly carried
out God’s instructions.
• However, when he removed the cloth from his eyes
he found his son alive by his side, and instead a
ram, lying on the sacrificial altar.
• A sacrifice of a goat or ram is made by each Muslim
family symbolizing Ibrahim’s offering and faith in
God. Id prayers follow, along with feasting and
rejoicing.
• It follows around 2 months 10 days after Id-ul Fitr
in the month of Dhul Hajja.

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6. Muharram
• It is a solemn occasion
commemorating the martyrdom
of Imam Hussain (grandson of the holy
Prophet Mohammed (SAW)), along
with his followers at Karbala.
• It is a ten days observance of intense
mourning by sections of the Muslim
community.
• ‘Tazias’ made of paper and bamboo
(symbolizing the tomb at Karbala), are
carried in procession.
• A horse, representing Imam Hussain’s
horse, Dul Dul, accompanies the
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7. Christmas
• The birth anniversary of Jesus
Christ (25th December) is
celebrated by Christians.
• The day after Christmas is
observed by giving alms to the
needy. (Thus the name Boxing
Day, because money and gifts
were put into boxes meant for
the poor).

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8. Good Friday
• Christians observe Good Friday (March-April) with
Church services and the singing of hymns in
memory of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ on this
day.
• A long period of fasting and prayer, known as Lent,
precedes Good Friday.
•

9. Easter day
• The Sunday after Good Friday (March-April) is a day
of celebrations for Christians.
• It is believed that Jesus Christ, who was crucified on
Good Friday, resurrected on this day.
• Easter processions are also taken out.

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10. Nauroz
• This is a Parsi (or Zoroastrian)
festival.
• Linked to the spring equinox (21
March), it is believed to date from
the time when King Jamshed ruled
Persia.
• Worship at the Parsi fire- temples is
followed by visits to friends and
relatives to exchange greetings.
•

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11. Buddha Jayanti
• It is a celebration of the anniversary of the
birth, enlightenment and ‘Nirvana’ (death)
of Gautama Buddha – all of which occurred
on the same day according to Buddhist
tradition.
• Buddha Purnima (April-May) is marked by
chanting of verses from dawn to late-night,
and ceremonial offerings at Buddhist
shrines.
• The celebrations are noteworthy at Sarnath
near Varanasi (where Buddha preached his
very first sermon), at Bodhgaya in Bihar
(where he became the ‘Enlightened One’ –
i.e. Buddha), and in Sikkim and Ladakh.
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12. Mahavira Jayanti:
• It is celebrated in the month of April.
• It celebrates the birth of Mahavira,
the twenty-fourth and last
Tirthankara of present Avasarpiṇi.
• The idol of Lord Mahavira is carried
out on a chariot, in a procession
called Rath yatra.
• Many devotees visit temples
dedicated to Mahavira to meditate
and offer prayers.

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13. Bihu
• Bihu is a set of three important Assamese festivals in the Indian state of Assam.
• Rongali or Bohag Bihu observed in April, Kongali or Kati Bihu observed in October, and
Bhogali or Magh Bihu observed in January.
i. The Bohag Bihu or Rongali Bihu is the most important of the three, celebrating spring
festival.
ii. The Magh Bihu the Bhogali Bihu or is a harvest festival.
iii. The Kati Bihu or the Kongali is celebrated on the last day of the Ahin month of Assamese
calendar, on this day people perform rituals in the midst of paddy fields to wish for good
paddy crop.

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14. Makar Sankranti
• This marks the beginning of ‘Uttarayana’ or the half year long northern
sojourn of the Sun.
• Makara/Makar Sankranti or Uttarayan or Maghi or simply Sankranti,
'Sankranti' here means ‘transfer’, this day is considered as the northward
transition day of Sun.
• Due to the addition of one day in leap years, the date of Makar Sankranti
may vary a bit. On leap years it falls on 15 January, otherwise on 14 January.
• On Makar Sankranti, the Sun god is worshipped along with Lord Vishnu and
goddess Lakshmi throughout India.
• Kite flying is a special feature of the cities of Ahmedabad and Jaipur on this
day.
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14. Makar Sankranti
• The festivities associated with Makar Sankranti are known by various names:
Magh Bihu in Assam,
Maghi in Punjab,
Maghi Saaji in Himachal Pradesh,
Maghi Sangrand or Uttarain (Uttarayana) in Jammu,
Sakrat in Haryana,
Sakraat in Rajasthan,
Sukarat in central India,
Pongal in Tamil Nadu,
Uttarayan in Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh,
Ghughuti in Uttarakhand,
Dahi Chura in Bihar,
Makar Sankranti in Odisha, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, West Bengal (also called Poush Sankranti), Uttar Pradesh (Khichidi
Sankranti),
Sankranti in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and
Shishur Senkrath (Kashmir).
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• Every twelve years, the Hindus observe Makar Sankranti with Kumbha.
15. Lohri
• Lohri is a popular winter Punjabi folk festival celebrated primarily in
Northern India on the last day of the Paush month (12-13 January).
• It coincides with Pongal and Makar Sankranti marking the culmination of
winter.
• Lohri is a traditional welcome of longer days and the sun's journey to the
northern hemisphere by Hindus and Sikhs in the northern region of the
Indian subcontinent.
• It is believed that this is the coldest day of the year.
• Rice-flakes, popcorns and sweets made from jaggery (gur) and sesame seed
like “Gajak” and “Revadi” are tossed into the bonfire.

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16. Chaitra Sukladi, Ugadi, Gudi Padava, Navreh and Chetti Chand
• These festivals of the spring season mark the beginning of the traditional
New Year in India.
• However, this is not the universal new year for all Hindus. For some, such as
those in and near Gujarat, the new year festivities coincide with the five day
Diwali festival.
• It is known in different regions by different names.
• Andhra Pradesh and Telangana: Ugadi.
• Karnataka: Yugadi
• Maharashtra: Gudi Padwa.
• Sindhis: Cheti Chand
• Kashmir: Navreh
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17. Kashmir: Navreh
• On the eve of the new year, the priest (kulguru) of the family provides a
religious almanac (nachipatra) for the next year and a scroll (kreel pach) of the
local goddess.
• Then a customary large plate (thali) is filled with rice and offerings like
almanac, scroll, dried and fresh flowers, wye herb, new grass, curd, walnuts,
pen, ink container, gold and silver coins, salt, cooked rice, wheat cakes and
bread and covered on the eve of Navreh.
• On the day of the new year, the family members gather together, uncover the
thali and view it on the holy day.

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18. Baisakhi
• Vaisakhi also pronounced Baisakhi, marks the first day of the month of
Vaisakha and is usually celebrated annually on 13 or 14 April as the Hindu
and Sikh solar new year.
• It is additionally a spring harvest festival for many Indians.
• Vaisakhi as a major Sikh festival marks the birth of the Khalsa order by Guru
Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, on March 30th 1699.
• Later, Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Sikh Empire on 12
April 1801 (to coincide with Vaisakhi), creating a unified political state.
• Vaisakhi was also the day when Bengal Army officer Reginald Dyer orders his
troops to shoot into a protesting crowd, an event which would come to be
known the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
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19. Onam
• It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Sravana (September-October).
• Onam is Kerala’s major festival.
• The festival commemorates the appearance of Vamana avatar of Vishnu and the subsequent homecoming of
the legendary King Mahabali.
• Onam is celebrated to assure King Mahabali that all remains well in his land, and that his people are happy
and prosperous.
• On the eve of Tiruonam, the second and the most important day of the 4-day Onam festival, everything is
cleaned and decorated in preparation for king Mahabali’s visit.
• Auspicious saffron colour cloths are presented to friends and relatives.
• Kumarakom boat race is the most admired boat race to take place on the Vembanad Lake in September
during the Onam Festival.

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28. Nehru Trophy Boat Race, Kerala
• Celebrated every year on the second
Saturday of the month of August, the boat
race in Kerala is a famous festival
celebrated in the backwater town of
Allapuzha in the Punnamada Lake.
• The festival sees beautifully crafted boats
of different shapes and sizes compete for
prize money with the main attraction being
the snake boat race, the winner of which
receives the coveted Nehru Trophy.

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20. Navratri, Durga Pooja, Dussehra
• These are celebrated in the month of Ashvin (September-October).
• First nine days are celebrated as Navratri.
• The Navratri festivities of Gujarat, with its music and dance (Garba) are of exceptional appeal.
• Saptami, Ashtami and Navami forms famous Durga Pooja celebrations of Bengal; while the tenth day, known
as Vijaya Dashmi is observed as Dashehra in various parts of India
• Though the festival is celebrated in different ways in different parts of the country, the basic concept behind
all of them remains the same, that is- “Victory of good over the evil”.

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21. Losar Festival, Arunachal Pradesh
• One of the most significant festivals of
the Buddhist Community in Tawang, AP.
• Losar commemorates the advent of the
new Tibetian Lunar year.
• The word Losar is derived from two
Tibetan words, ‘lo’ which means ‘year’
and ‘sar’ which means ‘new’.
• It is also celebrated in Ladakh, HP, etc.

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22. Hornbill Festival, Nagaland
• The Hornbill Festival is perhaps the most
famous and largest of the North East India
festivals, and it’s certainly Nagaland’s
important festival.
• It is also called the 'Festival of Festivals'.
• Named after the state’s most admired bird,
the festival showcases the heritage of the
16 tribes there, which in addition to
dancing show off their hunting and waring
skills.
• The festival celebrated every year from 1st
to 7th December, is an amazing exhibition
of Naga way of life attracting thousands of
tourists to its doors. CA Lateef's Academy
23. Ambubachi Mela, Assam
• A usual Tantric fertility festival,
the Ambubachi Mela marks the
menstruation period of the Goddess
Kamakhya.
• Her temple is closed for three days while
she menstruates and reopens on the fourth
day, with a rush of devotees who come to
receive bits of cloth that are supposedly
soaked with her menstrual fluid.
• It’s considered to be extremely auspicious
and powerful.
• The festival attracts numerous Tantric
Sadhus (holy men) from India and abroad.
• The festival is also popular for its rural
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crafts fair.
24. Modhera Dance Festival, Gujarat
• This dance festival of India,
celebrated in the beautiful backdrop
of the Modhera Sun Temple.
• Today, this cultural festival held in
January every year gets together the
finest classical dancing talent of the
country to celebrate the art and the
place.

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25. Tarnetar Mela, Gujarat
• Tarnetar Mela is a tribal fair held every year
in the village of Tarnetar in Gujarat.
• This festival is fascinating for the simple
reason that it is one of the largest
“marriage marts” or swayamvars in India
where tribal men come to the fair dressed
eloquently carrying the most elaborately
and beautifully embroidered umbrellas in
the world.
• The woman folk choose their prospective
husband based on the umbrella they find
the most beautiful.

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26. Konark Dance Festival, Odisha
• The India’s biggest dance festival, Konark
Dance Festival is the epitome of India’s
Classical dancing heritage.
• The festival is held in the backdrop of the
UNESCO World Heritage Site – the Sun
Temple.

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27. Jaisalmer Desert Festival, Rajasthan
• The desert festival held in the month
of February in the Red Sandstone city
of Jaisalmer is a fascinating
celebration of Rajasthan’s desert life
for three days.

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29. Pushkar Mela, Rajasthan
• One of the biggest livestock fairs in
the world, Pushkar Mela is a
fascinating coming together of the
nomadic culture of Rajasthan.
• It is primarily a place where the
buying and selling of camels and
livestock takes place.
• In recent times with its increasing
popularity among foreign tourists
competitions like ‘matka phodh’,
‘bridal games’ and ‘longest
moustache’ have become popular
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events.
30. Kila Raipur Festival
• Kila Raipur Festival is
essentially a sports festival
also known as Rural Olympics.
• Held every year in the first
week of February in the village
of Kila Raipur near Jalandhar.
• The festival draws a crowd of
thousands who travel from
various parts of the Punjabi
countryside to enjoy events
such as kabaddi, Ox racing,
wrestling and many others.
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31. Puri Rath Yatra, Odisha
• One of the biggest religious events of
the year in the country, the Puri Rath
Yatra is a spectacle of the grandest
scale.
• The Rath Yatra sees a coming together
of over a million devotees every year
near the famed Jagganath Temple of
Puri.
• The yatra sees three huge temples
shaped chariots being pulled to the
Gundicha Temple and after nine days
back to the Jagganath Temple.
• The yatra is held in the month of June
or July and is supposed to be one of
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the holiest events in Hinduism.
32. Kumbh Mela
• The biggest gathering of human beings on the
planet at a particular place every three years.
• It is celebrated in a cycle of approximately 12
years, to celebrate every revolution Brihaspati
(Jupiter) completes.
• At four river-bank pilgrimage sites: the
Allahabad (Prayagraj) (Ganges-Yamuna-Sarasvati
rivers confluence), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik
(Godavari), and Ujjain (Shipra).
• The festival is traditionally credited to the 8th-
century Hindu philosopher and saint Adi
Shankara, as a part of his efforts to start major
Hindu gatherings for philosophical discussions
and debates along with Hindu monasteries
across the Indian subcontinent.

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33. Sonpur Mela, Bihar
• The largest cattle fair in Asia, Sonepur Mela
has been a festival which has continued for
over two thousand years since the times of
the Mauryan Empire.
• The fair is essentially meant for the sale
and purchase of various kinds of livestock
such as birds, dogs, goats, buffaloes,
donkeys and horses.
• But the main attraction of the fair is the
Elephant market which sees hundreds of
elephants lined up on the shores of River
Ganga for sale.

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34. Kala Ghoda Arts Festival
• The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is a nine-day
festival of arts, music and culture.
• The festival takes place every year in the
last week of January or first week of
February at the cultural heart of Mumbai
the Kala Ghoda district which houses some
of Mumbai’s most spectacular buildings
and art centres.
• The Kala Ghoda district is known for its
museums, art galleries, cafes and
restaurants.

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35. Bikaner Camel Festival:
• The Bikaner Camel Festival is the
celebration of the most loved and
dependent upon animal in the deserts of
Rajasthan – the Camel.
• The ship of the desert as they call them,
the festival sees camels decorated in
beautifully embroidered costumes. It is held
every year in the month of January in the
presence of a large gathering.
• The festival begins with a colourful
procession of the most beautifully
decorated camels at the Junagarh Fort
from there the procession moves to the
Polo Ground where other events such as
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camel dance are held.
36. Majuli Festival, Assam
• People who have been a part
of Majuli festival often describe it as
one of the most pleasing and
beautiful festivals of Northeast India.
• Celebrated at Garamur, on the banks
of the river Luit, the Majuli Festival is
a four-day long festival which
highlights the exclusive Neo-
Vaishnavite culture of the Majuli
region in particular, and of Assam as
a whole.

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 INDIAN
ARCHITECTURE

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 Monuments Constructed by Location

Nalanda University Gupta Dynasty Rajgir, Nalanda (Bihar)

The seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram Narasimhavarman II Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu)

King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva (Eastern Ganga

Jagannatha Temple Dynasty) Puri, Odisha

Khajuraho Group of Monuments Chandela Dynasty Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh

Ajanta Caves Satavahana Dynasty later Mauryan Dynasty Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Ellora Caves Kalachuri, Chalukya, and Rashtrakuta Dynasties Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Agra Fort Mughal Emperor Akbar Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Thousand Pillars Temple (also known as

Rudreshwara Swamy Temple) Kakatiya Dynasty Hanamakonda, Telangana

Red Fort Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Delhi

Taj Mahal Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Konark Sun Temple Narasimhadeva I (Eastern Ganga Dynasty) Konark, Odisha

Fatehpur Sikri Mughal Emperor Akbar Agra, UP

Jama Masjid Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan

CA Lateef's Academy Delhi
Mehrangarh Fort Rao Jodha Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Tajmahal Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Qutub Minar Qutubuddin Aibak Delhi
Makkah Masjid Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah Hyderabad, Telangana
Hawa Mahal Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh Jaipur, Rajasthan
Moti Masjid Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan Agra, Uttar Pradesh
Humayun's Tomb Akbar and Humayun’s wife Empress Bega Begum Delhi

Charminar Quli Qutub Shah Hyderabad, Telangana

Elephanta Caves Not exactly known Mumbai (Harbour), Maharashtra

Dilwara Temples Vastupal-Tejpal Mount Abu, Rajasthan

British Government (Designed by George
Gateway of India Wittet) Mumbai City, Maharashtra

India Gate Designed by Edwin Lutyens Delhi

Jantar Mantar Maharaja Jai Singh Delhi
Parana Qila (Old Fort) Shershah Suri Delhi
Golden Temple Fourth Sikh guru, Guru Ram Das Amritsar, Punjab
Victoria Memorial British Government Kolkata, West Bengal
Group of Hampi Monuments Vijayanagara Empire Hampi, Karnataka
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Lotus Temple Architect - Fariborz Sahba Delhi
 Red Fort Qutub Minar Nalanda
Goldem Temple
Jama Masjid
Humayun’s Tomb
Hawa Mahal Lotus Temple Taj Mahal
Mehrangarh Fort Agra Fort
Dilwara Temples Fatehpur Sikri

Khajurao Monuments
Sanchi Supa

Jagannath Temple
Ajanta and Ellora Caves Konark Sun Temple
Elephanta Caves
Gateway of India Thousand Pillars Temple

Hampi Monuments Char Minar

The Seven Pagodas

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 NALANDA UNIVERSITY
• Nalanda was a renowned Buddhist monastic
university in ancient Magadha (modern-day Rajgir,
Bihar), India.

• Considered by historians to be the world's very first

residential university, and among the greatest
centers of learning in the ancient world.

• Nalanda was established during the Gupta

Empire era (300–550 CE).

• It was sacked and destroyed by the troops

of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, partly restored
thereafter, and continued to exist till about 1400
CE.
• Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a
contemporary University has been established
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there.
 JAGANNATH PURI TEMPLE
• The Jagannath Temple is an important Hindu temple
dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri,
Odisha.
• The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century
onwards by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first
king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
• The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or
chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are
pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.
• Unlike the stone and metal icons found in most Hindu
temples, the image of Jagannath is made of wood and is
ceremoniously replaced every twelve or 19 years by an
exact replica.
• It is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites.
• The Char Dham (meaning: four abodes) is a set of four
pilgrimage sites in India.
• It is believed that visiting these sites helps achieve
moksha (salvation).
• The four Dhams are, Badrinath, Dwarka, Puri and
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Rameswaram.
 KONARK TEMPLE
• Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century CE (year 1250)
Sun temple at Konark, Odisha.
• The temple is attributed to king Narasimhadeva I of the
Eastern Ganga dynasty about 1250 CE.
• Dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya, what remains
of the temple complex has the appearance of a 100-
foot (30 m) high chariot with immense wheels and
horses, all carved from stone.
• This temple was called the "Black Pagoda" in European
sailor accounts as early as 1676 because it looked like
a great tiered tower which appeared black.
• Similarly, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the
"White Pagoda”.
• Declared a UNESCO world heritage site in 1984, it
remains a major pilgrimage site for Hindus, who gather
here every year for the Chandrabhaga Mela around the
month of February.
• Konark Sun Temple is depicted on the reverse side of
the Indian currency note of 10 rupees.

CA Lateef's Academy
 HAMPI MONUMENTS
• Hampi or Hampe, also referred to as the Group of
Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage
Site located in Karnataka, India.

• Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers,

particularly the Portuguese, say that Hampi was a
prosperous, wealthy and grand city near the
Tungabhadra River, with numerous temples, farms
and trading markets.

• By 1500 CE, Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's

second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and
probably India's richest at that time, attracting
traders from Persia and Portugal.

• The Vijayanagara Empire was defeated by a

coalition of Muslim sultanates; its capital was
conquered, pillaged and destroyed by sultanate
armies in 1565, after which Hampi remained in
ruins.
CA Lateef's Academy
 AJANTA CAVES
• The Ajanta Caves are approximately 30 rock-
cut Buddhist cave monuments dating from the
2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in
the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.
• The caves include paintings and rock-cut
sculptures described as among the finest
surviving examples of ancient Indian art and
regarded as masterpieces of Buddhist religious
art.
• The site is a protected monument in the care
of the Archaeological Survey of India, and since
1983, the Ajanta Caves have been
a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• These caves served as a monsoon retreat for
monks, as well as a resting site for merchants
and pilgrims in ancient India.
• Caves of Ajanta form the largest corpus of
surviving ancient Indian wall-painting. CA Lateef's Academy
 ELEPHANTA CAVES

• Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri are in Mumbai

Harbour, Mahārāshtra.

• The island, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of the

Jawaharlal Nehru Port, consists of five Hindu caves,
a few Buddhist stupa mounds that date back to the
2nd century BCE, and two Buddhist caves.

• The Elephanta Caves contain rock cut stone

sculptures.

• They were named Elefante – which morphed to

Elephanta – by the colonial Portuguese who found
elephant statues on the caves.

• In 1987, the restored Elephanta Caves were

designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
CA Lateef's Academy
 ELLORA CAVES
• Ellora Caves is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
located in the Charanandri Hills, Aurangabad
district of Maharashtra, India.
• It is one of the largest rock-cut Hindu temple
cave complexes in the world, featuring Buddhist
and Jain monuments with artwork dating from
the period 600–1000 CE.
• Cave 16 features the largest single monolithic
rock excavation in the world, the Kailash temple, a
chariot-shaped monument dedicated to Lord
Shiva.
• There are over 100 caves at the site.
• All of the Ellora monuments were built during the
Rashtrakuta dynasty, which constructed part of
the Hindu and Buddhist caves, and the Yadava
dynasty, which constructed a number of the Jain
caves.
CA Lateef's Academy
 AGRA FORT
• Agra Fort was the main residence of the
emperors of the Mughal Dynasty until 1638,
when the capital was shifted from Agra to Delhi.
• In 1983, the Agra fort was life inscribed as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• It is about 2.5 km northwest of its more famous
sister monument, the Taj Mahal.
• Like the rest of Agra, the history of Agra Fort
prior to Mahmud Ghaznavi's invasion is unclear.
However, in the 15th century, the Chauhan
Rajputs occupied it.
• Soon after, Agra assumed the status of capital
when Sikandar Lodi (A.D. 1487–1517) shifted
his capital from Delhi and constructed a few
buildings in the pre-existing Fort at Agra.
• After the first battle of Panipat (A.D. 1526)
Mughals captured the fort and ruled from it.
• The Fort got its present appearance during the
reign of Akbar (A.D. 1556–1605). CA Lateef's Academy
 FATEHPUR SIKRI
• Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra District of
Uttar Pradesh, India.
• The khanqah of Sheikh Salim Chishti existed
earlier at this place.
• Akbar's son Jahangir was born at the village of
Sikri and that year Akbar began construction of a
religious compound to commemorate the Sheikh
who had predicted the birth.
• After Jahangir's second birthday, he began the
construction of a walled city and imperial palace
here.
• The city came to be known as Fatehpur Sikri, the
"City of Victory", after Akbar's victorious Gujarat
campaign in 1573.
• Fatehpur Sikri was conferred with the status of
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.

CA Lateef's Academy
 RED FORT
• The Red Fort or Lal Qila is a historic fort in Old
Delhi.
• Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red
Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift
his capital from Agra to Delhi.
• Its design is credited to architect Ustad Ahmad
Lahori, who also constructed the Taj Mahal.
• Most of the fort's marble structures were
subsequently demolished by the British following
the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• The fort's defensive walls were largely
undamaged, and the fortress was subsequently
used as a garrison.
• On 15 August 1947, the first Prime Minister of
India, Jawaharlal Nehru, raised the Indian
flag above the Lahori Gate.
• The Red Fort was designated a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 2007 as part of the Red Fort
Complex. CA Lateef's Academy
 TAJ MAHAL
• The Taj Mahal (Crown of the Palace) is an ivory-
white marble mausoleum on the right bank of the
river Yamuna in the Indian city of Agra.
• It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his
favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal; it also houses the
tomb of Shah Jahan himself.
• Construction of the mausoleum was essentially
completed in 1643, but work continued on other
phases of the project for another 10 years.
• The construction project employed some 20,000
artisans under the guidance of a board of
architects led by the court architect to the
emperor, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.
• The Taj Mahal was designated as
a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being
"the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the
universally admired masterpieces of the world's
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heritage".
 JAMA MASJID
• The Masjid-i Jehan-Numa ('World-
reflecting Mosque'), commonly known as
the Jama Masjid of Delhi was built by
the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan between
1650 and 1656, and inaugurated by its
first Imam, Syed Abdul Ghafoor Shah
Bukhari.

• Situated in the Mughal capital of

Shahjahanabad (today Old Delhi), it
served as the imperial mosque of
the Mughal emperors until the demise of
the empire in 1857.

CA Lateef's Academy
QUTUB MINAR
• The Qutub Minar, is a minaret and "victory tower" that forms part of
the Qutb complex.

• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mehrauli area of South

Delhi, India.

• It was built over the ruins of the Lal Kot.

• Qutub Minar was begun after the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, which was
started around 1192 by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, first ruler of the Delhi
Sultanate.

• It is usually thought that the tower is named for Qutb-ud-din Aibak,

who began it. It is also possible that it is named after Khwaja
Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki a 13th-century sufi saint, because
Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a devotee of his.
CA Lateef's Academy
 HUMAYUN’s TOMB

• Humayun's tomb is the tomb of the

Mughal Emperor Humayun in Delhi.

• The tomb was commissioned by

Humayun's wife consort, Empress and the
mother of his successor, the third Mughal
emperor Akbar, Hamida Banu Begum (also
known as Maryam Makani in 1558.

• It was designed by Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and

his son, Sayyid Muhammad, Persian
architects chosen by her.

• The tomb was declared a UNESCO World

Heritage Site in 1993.

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 INDIA GATE
• The India Gate (formerly known as the All India War Memorial)
is a war memorial located astride the Rajpath.
• It stands as a memorial to 90,000 soldiers of the British Indian
Army who died in between 1914 and 1921 in the First World
War and the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
• 13,300 servicemen's names, including some soldiers and
officers from the United Kingdom, are inscribed on the gate.
• Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens.
• This structure, called Amar Jawan Jyoti (Flame of the Immortal
Soldier), has since 1971 served as India's tomb of the
unknown soldier.
• India Gate is counted amongst the largest war memorials in
India and every Republic Day, the Prime Minister visits the
gate to pay their tributes to the Amar Jawan Jyoti, following
which the Republic Day parade starts.
• The Amar Jawan Jyoti flame at India Gate was merged with the
Eternal Flame at the National War Memorial in New Delhi on
Jan 22 2022.
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 JANTAR MANTAR
• A Jantar Mantar is an assembly of stone-
built astronomical instruments, designed
to be used with the naked eye.
• There were five Jantar Mantars in India, all
of them built at the command of the Rajah
Jai Singh II, four remain, as the Jantar
Mantar at Mathura was torn down just
before the revolt of 1857.
• The instrument can be used with an
accuracy of about 2 seconds by a "skilled
observer" to measure the time of day, and
the declination of the Sun and the other
heavenly bodies.
• It is the world's largest stone sundial,
known as the Vrihat Samrat Yantra.
• The Jaipur Jantar Mantar is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site. CA Lateef's Academy
 LOTUS TEMPLE

• The Lotus Temple, located in Delhi, India,

is a Baháʼí House of Worship that was
dedicated in December 1986.

• Like all Houses of Worship, the Lotus

Temple is open to all, regardless of
religion or any other qualification.

• The building is composed of 27 free-

standing marble-clad "petals" arranged in
clusters of three to form nine sides, with
nine doors opening onto a central hall.

CA Lateef's Academy
 PURANA QILA

• Purana Qila (lit. 'Old Fort') is one of

the oldest forts in Delhi, India.

• Excavations point to traces from the

3rd century BC, the pre-Mauryan
period.

CA Lateef's Academy
 THOUSAND PILLAR TEMPLE
• The Thousand Pillar Temple or Rudreswara Swamy
Temple is a historic Hindu temple located in the
town of Hanamakonda, Telangana.

• It is dedicated to Lord Shiva, Vishnu and Surya.

• Thousand Pillar Temple, along with Warangal

Fort, Kakatiya Kala Thoranam and Ramappa
Temple were added to the tentative list of World
Heritage sites recognised by UNESCO.

• In July 2021, Ramappa Temple was inscribed into

the list of UNESCO's World Heritage Site.

CA Lateef's Academy
 KHAJURAHO MONUMENTS
• The Khajuraho Group of Monuments are a
group of Hindu and Jain temples in
Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India.
• They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• The temples are famous for their nagara-
style architectural symbolism and their
erotic sculptures.
• Most Khajuraho temples were built
between 885 AD and 1050 AD by the
Chandela dynasty.
• Historical records note that the Khajuraho
temple site had 85 temples by the 12th
century, spread over 20 square kilometers.
• Of these, only about 25 temples have
survived, spread over six square
kilometers. CA Lateef's Academy
 SANCHI STUPA
• Sanchi is a Buddhist complex, famous for its Great
Stupa, on a hilltop at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of
the State of Madhya Pradesh.
• The Great Stupa at Sanchi is one of the oldest stone
structures in India, and an important monument of
Indian Architecture.
• It was originally commissioned by the Mauryan
emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE.
• Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure
built over the relics of the Buddha.
• Sanchi was also the venue of Ashoka's wedding.
• In the 1st century BCE, four elaborately carved toranas
(ornamental gateways) and a balustrade encircling the
entire structure were added.
• Sanchi Stupa is depicted on the reverse side of the
Indian currency note of ₹200. CA Lateef's Academy
 MEHRANGARH FORT
• Mehrangarh Fort is in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
• It was constructed in1459 by Rajput ruler Rao
Jodha.
• There are seven gates, which include Jayapol
(meaning 'victory gate'), built by Maharaja Man
Singh to commemorate his victories over Jaipur
and Bikaner armies.
• There is also a Fattehpol (also meaning 'victory
gate'), which commemorates Maharaja Ajit Singh
Ji’s victory over Mughals.

• Some of the notable festivals taking place here

include the World Sacred Spirit Festival and
Rajasthan International Folk Festival

CA Lateef's Academy
 HAWA MAHAL
• The Hawa Mahal is a palace in the city of
Jaipur, India.
• The structure was built in 1799 by the
Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh, the
grandson of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh, who
was the founder of the city of Jaipur, India.
• It was designed by Lal Chand Ustad.
• Its five-floor exterior is akin to a
honeycomb with its 953 small windows
called Jharokhas decorated with intricate
latticework.
• The original intent of the lattice design
was to allow royal ladies to observe
everyday life and festivals celebrated in
the street below without being seen, since
they had to obey the strict rules of
"purdah", which forbade them to appear in
public without face coverings.
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 DILWARA TEMPLES

• The Dilwara Temples or Delvada

Temples are a group of Jain temples
located at Mount Abu, Rajasthan's
only hill station.

• The earliest were built by Vimal

Shah.

• They date between the 11th and

16th centuries.

CA Lateef's Academy
 CHAR MINAR

• The Charminar (lit. 'four minarets') constructed in 1591, is

a monument located in Hyderabad, Telangana.

• The monument was built in 1591 by Muḥammad Qulī

Quṭb Shah, the fifth king of the Quṭb Shāhī dynasty.

• It has also been officially incorporated as the Emblem of

Telangana for the state of Telangana.

• The Charminar is situated on the east bank of Musi river.

• To its southwest lies the richly ornamented granite

Makkah Masjid.

CA Lateef's Academy
 GATEWAY OF INDIA
• The Gateway of India is an arch-monument built in
1913 in the city of Mumbai, India.

• It was erected to commemorate the landing of King-

Emperor George V, the first British monarch to visit
India, in December 1911 in Mumbai.

• The final design of the monument by architect

George Wittet was sanctioned only in 1914, and
construction was completed in 1924.

• After its construction the Gateway was used as a

symbolic ceremonial entrance to India for important
colonial personnel.

• The Gateway is also the monument from where the

last British troops left India in 1948, following
Indian independence.
CA Lateef's Academy
 GOLDEN TEMPLE
• The Golden Temple (also known as the Harmandir
Sahib, lit. 'abode of God', or the Darbār Sahib, 'exalted
court',) is a gurdwara located in Amritsar, Punjab, India.
• The man made pool (sarovar) represents Milk Ocean was
completed by the fourth Sikh Guru, Guru Ram Das, in
1577.
• In 1604, Guru Arjan placed a copy of the Adi Granth in
Harmandir Sahib.
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh, after founding the Sikh Empire,
rebuilt it in marble and copper , and overlaid the
sanctum with gold leaf. This has led to the name the
Golden Temple.
• In the early 1980s, the Gurdwara became a centre of
conflict between the Indian government led by Indira
Gandhi, some Sikh groups, and a movement led
by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.
• In 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sent in the Indian
Army as part of Operation Blue Star, leading to deaths of
over 1,000 soldiers and civilians, as well as causing
much damage to the Gurdwara and the destruction of
Akal Takht. CA Lateef's Academy
 VICTORIA MEMORIAL

• The Victoria Memorial is a

large marble building in
Central Kolkata, which was
built between 1906 and
1921.

• It is dedicated to the
memory of Empress Victoria,
now a museum under the
auspices of the Ministry of
Culture, is the largest
monument in the world which
is dedicated to a royal.

CA Lateef's Academy
• 10 Rupees - Sun Temple, Konark.
• 20 Rupees- Ellora Caves, Aurangabad.
• 50 Rupees - Stone Chariot of Hampi, Karnataka.
• 100 Rupees – Rani ki Vav, Gujarat.
• 200 Rupees- Sanchi Stupa, Madhya Pradesh.
• 500 Rupees - Red Fort, Delhi.

CA Lateef's Academy
 Red Fort Qutub Minar Nalanda
Goldem Temple
Jama Masjid
Humayun’s Tomb
Hawa Mahal Lotus Temple Taj Mahal
Mehrangarh Fort Agra Fort
Dilwara Temples Fatehpur Sikri

Khajurao Monuments

Jagannath Temple
Ajanta and Ellora Caves Konark Sun Temple
Elephanta Caves
Gateway of India Thousand Pillars Temple

Hampi Monuments Char Minar

The Seven Pagodas

CA Lateef's Academy
 UNESCO’S
WORLD
HERITAGE SITES
CA Lateef's Academy
 UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World
Heritage Sites are the important places of cultural or natural heritage as described in the
UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1945.
• India accepted the convention on 14 November 1977, making its sites eligible for
inclusion on the list.
• The first sites to be inscripted were Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, Agra Fort, and Taj Mahal, of
which all were inscribed in the 1983 session of the World Heritage Committee.
• The latest sites to be inscribed are Ramappa Temple, Telangana and Dholavira, Gujarat in
2021.
• As of July 2021, India is home to 40 World Heritage Sites, with Maharashtra having
highest number of sites (5).
• Out of these, 32 are cultural, 7 are natural, and 1 is mixed (meeting both cultural and
natural criteria), as determined by the organization's
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selection criteria.
 Sr. No. Name Region
1 Ajanta Caves Maharashtra
2 Ellora Caves Maharashtra
3 Agra Fort Uttar Pradesh
4 Taj Mahal Agra, Uttar Pradesh
5 Sun Temple, Konârak Puri District, Odisha
6 Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu
7 Kaziranga National Park Assam
8 Manas Wildlife Sanctuary Assam
9 Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan
10 Churches and Convents of Goa Goa
11 Khajuraho Group of Monuments Madhya Pradesh
12 Group of Monuments at Hampi Vijayanagara district, Karnataka
13 Fatehpur Sikri Uttar Pradesh
14 Group of Monuments at Pattadakal Bagalkot District, Karnataka
15 Elephanta Caves Maharashtra
16 Great Living Chola Temples Tamil Nadu
17 Sundarbans National Park West Bengal
18 Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks Uttarakhand
19 Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Madhya Pradesh
20 Humayun's Tomb, Delhi Delhi
21 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi Delhi
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (1999), West Bengal, Nilgiri Mountain
22 Mountain Railways of India Railway (2005) Ooty, Tamil Nadu, Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himachal Pradesh (2008)
CA Lateef's Academy
23 Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya Bihar
24 Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh
25 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) Maharashtra
26 Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park Gujarat
27 Red Fort Complex Delhi
28 The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur Jaipur, Rajasthan
29 Western Ghats Kerala, TN, Karnataka, Maharashtra
30 Hill Forts of Rajasthan Rajasthan
31 Rani ki vav (The Queen's Stepwell) Patan, Gujarat
32 Great Himalayan National Park Himachal Pradesh
33 Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar Bihar
34 Khangchendzonga National Park Sikkim
35 The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Chandigarh
36 Historic City of Ahmadabad Ahmedabad, Gujarat
37 The Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai Maharashtra
38 Jaipur Jaipur, Rajasthan
39 Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple (2021) Telangana
40 Dholavira: A Harappan City (2021) Gujarat
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ADDED IN 2021
Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple Telangana
Dholavira: A Harappan City Gujarat

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