Da ta S heet, Versio n 1.

1, 2 007-02-26

TDA5251 F1
ASK/FSK 315MHz Wireless
Transceiver

Wireless Components

N e v e r s t o p t h i n k i n g .
Edition 2007-02-26
Published by Infineon Technologies AG,
Am Campeon 1-12,
D-85579 Neubiberg, Germany
© Infineon Technologies AG 2/26/07.
All Rights Reserved.

Attention please!
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characteristics.
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circuits, descriptions and charts stated herein.
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 Da ta S heet, Versio n 1.1, 2 007-02-26

TDA5251 F1
ASK/FSK 315MHz Wireless
Transceiver

Wireless Components

N e v e r s t o p t h i n k i n g .
Data Sheet

Revision History: 2007-02-26 TDA5251 F1

Previous Version: V1.0 as of 2003-02-18
Page Subjects (major changes since last revision)
5 Indication of the Ordering Code
5, 9 Correction of the Package Name
74 Indication of the ESD-integrity values

For questions on technology, delivery and prices please contact the Infineon
Technologies Offices in Germany or the Infineon Technologies Companies and
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Controller Area Network (CAN): License of Robert Bosch GmbH
ASK/FSK 315MHz Wireless Transceiver Version 1.1
TDA5251 F1

Product Info
General Description
The IC is a low power consumption single chip FSK/ASK
Transceiver for half duplex low datarate communication in the
315MHz band. The IC offers a very high level of integration and
needs only a few external components. It contains a highly
efficient power amplifier, a low noise amplifier (LNA) with AGC,
a double balanced mixer, a complex direct conversion stage, I/
Q limiters with RSSI generation, an FSK demodulator, a fully
integrated VCO and PLL synthesizer, a tuneable crystal
oscillator, an onboard data filter, a data comparator (slicer),
positive and negative peak detectors, a data rate detection
circuit and a 2/3-wire bus interface. Additionally there is a power
down feature to save battery power.

Features
– Low supply current (Is = 9mA typ. receive, Is – I2C/3-wire µController Interface
= 13mA typ. transmit mode) – On-chip low pass channel select filter and
– Supply voltage range 2.1 - 5.5V data filter with tuneable bandwidth
– Power down mode with very low supply – Data slicer with self-adjusting threshold and
current consumption 2 peak detectors
– FSK and ASK modulation and demodulation – FSK sensitivity <-109dBm, ASK sensitivity <
capability –109dBm
– Fully integrated VCO and PLL – Transmit power up to +13dBm
synthesizer and loop filter on-chip with on – Self-polling logic with ultra fast data rate
chip crystal oscillator tuning detection

Application
– Low Bitrate Communication – Electronic Metering
Systems – Home Automation Systems
– Keyless Entry Systems
– Remote Control Systems
– Alarm Systems
– Telemetry Systems

Type Ordering Code Package

TDA5251 F1 SP000014554 PG-TSSOP-38

Data Sheet 5 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1

Table of Contents
page
1 Product Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Package Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1 Pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Pin Definitions and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Functional Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Functional Block Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.1 Power Amplifier (PA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.2 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.3 Downconverter 1st Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.4 Downconverter 2nd I/Q Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.5 PLL Synthesizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.6 I/Q Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.7 I/Q Limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.8 FSK Demodulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.9 Data Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.10 Data Slicer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.11 Peak Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.12 Crystal Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.13 Bandgap Reference Circuitry and Powerdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.14 Timing and Data Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4.15 Bus Interface and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.16 Wakeup Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.17 Data Valid Detection, Data Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4.18 Sequence Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.19 Clock Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.20 RSSI and Supply Voltage Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 LNA and PA Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.1 RX/TX Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch in
RX-Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch in
TX-Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Data Sheet 6 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1

Table of Contents
page
3.1.4 Power-Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2 Crystal Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2.1 Synthesizer Frequency setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.2 Transmit/Receive ASK/FSK Frequency Assignment . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.3 Parasitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2.4 Calculation of the external capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.5 FSK-switch modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.6 Finetuning and FSK modulation relevant registers . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.7 Chip and System Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3 IQ-Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4 Data Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 Limiter and RSSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6 Data Slicer - Slicing Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.6.1 RC Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.6.2 Peak Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.6.3 Peak Detector - Analog output signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.6.4 Peak Detector – Power Down Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.7 Data Valid Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7.1 Frequency Window for Data Rate Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.7.2 RSSI threshold voltage - RF input power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.8 Calculation of ON_TIME and OFF_TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.9 Example for Self Polling Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.10 Sensitivity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.10.1 Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.10.2 BER performance depending on Supply Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.11 Default Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1 Electrical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.2 Operating Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.3 AC/DC Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1.4 Digital Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.2 Test Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3 Test Board Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.4 Bill of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Data Sheet 7 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Product Description

1 Product Description

1.1 Overview
The IC is a low power consumption single chip FSK/ASK Transceiver for the frequency band
315MHz. The IC combines a very high level of integration and minimum external part count. The
device contains a low noise amplifier (LNA), a double balanced mixer, a fully integrated VCO, a PLL
synthesizer, a crystal oscillator with FSK modulator, a limiter with RSSI generator, an FSK
demodulator, a data filter, a data comparator (slicer), a positive and a negative data peak detector,
a highly efficient power amplifier and a complex digital timing and control unit with I2C/3-wire
microcontroller interface. Additionally there is a power down feature to save battery power.
The transmit section uses direct ASK modulation by switching the power amplifier, and crystal
oscillator detuning for FSK modulation. The necessary detuning load capacitors are external. The
capacitors for fine tuning are integrated. The receive section is using a novel single-conversion/
direct-conversion scheme that is combining the advantages of both receive topologies. The IF is
contained on the chip, no RF channel filters are necessary as the channel filter is also on the chip.
The self-polling logic can be used to let the device operate autonomously as a master for a decoding
microcontroller.

1.2 Features
– Low supply current (Is = 9 mA typ. receive, Is = 13mA typ. transmit mode, both at 3 V supply
voltage, 25°C)
– Supply voltage range 2.1 V to 5.5 V
– Operating temperature range -40°C to +85°C
– Power down mode with very low supply current consumption
– FSK and ASK modulation and demodulation capability without external circuitry changes, FM
demodulation capability
– Fully integrated VCO and PLL synthesizer and loop filter on-chip with on-chip crystal oscillator
tuning, therefore no additional external components necessary
– Differential receive signal path completely on-chip, therefore no external filters are necessary
– On-chip low pass channel select and data filter with tuneable bandwith
– Data slicer with self-adjusting threshold and 2 peak detectors
– Self-polling logic with adjustable duty cycle and ultrafast data rate detection and timer mode
providing periodical interrupt
– FSK and ASK sensitivity < -109 dBm
– Adjustable LNA gain
– Digital RSSI and Battery Voltage Readout
– Provides Clock Out Pin for external microcontroller
– Transmit power up to +13 dBm in 50Ω load at 5V supply voltage
– I2C/3-wire microcontroller interface, working at max. 400kbit/s

Data Sheet 8 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Product Description

1.3 Application
– Low Bitrate Communication Systems
– Keyless Entry Systems
– Remote Control Systems
– Alarm Systems
– Telemetry Systems
– Electronic Metering
– Home Automation Systems

1.4 Package Outlines

PG-TSSOP-38.EPS

Figure 1-1 PG-TSSOP-38 package outlines

Data Sheet 9 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

2 Functional Description

2.1 Pin Configuration

VCC 1 38 CI1
BUSMODE 2 37 CI1x
LF 3 36 CQ1
____
ASKFSK 4 35 CQ1x
__
RxTx 5 34 CI2
LNI 6 33 CI2x
LNIx 7 32 CQ2
GND1 8 31 CQ2x
GNDPA 9 30 GND
PA 10 29 RSSI
VCC1 11 28 DATA
___
PDN 12 27 PWDDD
PDP 13 26 CLKDIV
______
SLC 14 25 RESET
___
VDD 15 24 EN
BUSDATA 16 23 XGND
BUSCLK 17 22 XSWA
VSS 18 21 XIN
XOUT 19 20 XSWF

5251F1_pin_conf.wmf

Figure 2-1 Pin Configuration

Data Sheet 10 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

2.2 Pin Definitions and Functions

Table 2-1 Pin Definition and Function

Pin No. Symbol Equivalent I/O-Schematic Function
1 VCC Analog supply (antiparallel diodes
between VCC, VCC1, VDD)

1 11

15

2 BUSMODE Bus mode selection (I²C/3 wire bus

mode selection)

350
2

3 LF Loop filter and VCO control voltage

200
3

4 ASKFSK ASK/FSK- mode switch input

350
4

Data Sheet 11 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

5 RXTX RX/TX-mode switch input/output

350
5
TX

6 LNI RF input to differential Low Noise

Amplifier (LNA))

5k 1.1V 5k
6 7

180 180

PWDN PWDN

7 LNIX see Pin 6 Complementary RF input to

differential LNA
8 GND1 Ground return for LNA and Power
Amplifier (PA) dirver stage
30

8 18

9 GNDPA see Pin 8 Ground return for PA output stage

10 PA PA output stage

10 Ω
10

9
GndPA

11 VCC1 see Pin 1 Supply for LNA and PA

Data Sheet 12 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

12 PDN Output of the negative peak

detector
50k 50k
PWDN

350 3k
12

13 PDP Output of the positive peakdetector

50k 50k

350 3k
13
PWDN

14 SLC Slicer level for the data slicer

50k 50k
1.2uA

350 50k 50k

14

50k 50k
1.2uA

15 VDD see Pin 1 Digital supply

16 BUSDATA Bus data in/output

15k

350
16

17 BUSCLK Bus clock input

350
17

18 VSS see Pin 8 Ground for digital section

Data Sheet 13 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

19 XOUT Crystal oscillator output, can also

be used as external reference
frequency input.
Vcc 4k

Vcc-860mV
19

150µA

20 XSWF FSK modulation switch

21

125fF ..... 4pF

20

250fF ..... 8pF

23

21 XIN see Pin 20

22 XSWA ASK modulation/FSK center
frequency switch
22

20

23

23 XGND see Pin 22 Crystal oscillator ground return

24 EN 3-wire bus enable input

350
24

Data Sheet 14 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

25 RESET Reset of the entire system (to

default values), active low

110k

350
25

10p

26 CLKDIV Clock output

350
26

27 PWDDD Power Down input (active high),

data detect output (active low)

30k
350
27

28 DATA TX Data input, RX data output (RX

powerdown: pin 28 @ GND)

350
28

29 RSSI RSSI output

S&H
350
29

37k 16p

Data Sheet 15 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

30 GND see Pin 8 Analog ground

31 CQ2x Pin for external Capacitor
Q-channel, stage 2

Stage1:Vcc-630mV
Stage2: Vcc-560mV
31

32 CQ2 II Q-channel, stage 2

33 CI2x II I-channel, stage 2
34 CI2 II I-channel, stage 2
35 CQ1x II Q-channel, stage 1
36 CQ1 II Q-channel, stage 1
37 CI1x II I-channel, stage 1
38 CI1 II I-channel, stage 1

Data Sheet 16 2007-02-26

 2.3

Figure 2-2

Data Sheet
__
EN

BUSCLK

BUSDATA
BUSMODE
VCC1 VCC VDD

SLC
14

34
33

38
37
36
32
31

35
16 17 24 2

CI1
CI2
11 1 15

CI1x
CI2x

CQ1
CQ2

CQ1x
CQ2x
28
Data (RX/TX)
ANT FSK

(digital)

(analog)

(LNA/PA)
Channel 26
MIXER LIMITER CONTROLLER CLKDIV
fRF= 315MHz Filter Data
+ INTERFACE
FILTER 27 PWDDD
fIF= 105MHz ASK WAKEUP
LNI SLICER 5
6
I QUADRI
LOGIC RXTX
single ended to LP CORRELATOR - 4
LNA MIXER FILTER ASKFSK
differential conv.
100k
7
Q ASK/FSK

Main Block Diagram

LNIx
13
Channel PDP
MIXER +Peak
Filter LIMITER Det
high/low
Gain
100k

f = 105MHz
Functional Block Diagram

100k
RSSI

17
-Peak
Det 12
PDN

VCC
0°
6-bit
90° SAR-ADC

25
RESET
:4 TX/RX
Bandgap
:6/8
Reference
ASK DATA

ANT TX/RX ASK/FSK

29 RSSI

CLK
PA 10 PHASE
PA :2 VCO LOOP DET. CRYSTAL Osc, FSKMod, Finetuning
FILTER Charge P.
FSK DATA
fTX= 315MHz
(LNA/PA) (analog) (digital)
fRX= 420MHz
9 3 19 21 20 22 23 8 30 18
XOUT XIN XSWF XSWA XGND
GndPA

LF Gnd1 Gnd Vss

fQ= 13,125MHz
Functional Description

2007-02-26
Version 1.1
TDA5251 F1

TDA5251F1_blockdiagram_aktuell.wmf
 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

2.4 Functional Block Description

2.4.1 Power Amplifier (PA)

The power amplifier is operating in C-mode. It can be used in either high or low power mode. In
high-power mode the transmit power is approximately +13dBm into 50 Ohm at 5V and +6dBm at
2.1V supply voltage. In low power mode the transmit power is approximately +12dBm at 5V and -
34dBm at 2.1V supply voltage using the same matching network. The transmit power is controlled
by the D0-bit of the CONFIG register (subaddress 00H) as shown in the following Table 2-2. The
default output power mode is high power mode.

Table 2-2 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG

Bit Function Description Default
D0 PA_PWR 0= low TX Power, 1= high TX Power 1

In case of ASK modulation the power amplifier is turned fully on and off by the transmit baseband
data, i.e. 100% On-Off-Keying.

2.4.2 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

The LNA is an on-chip cascode amplifier with a voltage gain of 15 to 20dB and symmetrical inputs.
It is possible to reduce the gain to 0 dB via logic.

Table 2-3 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG

Bit Function Description Default
D4 LNA_GAIN 0= low Gain, 1= high Gain 1

2.4.3 Downconverter 1st Mixer

The Double Balanced 1st Mixer converts the input frequency (RF) in the range of 315MHz down to
the intermediate frequency (IF) at approximately 105MHz. The local oscillator frequency is
generated by the PLL synthesizer that is fully implemented on-chip as described in Section 2.4.5.
This local oscillator operates at approximately 420MHz in receive mode providing the above
mentioned IF frequency of 105MHz. The mixer is followed by a low pass filter with a corner
frequency of approximately 175MHz in order to prevent RF and LO signals from appearing in the
105MHz IF signal.

2.4.4 Downconverter 2nd I/Q Mixers

The Low pass filter is followed by 2 mixers (inphase I and quadrature Q) that convert the 105MHz
IF signal down to zero-IF. These two mixers are driven by a signal that is generated by dividing the
local oscillator signal by 4, thus equalling the IF frequency.

Data Sheet 18 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

2.4.5 PLL Synthesizer

The Phase Locked Loop synthesizer consists of two VCOs (i.e. transmit and receive VCO), a
divider by 4, an asynchronous divider chain with selectable overall division ratio, a phase detector
with charge pump and a loop filter and is fully implemented on-chip. The VCOs are including spiral
inductors and varactor diodes. The center frequency of the transmit VCO is 630MHz, the center
frequency of the receive VCO is 840MHz.
Generally in receive mode the relationship between local oscillator frequency fosc, the receive RF
frequency fRF and the IF frequency fIF and thus the frequency that is applied to the I/Q Mixers is
given in the following formula:

f osc [2 – 1]
= 4/3 f RF = 4 f IF
2

The VCO signal is applied to a divider by 2 and afterwards by 4 which is producing approximately
105MHz signals in quadrature. The overall division ratio of the divider chain following the divider by
2 and 4 is 6 in transmit mode and 8 in receive mode as the nominal crystal oscillator frequency is
13.125MHz. The division ratio is controlled by the RxTx pin (pin 5) and the D10 bit in the CONFIG
register.

2.4.6 I/Q Filters

The I/Q IF to zero-IF mixers are followed by baseband 6th order low pass filters that are used for
RF-channel filtering.

OP

INTERNAL BUS

iq_filter.wmf

Figure 2-3 One I/Q Filter stage

The bandwidth of the filters is controlled by the values set in the filter-register. It can be adjusted
between 50 and 350kHz in 50kHz steps via the bits D1 to D3 of the LPF register (subaddress 03H).

Data Sheet 19 2007-02-26

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Functional Description

2.4.7 I/Q Limiters

The I/Q Limiters are DC coupled multistage amplifiers with offset-compensating feedback circuit
and an overall gain of approximately 80dB each in the frequency range of 100Hz up to 350kHz.
Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) generators are included in both limiters which produce DC
voltages that are directly proportional to the input signal level in the respective channels. The
resulting I- and Q-channel RSSI-signals are summed to the nominal RSSI signal.

2.4.8 FSK Demodulator

The output differential signals of the I/Q limiters are fed to a quadrature correlator circuit that is used
to demodulate frequency shift keyed (FSK) signals. The demodulator gain is 2.4mV/kHz, the
maximum frequency deviation is ±300kHz as shown in Figure 2-4 below.
The demodulated signal is applied to the ASK/FSK mode switch which is connected to the input of
the data filter. The switch can be controlled by the ASKFSK pin (pin 4) and via the D11 bit in the
CONFIG register.
The modulation index m must be significantly larger than 2 and the deviation at least larger than
25kHz for correct demodulation of the signal.

1,6

1,5

1,4

1,3

1,2

1,1
U /V

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5
-350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
f /kHz

Qaudricorrelator.wmf

Figure 2-4 Quadricorrelator Demodulation Characteristic

Data Sheet 20 2007-02-26

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Functional Description

2.4.9 Data Filter

The 2-pole data filter has a Sallen-Key architecture and is implemented fully on-chip. The bandwidth
can be adjusted between approximately 5kHz and 102kHz via the bits D4 to D7 of the LPF register
as shown in Table 3-10.

ASK / FSK

OTA

INTERNAL BUS

data_filter.wmf

Figure 2-5 Data Filter architecture

2.4.10 Data Slicer

The data slicer is a fast comparator with a bandwidth of 100kHz. The self-adjusting threshold is
generated by a RC-network (LPF) or by use of one or both peak detectors depending on the
baseband coding scheme as described in Section 3.6. This can be controlled by the D15 bit of the
CONFIG register as shown in the following table.

Table 2-4 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG

Bit Function Description Default
D15 SLICER 0= Lowpass Filter, 1= Peak Detector 0

2.4.11 Peak Detectors

Two separate Peak Detectors are available. They are generating DC voltages in a fast-attack and
slow-release manner that are proportional to the positive and negative peak voltages appearing in
the data signal. These voltages may be used to generate a threshold voltage for non-Manchester
encoded signals, for example. The time-constant of the fast-attack/slow-release action is
determined by the RC network with external capacitor.

2.4.12 Crystal Oscillator

The reference oscillator is an NIC oscillator type (Negative Impedance Converter) with a crystal
operating in serial resonance. The nominal operating frequency of 13.125MHz and the frequencies
for FSK modulation can be adjusted via 3 external capacitors. Via microcontroller and bus interface
the chip-internal capacitors can be used for finetuning of the nominal and the FSK modulation
frequencies. This finetuning of the crystal oscillator allows to eliminate frequency errors due to
crystal or component tolerances.

Data Sheet 21 2007-02-26

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Functional Description

2.4.13 Bandgap Reference Circuitry and Powerdown

A Bandgap Reference Circuit provides a temperature stable 1.2V reference voltage for the device.
A power down mode is available to switch off all subcircuits that are controlled by the bidirectional
Powerdown&DataDetect PwdDD pin (pin 27) as shown in the following table. Power down mode
can either be activated by pin 27 or bit D14 in Register 00h. In power down mode also pin 28 (DATA)
is affected (see Section 2.4.17).

Table 2-5 PwdDD Pin Operating States

PwdDD Operating State
VDD Powerdown Mode
Ground/VSS Device On

2.4.14 Timing and Data Control Unit

The timing and data control unit contains a wake-up logic unit, an I2C/3-wire microcontroller
interface, a “data valid” detection unit and a set of configuration registers as shown in the
subsequent figure.
BusMode
BusData
BusCLK
EN

I2C / 3Wire 13.125 MHz

INTERFACE XTAL-Osz.
REGISTERS

INTERNAL BUS

DATA VALID WAKEUP

DETECTOR LOGIC
RSSI 6 Bit AMPLITUDE
ADC threshold TH3
FREQUENCY 32kHz
RF - BLOCK

window
TH1<TGATE<TH2
RC-Osz.
VALID
DATA
ENABLE

RX DATA

FSK DATA CLKDiv

ASK DATA
CONTROL
PwdDD
LOGIC
BLOCK ENABLE Data
ASK / FSK AskFsk
RX / TX
POWER ON RxTx
SEQUENCER Reset

logic.wmf

Figure 2-6 Timing and Data Control Unit

Data Sheet 22 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
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Functional Description

The I2C / 3-wire Bus Interface gives an external microcontroller full control over important system
parameters at any time.
It is possible to set the device in three different modes: Slave Mode, Self Polling Mode and Timer
Mode. This is done by a state machine which is implemented in the WAKEUP LOGIC unit. A
detailed description is given in Section 2.4.16.
The DATA VALID DETECTOR contains a frequency window counter and an RSSI threshold
comparator. The window counter uses the incoming data signal from the data slicer as the gating
signal and the crystal oscillator frequency as the timebase to determine the actual datarate. The
result is compared with the expected datarate.
The threshold comparator compares the actual RSSI level with the expected RSSI level.
If both conditions are true the PwdDD pin is set to LOW in self polling mode as you can see in
Section 2.4.16. This signal can be used as an interrupt for an external µP. Because the PwdDD
pin is bidirectional and open drain driven by an internal pull-up resistor it is possible to apply an
external LOW thus enabling the device.

2.4.15 Bus Interface and Register Definition

The TDA5251 supports the I2C bus protocol (2 wire) and a 3-wire bus protocol. Operation is
selectable by the BusMode pin (pin 2) as shown in the following table. All bus pins (BusData,
BusCLK, EN, BusMode) have a Schmitt-triggered input stage. The BusData pin is bidirectional
where the output is open drain driven by an internal 15kΩ pull up resistor.

Table 2-6 Bus Interface Format

Function BusMode EN BusCLK BusData
I2C Mode Low High= inactive, Clock input Data in/out
3-wire Mode High Low= active

BusData
16
BusCLK
FRONTEND

I2C / 3-wire INTERNAL BUS

17 INTERFACE
EN
24
BusMode
2 11100000
CHIP ADDRESS

i2c_3w_bus.wmf

Figure 2-7 Bus Interface

Note: The Interface is able to access the internal registers at any time, even in POWER DOWN
mode. There is no internal clock necessary for Interface operation.

Data Sheet 23 2007-02-26

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Functional Description

I2C Bus Mode

In this mode the BusMode pin (pin 2) = LOW and the EN pin (pin 24) = LOW.

Data Transition:
Data transition on the pin BusData can only occur when BusCLK is LOW. BusData transitions while
BusCLK is HIGH will be interpreted as start or stop condition.

Start Condition (STA):

A start condition is defined by a HIGH to LOW transition of the BusData line while BusCLK is HIGH.
This start condition must precede any command and initiate a data transfer onto the bus.

Stop Condition (STO):

A stop condition is defined by a LOW to HIGH transition of the BusData line while BusCLK is HIGH.
This condition terminates the communication between the devices and forces the bus interface into
the initial state.

Acknowledge (ACK):
Indicates a successful data transfer. The transmitter will release the bus after sending 8 bit of data.
During the 9th clock cycle the receiver will set the SDA line to LOW level to indicate it has received
the 8 bits of data correctly.

Data Transfer Write Mode:

To start the communication, the bus master must initiate a start condition (STA), followed by the 8bit
chip address. The chip address for the TDA5251 is fixed as „1110000“ (MSB at first). The last bit
(LSB=A0) of the chip address byte defines the type of operation to be performed:
A0=0, a write operation is selected and A0=1 a read operation is selected.
After this comparison the TDA5251 will generate an ACK and awaits the desired sub address byte
(00H...0FH) and data bytes. At the end of the data transition the master has to generate the stop
condition (STO).

Data Transfer Read Mode:

To start the communication in the read mode, the bus master must initiate a start condition (STA),
followed by the 8 bit chip address (write: A0=0), followed by the sub address to read (80H, 81H),
followed by the chip address (read: A0=1). After that procedure the data of the selected register
(80H, 81H) is read out. During this time the data line has to be kept in HIGH state and the chip sends
out the data. At the end of data transition the master has to generate the stop condition (STO).

Data Sheet 24 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
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Functional Description

Bus Data Format in I2C Mode

Table 2-7 Chip address Organization

MSB LSB Function
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Chip Address Write
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Chip Address Read

Table 2-8 I2C Bus Write Mode 8 Bit

MSB CHIP ADDRESS LSB MSB SUB ADDRESS (WRITE) LSB MSB DATA IN LSB
(WRITE) 00H...08H, 0DH, 0EH, 0FH
STA 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ACK S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 ACK D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 ACK STO

Table 2-9 I2C Bus Write Mode 16 Bit

MSB CHIP ADDRESS (WRITE) LSB MSB SUB ADDRESS (WRITE) LSB MSB DATA IN LSB
00H...08H, 0DH, 0EH, 0FH
STA 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ACK S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 ACK D15 ... D8 ACK D7 D6 ... D0 ACK STO

Table 2-10 I2C Bus Read Mode

MSB CHIP ADDRESS (WRITE) LSB MSB SUB ADDRESS (READ) LSB MSB CHIP ADDRESS (READ) LSB
80H, 81H
STA 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ACK S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 ACK STA 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 ACK

Table 2-10 I2C Bus Read Mode (continued)

MSB DATA OUT FROM SUB ADDRESS LSB
R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 ACK* STO

* mandatory HIGH

3-wire Bus Mode

In this mode pin 2 (BusMode)= HIGH and Pin 16 (BusData) is in the data input/output pin. Pin 24
(EN) is used to activate the bus interface to allow the transfer of data to / from the device. When pin
24 (EN) is inactive (HIGH), data transfer is inhibited.

Data Transition:
Data transition on pin 16 (BusData) can only occur if the clock BusCLK is LOW. To perform a data
transfer the interface has to be enabled. This is done by setting the EN line to LOW. A serial transfer
is done via BusData, BusCLK and EN. The bit stream needs no chip address.

Data Transfer Write Mode:

To start the communication the EN line has to be set to LOW. The desired sub address byte and
data bytes have to follow. The subaddress (00H...0FH) determines which of the data bytes are
transmitted. At the end of data transition the EN must be HIGH.
Data transfer Read Mode:
To start the communication in the read mode, the EN line has to be set to LOW followed by the sub
address to read (80H, 81H). Afterwards the device is ready to read out data. At the end of data
transition EN must be HIGH.

Data Sheet 25 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

Bus Data Format 3-wire Bus Mode

Table 2-11 3-wire Bus Write Mode

MSB SUB ADDRESS (WRITE) LSB MSB DATA IN X...0 (X=7 or 15) LSB
00H...08H, 0DH, 0EH,0FH
S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 DX ... D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Table 2-12 3-wire Bus Read Mode

MSB SUB ADDRESS (READ) LSB MSB DATA OUT FROM LSB
80H, 81H SUB ADDRESS
S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0

Register Definition

Sub Addresses Overview

ADC FILTER
RSSI [8 Bit] LPF [8 Bit]
I2C - SPI
INTERFACE

CONTROL WAKEUP XTAL

CONFIG [16 Bit] ON_TIME [16 Bit] XTAL_TUNE [16Bit]
STATUS [8 Bit] OFF_TIME [16 Bit] FSK [16Bit]
CLK_DIV [8 Bit] COUNT_TH1 [16Bit] XTAL_CONFIG [8 Bit]
BLOCK_PD [16Bit] COUNT_TH2 [16Bit]
RSSI_TH3 [8 Bit]

register_overview.wmf

Figure 2-8 Sub Addresses Overview

Data Sheet 26 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

Subaddress Organization
Table 2-13 Sub Addresses of Data Registers Write
MSB LSB HEX Function Description Bit Length
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00h CONFIG General definition of status bits 16
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 01h FSK Values for FSK-shift 16
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02h XTAL_TUNING Nominal frequency 16
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 03h LPF I/Q and data filter cutoff frequencies 8
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 04h ON_TIME ON time of wakeup counter 16
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 05h OFF_TIME OFF time of wakeup counter 16
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 06h COUNT_TH1 Lower threshold of window counter 16
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 07h COUNT_TH2 Higher threshold of window counter 16
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 08h RSSI_TH3 Threshold for RSSI signal 8
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0Dh CLK_DIV Configuration and Ratio of clock divider 8
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0Eh XTAL_CONFIG XTAL configuration 8
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0Fh BLOCK_PD Building Blocks Power Down 16

Table 2-14 Sub Addresses of Data Registers Read

MSB LSB HEX Function Description Bit Length
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80h STATUS Results of comparison: ADC & WINDOW 8
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 81h ADC ADC data out 8

Data Byte Specification

Table 2-15 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG

Bit Function Description Default
D15 SLICER 0= Lowpass, 1= Peak Detector 0
D14 ALL_PD 0= normal operation, 1= all Power down 0
D13 TESTMODE 0= normal operation, 1=Testmode 0
D12 CONTROL 0= RX/TX and ASK/FSK external controlled, 1= Register controlled 0
D11 ASK_NFSK 0= FSK, 1=ASK 0
D10 RX_NTX 0= TX, 1=RX 1
D9 CLK_EN 0= CLK off during power down, 1= always CLK on, ever in PD 0
D8 RX_DATA_INV 0= no Data inversion, 1= Data inversion 0
D7 D_OUT 0= Data out if valid, 1= always Data out 1
D6 ADC_MODE 0= one shot, 1= continuous 1
D5 F_COUNT_MODE 0= one shot, 1= continuous 1
D4 LNA_GAIN 0= low gain, 1= high gain 1
D3 EN_RX 0= disable receiver, 1= enable receiver (in self polling and timer mode) * 1
D2 MODE_2 0= slave mode, 1= timer mode 0
D1 MODE_1 0= slave or timer mode, 1= self polling mode 0
D0 PA_PWR 0= low TX Power, 1= high TX Power 1

Note D3: Function is only active in selfpolling and timer mode. When D3 is set to LOW the RX path
is not enabled if PwdDD pin is set to LOW. A delayed setting of D3 results in a delayed power ON
of the RX building blocks.

Data Sheet 27 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
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Functional Description

Table 2-16 Sub Address 01H: FSK Table 2-17 Sub Address 02H: XTAL_TUNING
Bit Function Value Description Default Bit Function Value Description Default
D15 not used 0 D15 not used 0
D14 not used 0 D14 not used 0
D13 FSK+5 8pF Setting for 0 D13 not used 0
D12 FSK+4 4pF positive 0 D12 not used 0
frequency
D11 FSK+3 2pF shift: +FSK or 1 D11 not used 0
D10 FSK+2 1pF ASK-RX 0 D10 not used 0
D9 FSK+1 500fF 1 D9 not used 0
D8 FSK+0 250fF 0 D8 not used 0
D7 not used 0 D7 not used 0
D6 not used 0 D6 not used 0
D5 FSK-5 4pF Setting for 0 D5 Nominal_Frequ_5 8pF Setting for 0
D4 FSK-4 2pF negative 0 nominal
D4 Nominal_Frequ_4 4pF 1
frequency frequency
D3 FSK-3 1pF shift: -FSK 1 D3 Nominal_Frequ_3 2pF 0
D2 FSK-2 500fF 1 D2 Nominal_Frequ_2 1pF ASK-TX 0
D1 FSK-1 250fF 0 D1 Nominal_Frequ_1 500fF FSK-RX 1
D0 FSK-0 125fF 0 D0 Nominal_Frequ_0 250fF 0

Table 2-19 Sub Addresses 04H / 05H: ON/OFF_TIME

Bit Function Default ON_TIME Default
Table 2-18 Sub Address 03H: LPF
OFF_TIME
Bit Function Description Default
D15 ON_15 / OFF_15 1 1
D7 Datafilter_3 0
D14 ON_14 / OFF_14 1 1
D6 Datafilter_2 3dB cutoff 0
frequency of D13 ON_13 / OFF_13 1 1
D5 Datafilter_1 data filter 0
D12 ON_12 / OFF_12 1 1
D4 Datafilter_0 1
D11 ON_11 / OFF_11 1 0
D3 IQ_Filter_2 3dB cutoff 1
D10 ON_10 / OFF_10 1 0
D2 IQ_Filter_1 frequency of 0
IQ-filter D9 ON_9 / OFF_9 1 1
D1 IQ_Filter_0 0
D8 ON_8 / OFF_8 0 1
D0 not used 0
D7 ON_7 / OFF_7 1 1
D6 ON_6 / OFF_6 1 0
D5 ON_5 / OFF_5 0 0
D4 ON_4 / OFF_4 0 0
D3 ON_3 / OFF_3 0 0
D2 ON_2 / OFF_2 0 0
D1 ON_1 / OFF_1 0 0
D0 ON_0 / OFF_0 0 0

Table 2-20 Sub Address 06H: COUNT_TH1

Table 2-21 Sub Address 07H: COUNT_TH2
Bit Function Default
Bit Function Default
D15 not used 0
D15 not used 0
D14 not used 0
D14 not used 0
D13 not used 0
D13 not used 0
D12 not used 0
D12 not used 0
D11 TH1_11 0
D11 TH2_11 0
D10 TH1_10 0
D10 TH2_10 0
D9 TH1_9 0
D9 TH2_9 0
D8 TH1_8 0
D8 TH2_8 0
D7 TH1_7 0
D7 TH2_7 0
D6 TH1_6 0
D6 TH2_6 0
D5 TH1_5 0
D5 TH2_5 0
D4 TH1_4 0
D4 TH2_4 0
D3 TH1_3 0
D3 TH2_3 0
D2 TH1_2 0
D2 TH2_2 0
D1 TH1_1 0
D1 TH2_1 0
D0 TH1_0 0

Data Sheet 28 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

Table 2-22 Sub Address 08H: RSSI_TH3 Table 2-23 Sub Address 0DH: CLK_DIV
Bit Function Description Default Bit Function Default
D7 not used 1 D7 not used 0
D6 SELECT 0= VCC, 1= RSSI 1 D6 not used 0
D5 TH3_5 1 D5 DIVMODE_1 0
D4 TH3_4 1 D4 DIVMODE_0 0
D3 TH3_3 1 D3 CLKDIV_3 1
D2 TH3_2 1 D2 CLKDIV_2 0
D1 TH3_1 1 D1 CLKDIV_1 0
D0 TH3_0 1 D0 CLKDIV_0 0

Table 2-24 Sub Address 0EH: XTAL_CONFIG

Bit Function Description Default
D7 not used 0
D6 not used 0
D5 not used 0
D4 not used 0
D3 not used 0
D2 FSK-Ramp 0 only in bipolar mode 0
D1 FSK-Ramp 1 0
D0 Bipolar_FET 0= FET, 1=Bipolar 1

Table 2-25 Sub Address 0FH: BLOCK_PD

Bit Function Description Default
D15 REF_PD 1= power down Band Gap Reference 1
D14 RC_PD 1= power down RC Oscillator 1
D13 WINDOW_PD 1= power down Window Counter 1
D12 ADC_PD 1= power down ADC 1
D11 PEAK_DET_PD 1= power down Peak Detectors 1
D10 DATA_SLIC_PD 1= power down Data Slicer 1
D9 DATA_FIL_PD 1= power down Data Filter 1
D8 QUAD_PD 1= power down Quadri Correlator 1
D7 LIM_PD 1= power down Limiter 1
D6 I/Q_FIL_PD 1= power down I/Q Filters 1
D5 MIX2_PD 1= power down I/Q Mixer 1
D4 MIX1_PD 1= power down 1st Mixer 1
D3 LNA_PD 1= power down LNA 1
D2 PA_PD 1= power down Power Amplifier 1
D1 PLL_PD 1= power down PLL 1
D0 XTAL_PD 1= power down XTAL Oscillator 1

Table 2-26 Sub Address 80H: STATUS Table 2-27 Sub Address 81H: ADC

Bit Function Description Bit Function Description

D7 COMP_LOW 1 if data rate < TH1 D7 PD_ADC ADC power down feedback Bit

D6 COMP_IN 1 if TH1 < data rate < TH2 D6 SELECT SELECT feedback Bit

D5 COMP_HIGH 1 if TH2 < data rate D5 RSSI_5 RSSI value Bit5

D4 COMP_0,5*LOW 1 if data rate < 0,5*TH1 D4 RSSI_4 RSSI value Bit4

D3 COMP_0,5*IN 1 if 0,5*TH1 < data rate < 0,5*TH2 D3 RSSI_3 RSSI value Bit3

D2 COMP_0,5*HIGH 1 if 0,5*TH2 < data rate D2 RSSI_2 RSSI value Bit2

D1 RSSI=TH3 1 if RSSI value is equal TH3 D1 RSSI_1 RSSI value Bit1

D0 RSSI>TH3 1 if RSSI value is greater than TH3 D0 RSSI_0 RSSI value Bit0

Data Sheet 29 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

2.4.16 Wakeup Logic

SLAVE MODE
(default)
MODE_1 = 0
MODE_2 = 0

SELF POLLING
MODE TIMER MODE
MODE_1 = 1 MODE_1 = 0
MODE_2 = X MODE_2 = 1

3_modes.wmf

Figure 2-9 Wakeup Logic States

Table 2-28 MODE settings: CONFIG register

MODE_1 MODE_2 Mode
0 0 SLAVE MODE
0 1 TIMER MODE
1 X SELF POLLING MODE

SLAVE MODE: The receive and transmit operation is fully controlled by an external control device
via the respective RxTx, AskFsk, PwdDD, and Data pins. The wakeup logic is inactive in this case.

After RESET or 1st Power-up the chip is in SLAVE MODE. By setting MODE_1 and MODE_2 in the
CONFIG register the mode may be changed.

SELF POLLING MODE: The chip turns itself on periodically to receive using a built-in 32kHz RC
oscillator. The timing of this is determined by the ON_TIME and OFF_TIME registers, the duty cycle
can be set between 0 and 100% in 31.25µs increments. The data detect logic is enabled and a 15µs
LOW impulse is provided at PwdDD pin (Pin 27), if the received data is valid.

ON_TIME OFF_TIME ON_TIME

Action RX ON: valid Data RX ON: invalid Data

t

PwdDD pin in
SELF POLLING MODE t
min. 2.6ms 15µs

timing_selfpllmode.wmf

Figure 2-10 Timing for Self Polling Mode (ADC & Data Detect in one shot mode)

Data Sheet 30 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
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Functional Description

Note: The time delay between start of ON time and the 15µs LOW impulse is 2.6ms + 3 period of
data rate.

If ADC & Data Detect Logic are in continuous mode the 15µs LOW impulse is applied at PwdDD
after each data valid decision.
In self polling mode if D9=0 (Register 00h) and when PwdDD pin level is HIGH the CLK output is
on during ON time and off during OFF time. If D9=1, the CLK output is always on.

TIMER MODE: Only the internal Timer (determined by the ON_TIME and OFF_TIME registers) is
active to support an external logic with periodical Interrupts. After ON_TIME + OFF_TIME a 15µs
LOW impulse is applied at the PwdDD pin (Pin 27).

ON_TIME OFF_TIME ON_TIME

Action Register 04H Register 05H Register 04H

t

PwdDD pin in
TIMER MODE t
15µs 15µs

timing_timermode.wmf

Figure 2-11 Timing for Timer Mode

2.4.17 Data Valid Detection, Data Pin

Data signals generate a typical spectrum and this can be used to determine if valid data is on air.

Amplitude
Frequency & RSSI Window

DATA on air

no DATA on air
RSSI
Frequency

data_rate_detect.wmf

Figure 2-12 Frequency and RSSI Window

The “data valid” criterion is generated from the result of RSSI-TH3 comparison and tGATE between
TH1 and TH2 result as shown below. In case of Manchester coding the 0,5*TH1 and 0,5*TH2 gives
improved performance.
The use of permanent data valid recognition makes it absolutely necessary to set the RSSI-ADC
and the Window counter into continuous mode (Register 00H, Bit D5 = D6 = 1).

Data Sheet 31 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

0,5*TH1 TGATE 0,5*TH2

TH1 TGATE TH2

RSSI TH3 DATA VALID

data_valid.wmf

Figure 2-13 Data Valid Circuit

D_OUT and RX_DATA_INV from the CONFIG register determine the output of data at Pin 28.
RxTxint and TX_ON are internally generated signals.
In RX and power down mode Data pin (Pin 28) is tied to GND.

RxTxint

RX_DATA_INV

RX DATA
Data
DATA VALID
D_OUT 28

TX DATA

TX ON

data_switch.wmf

Figure 2-14 Data Input/Output Circuit

2.4.18 Sequence Timer

The sequence timer has to control all the enable signals of the analog components inside the chip.
The time base is the 32 kHz RC oscillator.
After the first POWER ON or RESET a 730kHz clock is available at the clock output pin. This clock
output can be used by an external µP to set the system into the desired state and outputs valid data
after 500 µs (see Figure 2-15 and Figure 2-16, tCLKSU)

There are two possibilities to start the device after a reset or first power on:
− PWDDD pin is LOW: Normal operation timing is performed after tSYSSU (see Figure 2-15).
− PWDDD pin is HIGH (device in power down mode): A clock is offered at the clock output pin
until the device is activated (PWDDD pin is pulled to LOW). After the first activation the time
tSYSSU is required until normal operation timing is performed (see Figure 2-16 ).
This could be used to extend the clock generation without device programming or activation.
Note: It is required to activate the device for the duration of tSYSSU after first power on or a reset.
Only if this is done the normal operation timing is performed.

Data Sheet 32 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

With default settings the clock generating units are disabled during PD, therefore no clock is
available at the clock output pin. It is possible to offer a clock signal at the clock output pin every
time (also during PD) if the CLK_EN Bit in the CONFIG register is set to HIGH.

RESET
or 1st POWER ON
PWDDD = low

STATUS TX activ or RX activ PD TX activ PD RX activ TX activ RX activ

XTAL EN

DC OFFSET COMPENSATION
CLOCK FOR EXTERNAL µP

if RX
* *
PEAK DETECTOR EN if RX

DATADETECTION EN if RX

POWER AMP EN if TX
tCLKSU tCLKSU
0.5ms 0.5ms
tCLKSU tTXSU tTXSU tTXSU
0.5ms 1.1ms 1.1ms 1.1ms
tRXSU tRXSU
tSYSSU
2.2ms 2.2ms
8ms
tRXSU tDDSU tDDSU
2.2ms 2.6ms 2.6ms

tDDSU
2.6ms

Sequenzer_Timing_pupstart.wmf

Figure 2-15 1st start or reset in active mode

Note: The time values are typical values

RESET
or 1st POWER ON
PWDDD = high PWDDD = low

STATUS PD TX activ or RX activ PD TX activ RX activ

XTAL EN

DC OFFSET COMPENSATION
CLOCK FOR EXTERNAL µP

if RX
*
PEAK DETECTOR EN if RX

DATADETECTION EN if RX

POWER AMP EN if TX

tCLKSU
0.5ms
tCLKSU tTXSU tTXSU
0.5ms 1.1ms 1.1ms
tRXSU
tSYSSU
2.2ms
8ms
tRXSU tDDSU
2.2ms 2.6ms

tDDSU
2.6ms

Sequenzer_Timing_pdstart.wmf

Figure 2-16 1st start or reset in PD mode

* State is either „I“ or „O“ depending on time of setting into powerdown
Note: The time values are typical values

Data Sheet 33 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

This means that the device needs tDDSU setup time to start the data detection after RX is activated.
When activating TX it requires tTXSU setup time to enable the power amplifier.
For timing information refer to Table 4-3.

For test purposes a TESTMODE is provided by the Sequencer as well. In this mode the BLOCK_PD
register be set to various values. This will override the Sequencer timing. Depending on the settings
in Config Register 00H the corresponding building blocks are enabled, as shown in the subsequent
figure.

RESET RC- OSC.

2 XTAL FREQU.
32 kHz
DECODE
TIMING
16 SELECT
RX ON
TX ON

BUILDING BLOCKS
ENABLE / DISABLE
SWITCH
ASK/FSK
16
BLOCK_PD
REGISTER

INTERNAL BUS 16
ALL_PD
CLK_EN
TESTMODE

sequencer_raw.wmf

Figure 2-17 Sequencer‘s capability

2.4.19 Clock Divider

It supports an external logic with a programmable Clock at pin 26 (CLKDIV).

INTERNAL BUS
DIVMODE_0
DIVMODE_1
DIVIDE

4 BIT
BY 2

13 MHz
COUNTER
SWITCH

CLKDiv
32 kHz
26
WINDOW COUNT COMPLETE

clk_div.wmf

Figure 2-18 Clock Divider

The Output Selection and Divider Ratio can be set in the CLK_DIV register.

Data Sheet 34 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

Table 2-29 CLK_DIV Output Selection

D5 D4 Output
0 0 Output from Divider (default)
0 1 13.125MHz
1 0 32kHz
1 1 Window Count Complete
Note: Data are valid 500 µs after the crystal oscillator is enabled (see Figure 2-15 and Figure 2-
16, tCLKSU).

Table 2-30 CLK_DIV Setting

D3 D2 D1 D0 Total Divider Ratio Output Frequency [MHz]
0 0 0 0 2 6.6
0 0 0 1 4 3.3
0 0 1 0 6 2.2
0 0 1 1 8 1.6
0 1 0 0 10 1.3
0 1 0 1 12 1.1
0 1 1 0 14 0.94
0 1 1 1 16 0.82
1 0 0 0 18 0.730 (default)
1 0 0 1 20 0.66
1 0 1 0 22 0.6
1 0 1 1 24 0.,55
1 1 0 0 26 0.5
1 1 0 1 28 0.47
1 1 1 0 30 0.44
1 1 1 1 32 0.41

Note: As long as default settings are used, there is no clock available at the clock output during
Power Down. It is possible to enable the clock during Power Down by setting CLK_EN (Bit D9) in
the Config Register (00H) to HIGH.

2.4.20 RSSI and Supply Voltage Measurement

The input of the 6Bit-ADC can be switched between two different sources: the RSSI voltage (default
setting) or a resistor network dividing the Vcc voltage by 5.

Table 2-31 Source for 6Bit-ADC Selection (Register 08H)

SELECT Input for 6Bit-ADC
0 Vcc / 5
1 RSSI (default)

Data Sheet 35 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Functional Description

To prevent wrong interpretation of the ADC information (read from Register 81H: ADC) you can use
the ADC- Power Down feedback Bit (D7) and the SELECT feedback Bit (D6) which correspond to
the actual measurement.
Note: As shown in Section 2.4.18 there is a setup time of 2.6ms after RX activating. Thus the
measurement of RSSI voltage does only make sense after this setup time.

Data Sheet 36 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

3 Application

3.1 LNA and PA Matching

3.1.1 RX/TX Switch

RX/TX_Switch.wmf

Figure 3-1 RX/TX Switch

The RX/TX-switch combines the PA-output and the LNA-input into a single 50 Ohm SMA-
connector. Two pin-diodes are used as switching elements. If no current flows through a pin diode,
it works as a high impedance for RF with very low capacitance. If the pin-diode is forward biased, it
provides a low impedance path for RF. (some Ω)

3.1.2 Switch in RX-Mode

The RX/TX-switch is set to the receive mode by either applying a high level or an open to the RX/
TX-jumper on the evalboard or by leaving it open. Then both pin-diodes are not biased and
therefore have a high impedance.

Data Sheet 37 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

RX_Mode.wmf

Figure 3-2 RX-Mode

The RF-signal is able to run from the RF-input-SMA-connector to the LNA-input-pin LNI via C1, C2,
C7, L3 and C9. R1 does not affect the matching circuit due to its high resistance. The other input of
the differential LNA LNIX can always be AC-grounded using a large capacitor without any loss of
performance. In this case the differential LNA can be used as a single ended LNA, which is easier
to match. The S11 of the LNA at pin LNI on the evalboard is 0.97 / -17° (equals a resistor of
3.3kOhm in parallel to a capacitor of 1.5pF) for both high and low-gain-mode of the LNA. (pin LNIX
AC-grounded) This impedance has to be matched to 50 Ohm with the parts C9, L3, C7 and C2. C1
is a DC-decoupling-capacitor. On the evalboard the most important matching components are
(shunt) L3 and (series)C7, C2. The capacitors is mainly a DC-decoupling-capacitor and may be
used for some fine tuning of the matching circuit. A good CAE tool (featuring smith-chart) may be
used for the calculation of the values of the components. However, the final values of the matching
components always have to be found on the board because of the parasitics of the board, which
highly influence the matching circuit at RF.

Data Sheet 38 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

Measured Magnitude of S11 of evalboard:

S11_measured_315.pcx.

Figure 3-3 S11 measured

Above you can see the measured S11 of the evalboard. The –3dB-points are at 288MHz and
344MHz. So the 3dB-bandwidth is:
[3 – 1]
B = f U − f L = 344 MHz − 288 MHz = 56 MHz

The loaded Q of the resonant circuit is:

f center 315 MHz [3 – 2]
QL = = = 5,6
B 56 MHz

The unloaded Q of the resonant circuit is equal to the Q of the inductor due to its losses.

[3 – 3]
Q U = Q INDUCTOR ≈ 27 @ 315 MHz

An approximation of the losses of the input matching network can be made with the formula:

 Q   5, 6  [3 – 4]
LOSS = − 20 * log 1 − L  = − 20 * log 1 −  = 2 dB
 QU   27 

Data Sheet 39 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

The noise figure of the LNA-input-matching network is equal to its losses. The input matching
network is always a compromise of sensitivity and selectivity. The loaded Q should not get too high
because of 2 reasons:
more losses in the matching network and hence less sensitivity
tolerances of components affect matching too much. This will cause problems in a tuning-free mass
production of the application. A good CAE-tool will help to see the effects of component tolerances
on the input matching more accurate by tweaking each value.

A very high selectivity can be reached by using SAW-filters at the expense of higher cost and lower
sensitivity which will be reduced by the losses of the SAW-Filter of approx. 4dB.

Image-suppression:

Due to the quite high 1st-IF of the frontend, the image frequency is quite far away. The image
frequency of the receiver is at:

f IMAGE = f SIGNAL + 2 * f IF = 315 MHz + 2 * 105 = 525 MHz

[3 – 5]

The image suppression on the evalboard is about 12dB.

LO-leakage:

The LO of the 1st Mixer is at:

4 4 [3 – 6]
f LO = f RECEIVE * = 315 MHz * = 420 MHz
3 3

The LO-leakage of the evalboard on the RF-input is about –102dBm.

3.1.3 Switch in TX-Mode

The evalboard can be set into the TX-Mode by grounding the RX/TX-jumper on the evalboard or
programming the TDA5251 to operate in the TX-Mode. If the IC is programmed to operate in the
TX-Mode, the RX/TX-pin will act as an open drain output at a logical LOW. Then a DC-current can
flow from VCC to GND via L1, L2, D1, R1 and D2.

VCC − 2 * V FORWARD , PIN − DIODE

I PIN − DIODE = [3 – 7]
R1

Now both pin-diodes are biased with a current of approx. 0.3mA@3V and have a very low
impedance for RF.

Data Sheet 40 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

TX_Mode.wmf

Figure 3-4 TX_Mode

R1 does not influence the matching because of its very high resistance. Due to the large
capacitance of C1, C6 and C5 the circuit can be further simplified for RF:

TX_Mode_simplified.wmf

Figure 3-5 TX_Mode_simplified

The LNA-matching is RF-grounded now, so no power is lost in the LNA-input. The PA-matching
consists of C2, C3 L2, C4 and L1.

When designing the matching of the PA, C2 must not be changed anymore because its value is
already fixed by the LNA-input-matching.

Data Sheet 41 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

3.1.4 Power-Amplifier
The power amplifier operates in a high efficient class C mode. This mode is characterized by a
pulsed operation of the power amplifier transistor at a current flow angle of θ<<π. A frequency
selective network at the amplifier output passes the fundamental frequency component of the pulse
spectrum of the collector current to the load. The load and its resonance transformation to the
collector of the power amplifier can be generalized by the equivalent circuit of Figure 3-6. The tank
circuit L//C//RL in parallel to the output impedance of the transistor should be in resonance at the
operating frequency of the transmitter.

VS
L C RL

Equivalent_power_wmf.

Figure 3-6 Equivalent power amplifier tank circuit

The optimum load at the collector of the power amplifier for “critical” operation under idealized
conditions at resonance is:

V S 2
R LC = [3 – 8]
2 P0

A typical value of RLC for an RF output power of Po= 13mW is:

32
RLC = = 350Ω [3 – 9]
2 ∗ 0.013

Critical” operation is characterized by the RF peak voltage swing at the collector of the PA transistor
to just reach the supply voltage VS. The high efficiency under “critical” operating conditions can be
explained by the low power loss at the transistor.
During the conducting phase of the transistor there is no or only a very small collector voltage
present, thus minimizing the power loss of the transistor (iC*uCE). This is particularly true for low
current flow angles of θ<<π. In practice the RF-saturation voltage of the PA transistor and other
parasitics will reduce the “critical” RLC.

Data Sheet 42 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

The output power Po will be reduced when operating in an “overcritical” mode at a RL > RLC. As
shown in Figure 3-7, however, power efficiency E (and bandwidth) will increase by some degree
when operating at higher RL. The collector efficiency E is defined as

P0
E =
V S IC
[3 – 10]

The diagram of Figure 3-7 has been measured directly at the PA-output at VS=3V. A power loss in
the matching circuit of about 3dB will decrease the output power. As shown in the diagram, 250
Ohm is the optimum impedance for operation at 3V. For an approximation of ROPT and POUT at
other supply voltages those 2 formulas can be used:

[3 – 11]
ROPT ~ VS

and

POUT ~ ROPT [3 – 12]

Power_E_vs_RL_315.wmf

Figure 3-7 Output power Po (mW) and collector efficiency E vs. load resistor RL.
The DC collector current Ic of the power amplifier and the RF output power Po vary with the load
resistor RL. This is typical for overcritical operation of class C amplifiers. The collector current will
show a characteristic dip at the resonance frequency for this type of “overcritical” operation. The
depth of this dip will increase with higher values of RL.

Data Sheet 43 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

As Figure 3-8 shows, detuning beyond the bandwidth of the matching circuit results in a significant
increase of collector current of the power amplifier and in some loss of output power. This diagram
shows the data for the circuit of the test board at the frequency of 315MHz. The effective load
resistor of this circuit is RL= 250Ohm, which is the optimum impedance for operation at 3V. This will
lead to a dip of the collector current of approx. 20%.

pout_vs_frequ_315.wmf

Figure 3-8 Power output and collector current vs. frequency

C4, L2 and C3||C2 are the main matching components which are used to transform the 50 Ohm
load at the SMA-RF-connector to a higher impedance at the PA-output (250Ohm@3V). L1 can be
used for finetuning of the resonance frequency but should not be too low in order to keep its loss
low.

The transformed impedance of 250Ohm+j0 at the PA-output-pin can be verified with a network
analyzer using this measurement procedure:
1. Calibrate your network analyzer.
2. Connect a short, low-loss 50 Ohm cable to your network analyzer with an open end on one side.
Semirigid cable works best.
3. Use the „Port Extension“ feature of your network analyzer to shift the reference plane of your
network analyzer to the open end of the cable.
4. Connect the center-conductor of the cable to the solder pad of the pin „PA“ of the IC. The shield
has to be grounded. Very short connections must be used. Do not remove the IC or any part of
the matching-components!
5. Screw a 50Ohm-dummy-load on the RF-I/O-SMA-connector
6. The TDA5251 has to be in ASK-TX-Mode, Data-Input=LOW.
7. Be sure that your network analyzer is AC-coupled and turn on the power supply of the IC.
8. Measure the S-parameter

Data Sheet 44 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

Sparam_measured_315.pcx

Figure 3-9 Sparam_measured_100M

Above you can see the measurement of the evalboard with a span of 100MHz. The evalboard has
been optimized for 3V. The load is about 250+j0 at 315MHz.

A tuning-free realization requires a careful design of the components within the matching network.
A simple linear CAE-tool will help to see the influence of tolerances of matching components.
Suppression of spurious harmonics may require some additional filtering within the antenna
matching circuit. Both can be seen in Figure 3-10 and Figure 3-11 The total spectrum of the
evalboard can be summarized as:

Carrier fc +9dBm

fc-13.125MHz -74dBm

fc+13.125MHz -74dBm

2nd harmonic -38dBm

3rd harmonic -40dBm

Data Sheet 45 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

spectrum_tx_3GMhz.pcx

Figure 3-10 Transmit Spectrum 3GHz

spektrum_tx_3MHz.pcx

Figure 3-11 Transmit Spectrum 300MHz

Data Sheet 46 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

3.2 Crystal Oscillator

The equivalent schematic of the crystal with its parameters specified by the crystal manufacturer
can be taken from the subsequent figure.
Here also the load capacitance of the crystal CL, which the crystal wants to see in order to oscillate
at the desired frequency, can be seen.

L1 C1 R1
CL

-R C0

Crystal.wmf

Figure 3-12 Crystal

L1: motional inductance of the crystal
C1: motional capacitance of the crystal
C0: shunt capacitance of the crystal

Therefore the Resonant Frequency fs of the crystal is defined as:

1
fS = [3 – 13]
2π L1 * C1

The Series Load Resonant Frequency fS‘ of the crystal is defined as:

1 C1 [3 – 14]
f S `= * 1+
2π L1 * C1 C0 + C L

regarding Figure 3-12

fs’ is the nominal frequency of the crystal with a specified load when tested by the crystal
manufacturer.
Pulling Sensitivity of the crystal is defined as the magnitude of the relative change in frequency
relating to the variation of the load capacitor.

Data Sheet 47 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

δf S ´
δD fS − C1 [3 – 15]
= =
δCL δCL 2(C0 + C L )
2

Choosing CL as large as possible results in a small pulling sensitivity. On the other hand a small CL
keeps the influence of the serial inductance and the tolerances associated to it small (see formula
[3-17]).

Start-up Time

L1
t Start ~ [3 – 16]
− R − Rext
where: -R: is the negative impedance of the oscillator
see Figure 3-13
Rext: is the sum of all external resistances (e.g. R1 or any
other resistance that may be present in the circuit,
see Figure 3-12

The proportionality of L1 and C1 of the crystal is defined by formula [3-13]. For a crystal with a small
C1 the start -up time will also be slower. Typically the lower the value of the crystal frequency, the
lower the C1.
A short conclusion regarding crystal and crystal oscillator dependencies is shown in the following
table:

Table 3-1 Crystal and crystal oscilator dependency

Result
Independent variable Relative Tolerance Maximum Deviation tStart-up
C1 > >> >> <
C0 > < < -
frequency of quartz > >>> > <<
LOSC > >> > -
CL > > < -

The crystal oscillator in the TDA5251 is a NIC (negative impedance converter) oscillator type. The
input impedance of this oscillator is a negative impedance in series to an inductance. Therefore the
load capacitance of the crystal CL (specified by the crystal supplier) is transformed to the
capacitance Cv as shown in formula [3-17].

Data Sheet 48 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

-R LOSC f, CL CV

TDA 5250

QOSZ_NIC.wmf

Figure 3-13 Crystal Oscillator

1 1
CL = ↔ CV = [3 – 17]
1 1
− ω 2 LOSC + ω 2 LOSC
CV CL

CL: crystal load capacitance for nominal frequency

ω: angular frequency
LOSC: inductivity of the crystal oscillator - typ: 2.2µH with pad of board
2.1µH without pad

With the aid of this formula it becomes obvious that the higher the serial capacitance CV is, the
higher is the influence of LOSC.

The tolerance of the internal oscillator inductivity is much higher, so the inductivity is the dominating
value for the tolerance.

FSK modulation and tuning are achieved by a variation of Cv.

In case of small frequency deviations (up to +/- 1000 ppm), the desired load capacitances for FSK
modulation are frequency depending and can be calculated with the formula below.

∆f  2 ⋅ ( C + C )
0 L
C − + C ⋅ ---------- ⋅  1 + ---------------------------------
L 0 N⋅f  C 
1 [3 – 18]
C L ± = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
∆f  2 ⋅ ( C0 + C L )
1 ± ---------- ⋅  1 + ---------------------------------
N⋅f  C 
1
CL: crystal load capacitance for nominal frequency
C0: shunt capacitance of the crystal
C1: motional capacitance of the crystal
f: crystal oscillator frequency
N: division ratio of the PLL
∆f: peak frequency deviation

Data Sheet 49 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

With CL+ and CL- the necessary Cv+ for FSK HIGH and Cv- for FSK LOW can be calculated.
Alternatively, an external AC coupled (10nF in series to 1kΩ) signal can be applied at pin 19 (Xout).
The drive level should be approximately 100mVpp.

3.2.1 Synthesizer Frequency setting

Generating ASK and FSK modulation 3 setable frequencies are necessary.

3.2.1.1 Possible crystal oscillator frequencies

The resulting possible crystal oscillator frequencies are shown in the following Figure 3-14

RX: FSK ASK

TX: FSK- ASK FSK+

Deviation Deviation

f1 f0 f2
Nominal
Frequency

free_reg.wmf

Figure 3-14 possible crystal oscillator frequencies

In ASK receive mode the crystal oscillator is set to frequency f2 to realize the necessary frequency
offset to receive the ASK signal at f0*N (N: division ratio of the PLL).
To set the 3 different frequencies 3 different Cv are necessary. Via internal switches 3 external
capacitors can be combined to generate the necessary Cv in case of ASK- or FSK-modulation.
Internal banks of switchable capacitors allow the finetuning of these frequencies.

3.2.2 Transmit/Receive ASK/FSK Frequency Assignment

Depending on whether the device operates in transmit or receive mode or whether it operates in
ASK or FSK the following cases can be distinguished:

3.2.2.1 FSK-mode
In transmit mode the two frequencies representing logical HIGH and LOW data states have to be
adjusted depending on the intended frequency deviation and separately according to the following
formulas:

[3 – 19]
fCOSC HI = (fRF + fDEV) / 24 fCOSC LOW = (fRF - fDEV) / 24

Data Sheet 50 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

e.g.
fCOSC HI = (315E6 + 30E3) / 24= 13.12625MHz
fCOSC LOW = (315E6 - 30E3) / 24= 13.12375MHz
with a frequency deviation of 30kHz.
Figure 3-15 shows the configuration of the switches and the capacitors to achieve the 2 desired
frequencies. Gray parts of the schematics indicate inactive parts. For FSK modulation the ASK-
switch is always open.

For FSK LOW the FSK-switch is closed and Cv2 and Ctune2 are bypassed. The effective Cv- is given
by:

CV − = C v1 + C tune1 [3 – 20]

For finetuning Ctune1 can be varied over a range of 8 pF in steps of 125fF. The switches of this C-
bank are controlled by the bits D0 to D5 in the FSK register (subaddress 01H, see Table 3-6).

For FSK HIGH the FSK-switch is open. So the effective Cv+ is given by:

( C v1 + C tune1 ) ⋅ ( C v2 + C tune2 )
C v+ = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [3 – 21]
C v1 + C tune1 + C v2 + C tune2

The C-bank Ctune2 can be varied over a range of 16 pF in steps of 250fF for finetuning of the FSK
HIGH frequency. The switches of this C-bank are controlled by the bits D8 to D13 in the FSK
register (subaddress 01H, see Table 3-6).

L -R L -R
XOUT 19 XOUT 19

f, CL f, CL
XIN 21 XIN 21
CV1 CV1

Ctune1 Ctune1
XSWF 20 XSWF 20

XSWA 22 XSWA 22

CV2 CV3 CV2 CV3

Ctune2 Ctune2
XGND 23 XGND 23
switch

switch

switch

switch
ASK-

ASK-
FSK-

FSK-

FSK LOW FSK HIGH

QOSC_FSK.wmf

Figure 3-15 FSK modulation

Data Sheet 51 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

In receive mode the crystal oscillator frequency is set to yield a direct-to-zero conversion of the
receive data. Thus the frequency may be calculated as
fCOSC = fRF / 24,
e.g. [3 – 22]

fCOSC = 315E6 / 24= 13.123MHz

which is identical to the ASK transmit case.

L -R
XOUT 19

f, CL
XIN 21
CV1

Ctune1
XSWF 20

XSWA 22

CV2 CV3

Ctune2
XGND 23
switch

switch
ASK-

FSK-

QOSC_ASK.wmf

Figure 3-16 FSK receive

In this case the ASK-switch is closed. The necessary Cvm is given by:

( C v1 + C tune1 ) ⋅ ( C v2 + C + C tune2 )
v3 [3 – 23]
C vm = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C v1 + C tune1 + C v2 + C + C tune2
v3

The C-bank Ctune2 can be varied over a range of 16 pF in steps of 250fF for finetuning of the FSK
receive frequency. In this case the switches of the C-bank are controlled by the bits D0 to D5 of the
XTAL_TUNING register (subaddress 02H, see Table 3-5).

3.2.2.2 ASK-mode:
In transmit mode the crystal oscillator frequency is the same as in the FSK receive case, see
Figure 3-16.

In receive mode a receive frequency offset is necessary as the limiters feedback is AC-coupled.
This offset is achieved by setting the oscillator frequency to the FSK HIGH transmit frequency, see
Figure 3-15.

Data Sheet 52 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

3.2.3 Parasitics
For the correct calculation of the external capacitors the parasitic capacitances of the pins and the
switches (C20, C21, C22) have to be taken into account.

L -R
XOUT 19

f, CL
XIN 21
CV1
C21
Ctune1
XSWF 20

XSWA 22

CV2 CV3

C22 C20 Ctune2

XGND 23

QOSC_parasitics.wmf

Figure 3-17 parasitics of the switching network

Table 3-2 Typical values of parasitic capacitances

Name Value
C20 4,6 pF
C21 FSK-: 2,8 pF / FSK+&ASK: 2.2pF
C22 1 pF

With the given parasitics the actual Cv can be calculated:

C = C +C +C [3 – 24]
v- v1 tune1 21

(C + C ) ⋅ (C + C + C ) [3 – 25]
v1 tune1 v2 20 tune2
C = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + C
v+ C +C +C +C +C 21
v1 tune1 v2 20 tune2

(C + C ) ⋅ (C + C + C + C + C ) [3 – 26]
v1 tune1 v2 20 v3 22 tune2
C = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + C
vm C v1 + C tune1 + C v2 + C 20 + C + C 22 + C 21
v3 tune2

Note: Please keep in mind also to include the Pad parasitics of the circuit board.

Data Sheet 53 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

3.2.4 Calculation of the external capacitors

1. Determination of necessary crystal frequency using formula [3-19].
e.g. fFSK- = fCOSC LOW
2. Determine corresponding CLoad applying formula [3-18].
e.g. CL FSK- = CL ±
3. Necessary CV using formula [3-17].
e.g.
1
CV − =
1
+ (2πf FSK − ) * LOSC
2

C L , FSK −

1. When the necessary Cv for the 3 frequencies (Cv- for FSK LOW, Cv+ for FSK HIGH and Cvm for
FSK-receive) are known the external capacitors and the internal tuning caps can be calculated
using the following formulas:

-FSK: C v1 + C tune1 = C v- – C 21 [3 – 27]

( C v1 + C tune1 ) ⋅ ( C v+ – C 21 )
+FSK: C v2 + C tune2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------------- – C 20 [3 – 28]
( C v1 + C tune1 ) – ( C v+ – C 21 )
( C v1 + C tune1 ) ⋅ ( C vm – C 21 )
FSK_RX: C v3 + C tune2 = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- – C 20 – C v2 – C 22 [3 – 29]
( C v1 + C tune1 ) – ( C vm – C 21 )

To compensate frequency errors due to crystal and component tolerance Cv1, Cv2 and Cv3 have to
be varied. To enable this correction, half of the necessary capacitance variation has to be realized
with the internal C-banks.
If no finetuning is intended it is recommended to leave XIN (Pin 21) open. So the parasitic
capacitance of Pin 21 has no effect.
Note: Please keep in mind also to include the Pad parasitics of the circuit board.
In the suitable range for the serial capacitor, either capacitors with a tolerance of 0.1pF or 1% are
available.
A spreadsheet, which can be used to predict the total frequency error by simply entering the crystal
specification, may be obtained from Infineon.

3.2.5 FSK-switch modes

The FSK-switch can be used either in a bipolar or in a FET mode. The mode of this switch is
controlled by bit D0 of the XTAL_CONFIG register (subaddress 0EH).
In the bipolar mode the FSK-switch can be controlled by a ramp function. This ramp function is set
by the bits D1 and D2 of the XTAL_CONFIG register (subadress 0EH). With these modes of the
FSK-switch the bandwidth of the FSK spectrum can be influenced.
When working in the FET mode the power consumption can be reduced by about 200 µA.

Data Sheet 54 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

The default mode is bipolar switch with no ramp function (D0 = 1, D1 = D2 = 0), which is suitable
for all bitrates.

Table 3-3 Sub Address 0EH: XTAL_CONFIG

D0 D1 D2 Switch mode Ramp time Max. Bitrate
0 n.a. n.a. FET < 0.2 µs > 32 kBit/s NRZ
1 0 0 bipolar (default) < 0.2 µs > 32 kBit/s NRZ
1 1 0 bipolar 4 µs 32 kBit/s NRZ
1 0 1 bipolar 8 µs 16 kBit/s NRZ
1 1 1 bipolar 12 µs 12 kBit/s NRZ

3.2.6 Finetuning and FSK modulation relevant registers

Case FSK-RX or ASK-TX (Ctune2):

Table 3-4 Sub Address 02H: XTAL_TUNING

Bit Function Value Description Default
D5 Nominal_Frequ_5 8pF Setting for 0
D4 Nominal_Frequ_4 4pF nominal 1
D3 Nominal_Frequ_3 2pF frequency 0
D2 Nominal_Frequ_2 1pF ASK-TX 0
FSK-RX
D1 Nominal_Frequ_1 500fF 1
(Ctune2)
D0 Nominal_Frequ_0 250fF 0

Case FSK-TX or ASK-RX (Ctune1 and Ctune2):

Table 3-5 Sub Address 01H: FSK

Bit Function Value Description Default
D13 FSK+5 8pF Setting for 0
D12 FSK+4 4pF positive 0
D11 FSK+3 2pF frequency 1
D10 FSK+2 1pF shift: +FSK 0
or ASK-RX
D9 FSK+1 500fF 1
(Ctune2)
D8 FSK+0 250fF 0
D5 FSK-5 4pF 0
Setting for
D4 FSK-4 2pF negative 0
D3 FSK-3 1pF frequency 1
D2 FSK-2 500fF shift: -FSK 1
D1 FSK-1 250fF (Ctune1) 0
D0 FSK-0 125fF 0

Data Sheet 55 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

Default values
In case of using the evaluation board, the crystal with its typical parameters (fp=13.125MHz,
C1=6.5fF, C0=1.8pF, CL=20pF) and external capacitors with Cv1=27pF, Cv2=1.0pF, Cv3=15pF
each are used the following default states are set in the device.

Table 3-6 Default oscillator settings

Operating state Frequency
ASK-TX / FSK-RX 315.0 MHz
+FSK-TX / ASK-RX +30 kHz
-FSK-TX -30 kHz

3.2.7 Chip and System Tolerances

Quartz: fp=13.125MHz; C1=6.5fF; C0=1,8pF; CL=20pF (typical values)
Cv1=27pF, Cv2=1.0pF, Cv3=15pF

Table 3-7 Internal Tuning

Part Frequency tolerance Rel. tolerance
@ 315MHz
Frequency set accuracy +/- 1.3kHz +/- 4ppm
Temperature (-40...+85C) +/- 2.5kHz +/- 8ppm
Supply Voltage(2.1...5.5V) +/- 0.6kHz +/- 2ppm
Total +/- 4.4kHz +/- 14ppm

Table 3-8 Default Setup (without internal tuning & without Pin21 usage)
Part Frequency tolerance Rel. tolerance
@ 315MHz
Internal capacitors (+/- 10%) +/-2.2kHz +/- 7ppm
Inductivity of the crystal oscillator +/- 2.5kHz +/-8ppm
Temperature (-40...+85C) +/- 2.5kHz +/- 8ppm
Supply Voltage (2.1...5.5V) +/- 0.6kHz +/- 2ppm
Total +/- 7.8kHz +/- 25ppm

Tolerance values in Table 3-8 are valid, if pin 21 is not connected. Establishing the connection to
pin 21 the tolerances increase by +/- 16ppm (internal capacitors), if internal tuning is not used.

Concerning the frequency tolerances of the whole system also crystal tolerances (tuning
tolerances, temperature stability, tolerance of CL) have to be considered.

In addition to the chip tolerances also the crystal and external component tolerances have to be
considered in the tuning and non-tuning case.

Data Sheet 56 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

In case of internal tuning: The crystal on the evaluation board has a temperature stability of +/-
20ppm (or +/- 6.3kHz), which must be added to the total tolerances in worst case. It’s possible to
choose a crystal compensating the oscillators temperature drift in a certain range and thus the
overall temperature tolerances are minimized.

In case of default setup (without internal tuning and without usage of pin 21) the temperature
stability and tuning tolerance of the crystal as well as the tolerance of the external capacitors (+/-
0.1pF) have to be added. The crystal on the evaluation board has a temperature stability of +/-
20ppm (or +/- 6.3kHz) and a tuning tolerance of +/- 10ppm (or +/- 3.2 kHz). The external capacitors
add a tolerance of +/- 3.5ppm (or +/- 1.1kHz). Here also the overall temperature tolerances can be
reduced when applying an appropriate temperature drift of the crystal.

The frequency stabilities of both the receiver and the transmitter and the modulation bandwidth set
the limit for the bandwidth of the IQ filter. To achieve a high receiver sensitivity and efficient
suppression of adjacent interference signals, the narrowest possible IQ bandwidth should be
realized (see Section 3.3).

3.3 IQ-Filter
The IQ-Filter should be set to values corresponding to the RF-bandwidth of the received RF signal
via the D1 to D3 bits of the LPF register (subaddress 03H).

Table 3-9 3dB cutoff frequencies I/Q Filter

D3 D2 D1 nominal f-3dB in kHz resulting effective
(programmable) channel
bandwidth in kHz
0 0 0 not used
0 0 1 350 700
0 1 0 250 500
0 1 1 200 400
1 0 0 150 (default) 300
1 0 1 100 200
1 1 0 50 100
1 1 1 not used

Data Sheet 57 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

10

50kHz
0
100kHz

150kHz
- 10

200kHz
-20
250kHz

350kHz
-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80

10 10 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

f [ kHz]

iq_filter_curve.wmf

Figure 3-18 I/Q Filter Characteristics

effective channel bandwidth

-f -f3dB
f3dB f
IQ Filter IQ Filter

iq_char.wmf

Figure 3-19 IQ Filter and frequency characteristics of the receive system

3.4 Data Filter

The Data-Filter should be set to values corresponding to the bandwidth of the transmitted Data
signal via the D4 to D7 bits of the LPF register (subaddress 03H).

Data Sheet 58 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

Table 3-10 3dB cutoff frequencies Data Filter

D7 D6 D5 D4 nominal f-3dB in kHz
0 0 0 0 5
0 0 0 1 7 (default)
0 0 1 0 9
0 0 1 1 11
0 1 0 0 14
0 1 0 1 18
0 1 1 0 23
0 1 1 1 28
1 0 0 0 32
1 0 0 1 39
1 0 1 0 49
1 0 1 1 55
1 1 0 0 64
1 1 0 1 73
1 1 1 0 86
1 1 1 1 102

3.5 Limiter and RSSI

The I/Q Limiters are DC coupled multistage amplifiers with offset-compensating feedback circuit
and an overall gain of approximately 80dB each in the frequency range of 100Hz up to 350kHz.
Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) generators are included in both limiters which produce DC
voltages that are directly proportional to the input signal level in the respective channels. The
resulting I- and Q-channel RSSI-signals are summed to the nominal RSSI signal.

Cc Cc Cc Cc C
RSSI
CQ2x
CQ1x

CQ2
CQ1

CI2
CI1x

CI2x
CI1

38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 29 RSSI

I- Filter I
Limiter Quadr.
Corr. 37k
fg

SUM
Q- Filter
Q Quadr.
fg Limiter Corr.

limiter input.wmf

Figure 3-20 Limiter and Pinning

Data Sheet 59 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

The DC offset compensation needs 2.2ms after Power On or Tx/Rx switch. This time is hard wired
and independent from external capacitors CC on pins 31 to 38. The maximum value for this
capacitors is 47nF.

RSSI accuracy settling time = 2.2ms + 5*RC=2.2ms+5*37k*2.2nF=2.6ms

R - internal resistor; C - external capacitor at Pin 29

Table 3-11 Limiter Bandwidth

Cc f3dB f3dB Comment
lower limit upper
[nF] [Hz] limit
220 100 IQ Filter setup time not guaranteed
100 220 - ll - setup time not guaranteed
47 470 - ll - Eval Board
22 1000 - ll -
10 2200 - ll -

v [dB]

80

0
f3dB f3dB f3dB f
lower limit IQ Filter Limiter

limiter_char.wmf

Figure 3-21 Limiter frequency characteristics

Data Sheet 60 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

1300 ADC

1200
1100

1000
900
800
RSSI /mV

700

600
500
high gain
400
low gain
300
200
100
0
-120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20
RF /dBm

RSSI.wmf

Figure 3-22 Typ. RSSI Level (Eval Board) @3V

3.6 Data Slicer - Slicing Level

The data slicer is an analog-to-digital converter. It is necessary to generate a threshold value for the
negative comparator input (data slicer). The TDA5251 offers an RC integrator and a peak detector
which can be selected via logic. Independent of the choice, the peak detector outputs are always
active.

3.6.1 RC Integrator

Table 3-12 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG

Bit Function Description Default SET
D15 SLICER 0= LP, 1= Peak Detector 0 0
Necessary external component (Pin14): CSLC
This integrator generates the mean value of the data filter output. For a stable threshold value, the
cut-off frequency has to be lower than the lowest signal frequency. The cutoff frequency results from
the internal resistance R=100kΩ and the external capacitor CSLC on Pin14.

Cut-off frequency:
< Min {f }
1
f cut − off = [3 – 30]
2 π ⋅100 kΩ ⋅ C SLC
Signal

Component calculation: (rule of thumb)

TL – longest period of no signal change
3 ⋅TL [3 – 31]
C SLC ≥
100 k Ω

Data Sheet 61 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

SLC_RC.wmf

Figure 3-23 Slicer Level using RC Integrator

3.6.2 Peak Detectors

Table 3-13 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG

Bit Function Description Default SET
D15 SLICER 0= LP, 1= Peak Detector 0 1

The TDA5251 has two peak detectors built in, one for positive peaks in the data stream and the
other for the negative ones.

Necessary external components: - Pin12: CN

- Pin13: CP

Data Sheet 62 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

SLC_PkD.wmf

Figure 3-24 Slicer Level using Peak Detector

For applications requiring fast attack and slow release from the threshold value it is reasonable to
use the peak detectors. The threshold value is generated by an internal voltage divider. The release
time is defined by the internal resistance values and the external capacitors.
[3 – 32]
τ posPkD = 100 k Ω ⋅ C p

τ negPkD = 100 k Ω ⋅ C n [3 – 33]

Signal

τ posPkD
Signal

Pos. Peak Detector (pin13)

Threshold SLC(pin14)

Neg. Peak Detector (pin12)

τ negPkD
t

PkD_timing.wmf

Figure 3-25 Peak Detector timing

Data Sheet 63 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

Component calculation: (rule of thumb)

2 * T L1 [3 – 34]
CP ≥
100 k Ω

TL1 – longest period of no signal change (LOW signal)

2 * TL 2 [3 – 35]
Cn ≥
100 k Ω

TL2 – longest period of no signal change (HIGH signal)

3.6.3 Peak Detector - Analog output signal

The TDA5251 data output can be digital (pin 28) or in analog form by using the peak detector output
and changing some settings.
To get an analog data output the slicer must be set to lowpass mode (Reg. 0, D15 = LP = 0) and
the peak detector capacitor at pin 12 or 13 has to be changed to a resistor of about 47kOhm.

PkD_analog.wmf

Figure 3-26 Peak Detector as analog Buffer (v=1)

3.6.4 Peak Detector – Power Down Mode

For a safe and fast threshold value generation the peak detector is turned on by the sequencer
circuit (see Section 2.4.18) only after the entire receiving path is active.

In the off state the output of the positive peak detector is tied down to GND and the output of the
negative peak detector is pulled up to VCC.

Data Sheet 64 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

PKD_PWDN.wmff

Figure 3-27 Peak detector - power down mode

Signal

Data Signal
Vcc
Neg. Peak Detector (pin12)

Threshold (pin14)

2,2ms
Pos. Peak Detector (pin13)
0
Power ON Power Down Power ON Peak Detector Power ON t

PkD_PWDN3.wmf

Figure 3-28 Power down mode

3.7 Data Valid Detection

In order to detect valid data two criteria must be fulfilled.
One criteria is the data rate, which can be set in register 06h and 07h. The other one is the received
RF power level, which can be set in register 08h in form of the RSSI threshold voltage. Thus for
using the data valid detection FSK modulation is recommended.

Data Sheet 65 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

Timing for data detection looks like the following. Two settings are possible: „Continuous“ and
„Single Shot“, which can be set by D5 and D6 in register 00H.

Data
t
Sequenzer enables
data detection
t
Counter Reset reset reset

t
Gate time count count

t
Compare with single
TH and latch result comp. comp.

t
Compare with double
TH and latch result comp.

t
(Frequency) Window
Count Complete ready*

start of conversion possible start of next conversion t

Frequ_Detect_Timing_continuous.wmf

Figure 3-29 Frequency Detection timing in continuous mode

Note 1: Chip internal signal „Sequencer enables data detection“ has a LOW to HIGH transition
about 2.6ms after RX is activated (see Figure 2-15).
Note 2: The positive edge of the „Window Count Complete“ signal latches the result of comparison
of the analog to digital converted RSSI voltage with TH3 (register 08H). A logic combination of this
output and the result of the comparison with single/double THx defines the internal signal
„data_valid“.
Figure 3-29 shows that the logic is ready for the next conversion after 3 periods of the data signal.

Timing in Single Shot mode can be seen in the subsequent figure:

Data
t
Sequenzer enables
data detection
t
Counter Reset reset

t
Gate time count

t
Compare with single
TH and latch result comp.

t
Compare with double
TH and latch result comp.

t
(Frequency) Window
Count Complete ready*

start of conversion
no possible start of next conversion t
because of Single Shot Mode

Frequ_Detect_Timing_singleShot_wmf

Figure 3-30 Frequency Detection timing in Single Shot mode

Data Sheet 66 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

3.7.1 Frequency Window for Data Rate Detection

The high time of data is used to measure the frequency of the data signal. For Manchester coding
either the data frequency or half of the data frequency have to be detected corresponding to one
high time or twice the high time of data signal.
A time period of 3*2*T is necessary to decide about valid or invalid data.

T 2*T

DATA
t
0 0 1 0
T2
T1

possible
GATE 1
t
0
2*T2

2*T1

possible
GATE 2
t
0 1

window_count_timing.wmf

Figure 3-31 Window Counter timing

Example to calculate the thresholds for a given data rate:

- Data signal manchester coded
- Data Rate: 2kbit//s
- fclk= 13,125 MHz
Then the period equals to

1
2⋅T = = 0,5ms [3 – 36]
2kbit/s

respectively the high time is 0,25ms.

We set the thresholds to +-10% and get: T1= 0,225ms and T2= 0,275ms

The thresholds TH1 and TH2 are calculated with following formulas

f clk [3 – 37]
TH1 = T1⋅
4

f clk [3 – 38]
TH2 = T2 ⋅
4

Data Sheet 67 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

This yields the following results:

TH1~ 738= 001011100010b
TH2~ 902= 001110000110b

which have to be programmed into the D0 to D11 bits of the COUNT_TH1 and COUNT_TH2
registers (subaddresses 06H and 07H), respectively.

Default values (window counter inactive):

TH1= 000000000000b
TH2= 000000000001b
Note: The timing window of +-10% of a given high time T in general does not correspond to a
frequency window +-10% of the calculated data frequency.

3.7.2 RSSI threshold voltage - RF input power

The RF input power level is corresponding to a certain RSSI voltage, which can be seen in Section
3.5. The threshold TH3 of this RSSI voltage can be calculated with the following formula:

desired RSSI threshold voltage [3 – 39]

TH3 = ⋅ (2 6
− 1)
1.2V

As an example a desired RSSI threshold voltage of 500mV results in TH3~26=011010b, which has
to be written into D0 to D5 of the RSSI_TH3 register (sub address 08H).
Default value (RSSI detection inactive):
TH3=111111b

3.8 Calculation of ON_TIME and OFF_TIME

ON= (216-1)-(fRC*tON) [3 – 40]

OFF=( 216-1)-(f RC*tOFF) [3 – 41]
fRC= Frequency of internal RC Oszillator

Example: tON= 0,005s, tOFF= 0,055s, fRC= 32300Hz

ON= 65535-(32300*0,005) ~ 65373= 1111111101011101b
OFF= 65535-(32300*0,055) ~ 63758= 1111100100001110b

The values have to be written into the D0 to D15 bits of the ON_TIME and OFF_TIME registers
(subaddresses 04H and 05H).

Data Sheet 68 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

Default values:
ON= 65215 = 1111111011000000b
OFF= 62335 = 1111001110000000b
tON ~10ms @ fRC= 32kHz
tOFF ~100ms @ fRC= 32kHz

3.9 Example for Self Polling Mode

The settings for Self Polling Mode depend very much on the timing of the transmitted Signal. To
create an example we consider following data structure transmitted in FSK.

4 Frames
Data Data Data Data
t [ms]

50ms 50ms

400ms

Frame-
details
t [ms]

Preamble Data

Sync
t [ms]

Syncronisation Preamble

data_timing011.wmf

Figure 3-32 Example for transmitted Data-structure

According to existing synchronization techniques there are some synchronization bursts in front of
the data added (code violation!). A minimum of 4 Frames is transmitted. Data are preferably
Manchester encoded to get fastest respond out of the Data Rate Detection.

Target Application:
- received Signal has code violation as described before
- total mean current consumption below 1mA
- data reception within max. 400ms after first transmitted frame

One possible Solution:

tON = 15ms, tOFF= 135ms

Data Sheet 69 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

This gives 15ms ON time of a total period of 150ms which results in max. 0.9mA mean current
consumption in Self Polling Mode. The resulting worst case timing is shown in the following figure:

Case A:

Data Data Data Data

t [ms]

50ms 15ms 135ms µP enables Receiver

until Data completed
Interrupt
due PwdDD

Case B:

Data Data Data Data

t [ms]

50ms 15ms 135ms µP enables Receiver

until Data completed
Interrupt
due PwdDD

Case C:

Data Data Data Data

t [ms]

50ms 15ms 135ms µP enables Receiver

until Data completed
Interrupt
due PwdDD
... Receiver enabled

data_timing021.wmf

Figure 3-33 3 possible timings

Description:
Assumption: the ON time comes right after the first frame (Case A). If OFF time is 135ms the
receiver turns on during Sync-pulses and the PwdDD- pulse wakes up the µP.
If the ON time is in the center of the 50ms gap of transmission (Case B), the Data Detect Logic will
wake up the µP 135ms later.
If ON time is over just before Sync-pulses (Case C), next ON time is during Data transmission and
Data Detect Logic will trigger a PwdDD- pulse to wake up the µP.

Note: In this example it is recommended to use the Peak Detector for slicer threshold generation,
because of its fast attack and slow release characteristic. To overcome the data zero gap of 50ms
larger external capacitors than noted in Section 4.4 at pin12 and 13 are recommended. Further
information on calculating these components can be taken from Section 3.6.2.

3.10 Sensitivity Measurements

3.10.1 Test Setup

The test setup used for the measurements is shown in the following figure. In case of ASK
modulation the Rohde & Schwarz SMIQ generator, which is a vector signal generator, is connected
to the I/Q modulation source AMIQ. This "baseband signal generator" is in turn controlled by the PC

Data Sheet 70 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

based software WinQSIM via a GPIB interface. The AMIQ generator has a pseudo random binary
sequence (PRBS) generator and a bit error test set built in. The resulting I/Q signals are applied to
the SMIQ to generate a ASK (OOK) spectrum at the desired RF frequency.
Data is demodulated by the TDA5251 and then sent back to the AMIQ to be compared with the
originally sent data. The bit error rate is calculated by the bit error rate equipment inside the AMIQ.
Baseband coding in the form of Manchester is applied to the I signal as can be seen in the
subsequent figure.

Personal Computer

Software
WinIQSIM

GPIB /
RS 232 Clock

AMIQ BERT

Marker Output (Bit Error Rate

Test Set) Data
Rohde & Schwarz
I/Q Modulation Source
AMIQ

I Q

Manchester Manchester
Encoder Decoder

DATAout
Rohde & Schwarz
RFin
Vector Signal Generator
SMIQ 03
DUT
Transceiver Testboard
ASK / FSK RF Signal
TDA525x

TestSetup.wmf

Figure 3-34 BER Test Setup

In the following figures the RF power level shown is the average power level.
These investigations have been made on an Infineon evaluation board using a data rate of 4 kBit/
s with manchester encoding and a data filter bandwidth of 7 kHz. This is the standard configuration
of our evaluation boards. All these measurements have been performed with several evaluation
boards, so that production scattering and component tolerances are already included in these
results.
Regarding the data filter bandwidth it has to be mentioned that a data rate of 4 kBit/s using
manchester encoding results in a data frequency of 2 kHz to 4 kHz depending on the occurring
data pattern. The test pattern given by the AMIQ is a pseudo random binary sequency (PRBS9)
with a 9 bit shift register. This pattern varies the resulting data frequency up to 4 kHz.

Data Sheet 71 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

The best sensitivity performance can be achieved using a data filter bandwidth of 1.25 times the
maximum occuring data frequency.
The IQ filter setting is depending on the modulation type. ASK needs an IQ filter of 50kHz, 30kHz
deviation at FSK recommend a 50kHz IQ filter.
A very practicable configuration is to set the chip-internal adjustable IQ filter to the sum of FSK peak
deviation and maximum datafrequency. Concerning these aspects the bandwidth should be chosen
small enough. With respect to both, the crystal tolerances and the tolerances of the crystal oscillator
circuit of receiver and transmitter as well, a too small IQ filter bandwidth will reduce the sensitivity
again. So a compromise has to be made. For further details on chip tolerances see also Section
3.2.7

3.10.2 BER performance depending on Supply Voltage

Due to the wide supply voltage range of this transeiver chip also the sensitivity behaviour over this
parameter is documented is the subsequent graph.

BER_VCC.wmf

Figure 3-35 BER supply voltage

Please notice the tiny sensitivity changes of less than 1dB, when variing the supply voltage.

Data Sheet 72 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Application

3.11 Default Setup

Default setup is hard wired on chip and effective after a reset or return of power supply.

Table 3-14 Default Setup

Parameter Value IFX-Board Comment

IQ-Filter Bandwidth 150kHz

Data Filter Bandwidth 7kHz
Limiter lower fg 470Hz 47nF
Slicing Level Generation RC 10nF
Nom. Frequency Capacity intern (ASK TX, FSK RX) 4.5pF 315MHz
FSK+ Frequency Capacity intern (FSK+, ASK RX) 2.5pF +30kHz
FSK- Frequency Capacity intern (FSK-) 1.5pF -30kHz

LNA Gain HIGH

Power Amplifier HIGH +10dBm

RSSI accuracy settling time 2.6ms 2.2nF

ADC measurement RSSI
ON-Time 10ms
OFF-Time 100ms
Clock out RX PowerON 0.73MHz
Clock out TX PowerON 0.73MHz
Clock out RX PowerDOWN -
Clock out TX PowerDOWN -

XTAL modulation switch bipolar

XTAL modulation shaping off

RX / TX - Jumper
ASK/FSK - Jumper
PwdDD PWDN Jumper
removed
Operating Mode Slave

Data Sheet 73 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

4 Reference

4.1 Electrical Data

4.1.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings

WARNING
The maximum ratings may not be exceeded under any circumstances, not even
momentarily and individually, as permanent damage to the IC will result.

Table 4-1 Absolute Maximum Ratings

# Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Remarks
min max
1 Supply Voltage Vs -0.3 5.8 V
2 Junction Temperature Tj -40 +125 °C
3 Storage Temperature Ts -40 +150 °C
4 Thermal Resistance RthJA 114 K/W
5 ESD integrity, all pins VESD-CDM -1.5 +1.5 kV CDM according
EIA/JESD22-C101
6 ESD integrity, except pin VESD-HBM -2.0 +2.0 kV HBM according
8, 9, 11, 15, 18, 23, 30 EIA/JESD22-A114-B
(1.5kΩ, 100pF)
7 ESD integrity, of pin VESD-HBM -500 +500 V HBM according
8, 9, 11, 15, 18, 23, 30 EIA/JESD22-A114-B
(1.5kΩ, 100pF)

4.1.2 Operating Range

Within the operational range the IC operates as explained in the circuit description.

Table 4-2 Operating Range

# Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Conditions L Item
min max
1 Supply voltage VS 2.1 5.5 V
2 Ambient temperature TA -40 85 °C
3 Receive frequency fRX 312 325 MHz
4 Transmit frequency fTX 312 325 MHz

Data Sheet 74 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference
4.1.3 AC/DC Characteristics
AC/DC characteristics involve the spread of values guaranteed within the specified voltage and
ambient temperature range. Typical characteristics are the median of the production.

Table 4-3 AC/DC Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVCC = 2.1 ... 5.5 V
# Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Conditions L Item
min typ max

RECEIVER Characteristics

1 Supply current RX FSK IRX_FSK 9.3 mA 3V, FSK, Default

2 Supply current RX FSK IRX_FSK 9.8 mA 5V, FSK, Default

3 Supply current RX ASK IRX_ASK 8.8 mA 3V, ASK, Default

4 Supply current RX ASK IRX_ASK 9.4 mA 5V, ASK, Default

5 Sensitivity FSK RFsens -109 dBm FSK@30kHz, 4kBit/s X

10-3 BER Manch. Data, Default
7kHz datafilter, 50kHz
IQ filter
6 Sensitivity ASK RFsens -109 dBm ASK, 4kBit/s Manch. X
10-3 BER data, Default setup
7kHz datafilter,
50kHz IQ filter

7 Power down current IPWDN_RX 5 nA 5.5V, all power down

8 System setup time (1st tSYSSU 4 8 12 ms
power on or reset)
9 Clock Out setup time tCLKSU 0.5 ms stable CLKDIV output
signal
10 Receiver setup time tRXSU 1.54 2.2 2.86 ms DATA out (valid or
invalid)
11 Data detection setup tDDSU 1.82 2.6 3.38 ms Begin of Data detection
time
12 RSSI stable time tRSSI 1.82 2.6 3.38 ms RFin -100dBm
see chapter 4.5
13 Data Valid time tData_Valid 3.35 ms 4kBit/s Manch.
detected (valid)

14 Input P1dB, high gain P1dB -48dBm dBm 3V, Default, high gain X
15 Input P1dB, low gain P1dB_low -32dBm dBm 3V, Default, low gain X
16 Selectivity VBL_1MHz 50 dB fRF+/-1MHz, Default, X
RFsens+3dB
17 LO leakage PLO -102 dBm 578,9MHz X

Data Sheet 75 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

Table 4-3 AC/DC Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVCC = 2.1 ... 5.5 V
# Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Conditions L Item
min typ max

TRANSMITTER Characteristics

1 Supply current TX, FSK ITX 11.4 mA 2.1V, high power 1

2 Supply current TX, FSK ITX 14.1 mA 3V, high power 1
3 Supply current TX, FSK ITX 18.7 mA 5V, high power 1

4 Output power Pout +6 dBm 2.1V, high power X

5 Output power Pout +9 dBm 3V, high power X
6 Output power Pout +13 dBm 5V, high power X

7 Supply current TX, FSK ITX 5,4 mA 2.1V, low power 1

8 Supply current TX, FSK ITX 8.7 mA 3V, low power 1
9 Supply current TX, FSK ITX 17.8 mA 5V, low power 1

10 Output power Pout_low -34 dBm 2.1V, low power X

11 Output power Pout_low +2 dBm 3V, low power X
12 Output power Pout_low +13 dBm 5V, low power X

13 Power down current IPWDN_TX 5 nA 5.5V, all power down

14 Clock Out setup time tCLKSU 0.5 ms stable CLKDIV output

signal
15 Transmitter setup time tTXSU 0.77 1.1 1.43 ms PWDN-->PON or X
RX-->TX

16 Spurious fRF+/-fclock Pclock -75 dBm 3V, 50Ohm Board, X

Default (730kHz)
17 Spurious fRF+/-fXTAL P1st -74 dBm 3V, 50Ohm Board X
18 Spurious 2nd harmonic P2nd -38 dBm 3V, 50Ohm Board X
19 Spurious 3rd harmonic P3rd -40 dBm 3V, 50Ohm Board X

1: without pin diode current (RX/TX-switch)

[email protected]; 310uA@3V; 720uA@5V

Data Sheet 76 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

Table 4-4 AC/DC Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVCC = 2.1 ... 5.5 V
# Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Conditions L Item
min typ max

GENERAL Characteristics

1 Power down current IPWDN_32k 9 uA 3V, 32kHz clock on

timer mode (standby)
2 Power down current IPWDN_32k 11 uA 5V, 32kHz clock on
timer mode (standby)
3 Power down current with IPWDN_Xtl 750 uA 3V, CONFIG9=1
XTAL ON
4 Power down current with IPWDN_Xtl 860 uA 5V, CONFIG9=1
XTAL ON

5 32kHz oscillator freq. f32kHz 24 32 40 kHz

6 XTAL startup time tXTAL 0.5 ms IFX Board with Crystal Q1 as X

specified in Section 4.4
7 Load capacitance CC0max 5 pF X
8 Serial resistance of the RRmax 100 Ω X
crystal
9 Input inductance XOUT LOSC 2.2 uH with pad on evaluation board X
10 Input inductance XOUT LOSC 2.1 uH without pad on evaluation X
board

11 FSK demodulator gain GFSK 2.4 mV/

kHz

12 RSSI@-120dBm U-120dBm 0.45 V default setup X

13 RSSI@-100dBm U-100dBm 0.5 V default setup X
14 RSSI@-70dBm U-70dBm 0.9 V default setup X
15 RSSI@-50dBm U-50dBm 1.2 V default setup X
16 RSSI Gradient GRSSI 11 mV/ default setup X
dB

17 IQ-Filter bandwidth f3dB_IQ 115 150 185 kHz Default setup X

18 Data Filter bandwidth f3dB_LP 5.3 7 8.7 kHz Default setup X

19 Vcc-Vtune RX, Pin3 Vcc-tune,RX 0.5 0.67 1.6 V fRef=13.125MHz

20 Vcc-Vtune TX, Pin3 Vcc-tune,TX 0.5 0.86 1.6 V fRef=13.125MHz

Data Sheet 77 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

4.1.4 Digital Characteristics

I2C Bus Timing

BusMode = LOW

t BUF

BusData

tH D.ST A t SP
tR tF
tL OW

BusCLK tH D.ST A t SU.S TO

t HD. DAT t H IG H tSU .DAT t SU. STA

t HIG H

EN

pulsed or
mandatory low t SU. ENAS DA
tSU. ENA SDA

t SU. ENAS DA

Figure 4-1 I2C Bus Timing

3-wire Bus Timing

BUS_MODE = HIGH

SDA

tSP
tLOW t
R tF

SCL tHD.DA tHIGH tSU.DAT

tSU.STA T tSU.STO

BUS_ENA

tWHEN

Figure 4-2 3-wire Bus Timing

Data Sheet 78 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

Table 4-5 Digital Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVdd = 2.1 ... 5.5 V
# Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Conditions L Item
min typ max
1 Data rate TX ASK fTX.ASK 10 kBaud PRBS9, X 1
Manch.@+9dBm
2 Data rate TX FSK fTX.FSK 10 kBaud PRBS9, X 1
Manch.@+9dBm
@30kHz dev.
3 Data rate RX ASK fRX.ASK 10 kBaud PRBS9, Manch. X
4 Data rate RX FSK fRX.FSK 10 kBaud PRBS9, Manch. X
@30kHz dev.

5 Digital Inputs VIH Vdd- Vdd V X

High-level Input Voltage VIL 0.2 0.2 V
Low-level Input Voltage 0
6 RXTX Pin 5 VOL 0.4 V @Vdd=3V X
TX operation, int. controlled 1.15 V Isink=800uA
Isink=3mA
7 CLKDIV Pin 26 tr 35 ns @Vdd=3V X
trise (0.1*Vdd to 0.9*Vdd) tf 30 ns load 10pF
tfall (0.9*Vdd to 0.1*Vdd) VOH Vdd- V load 10pF
Output High Voltage VOL 0.4 V Isource=350uA
Output Low Voltage 0.4 Isink=400uA

Bus Interface Characteristics

9 Pulse width of spikes which tSP 0 50 ns Vdd=5V X

must be suppressed by the
input filter
10 LOW level output voltage at VOL 0.4 V 3mA sink current X
BusData Vdd=5V
11 SLC clock frequency fSLC 0 400 kHz Vdd=5V X
12 Bus free time between STOP tBUF 1.3 µs only I2C mode X
and START condition Vdd=5V
13 Hold time (repeated) START tHO.STA 0.6 µs After this period, the X
condition. first clock pulse is
generated, only I2C

Data Sheet 79 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

Table 4-5 Digital Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVdd = 2.1 ... 5.5 V
# Parameter Symbol Limit Values Unit Test Conditions L Item
min typ max
14 LOW period of BusCLK clock tLOW 1.3 µs Vdd=5V X
15 HIGH period of BusCLK tHIGH 0.6 µs Vdd=5V X
clock
16 Setup time for a repeated tSU.STA 0.6 µs only I2C mode X
START condition
17 Data hold time tHD.DAT 0 ns Vdd=5V X
18 Data setup time tSU.DAT 100 ns Vdd=5V X
19 Rise, fall time of both tR, tF 20+ 300 ns Vdd=5V X 2
BusData and BusCLK 0.1Cb
signals
20 Setup time for STOP tSU.STO 0.6 µs only I2C mode X
condition Vdd=5V
21 Capacitive load for each bus Cb 400 pF Vdd=5V X
line
22 Setup time for BusCLK to EN tSU.SCLE 0.6 µs only 3-wire mode X
N Vdd=5V
23 H-pulsewidth (EN) tWHEN 0.6 µs Vdd=5V X

1: limited by transmission channel bandwidth and depending on transmit power level; ETSI regulation EN 300 220
fullfilled, see Section 3.1
2: Cb= capacitance of one bus line

Data Sheet 80 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

4.2 Test Circuit

The device performance parameters marked with X in Section 4.1.3 were measured on an Infineon
evaluation board (IFX board).

TDA5250_v42.schematic.pdf

Figure 4-3 Schematic of the Evaluation Board

Data Sheet 81 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

4.3 Test Board Layout

Gerberfiles for this Testboard are available on request.

TDA5250_v42_layout.pdf

Figure 4-4 Layout of the Evaluation Board

Note 1: The LNA and PA matching network was designed for minimum required space and
maximum performance and thus via holes were deliberately placed into solder pads.
In case of reproduction please bear in mind that this may not be suitable for all automatic soldering
processes.
Note 2: Please keep in mind not to layout the CLKDIV line directly in the neighborhood of the crystal
and the associated components.
Note 3: The opto part (X4) should be supplied by connecting to X3.

Data Sheet 82 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

4.4 Bill of Materials

Table 4-6 Bill of Materials

Reference Value Specification Tolerance
R1 4k7 0603 +/-5%
R2 10 0603 +/-5%
R3 --- 0603 +/-5%
R4 1M 0603 +/-5%
R5 4k7 0603 +/-5%
R6 4k7 0603 +/-5%
R7 4k7 0603 +/-5%
R8 6k8 0603 +/-5%
R9 180 0603 +/-5%
R10 180 0603 +/-5%
R11 270 0603 +/-5%
R12 15k 0603 +/-5%
R13 10k 0603 +/-5%
R14 180 0603 +/-5%
R15 180 0603 +/-5%
R16 1M 0603 +/-5%
R17 1M 0603 +/-5%
R18 1M 0603 +/-5%
R19 560 0603 +/-5%
R20 1k 0603 +/-5%
R21 10 0603 +/-5%
R22 0 0603 +/-5%
R23 10 0603 +/-5%
R24 180 0603 +/-5%
C1 100pF 0603 +/-5%
C2 3,9pF 0603 +/-0,1pF
C3 8.2pF 0603 +/-0.1pF
C4 8,2pF 0603 +/-0,1pF
C5 1nF 0603 +/-5%
C6 1nF 0603 +/-5%
C7 6,8pF 0603 +/-0,1pF
C8 --- 0603 +/-0,1pF
C9 33pF 0603 +/-1%
C10 100pF 0603 +/-5%
C11 --- 0603 +/-5%
C12 10nF 0603 +/-10%
C13 10nF 0603 +/-10%

Data Sheet 83 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1
Reference

Table 4-6 Bill of Materials

Reference Value Specification Tolerance
C14 10nF 0603 +/-10%
C15 27pF 0603 +/-1%
C16 1pF 0603 +/-0,1pF
C17 15pF 0603 +/-1%
C18 10nF 0603 +/-10%
C19 2,2nF 0603 +/-10%
C20 47nF 0603 +/-10%
C21 47nF 0603 +/-10%
C22 47nF 0603 +/-10%
C23 47nF 0603 +/-10%
C24 100nF 0603 +/-10%
C25 100nF 0603 +/-10%
C26 --- 0603 +/-10%
C27 100nF 0603 +/-10%
C28 100nF 0603 +/-10%
C29 100nF 0603 +/-10%
C30 --- 0603 +/-10%
L1 82nH SIMID 0603-C (EPCOS) +/-2%
L2 47nH SIMID 0603-C (EPCOS) +/-2%
L3 56nH SIMID 0603-C (EPCOS) +/-2%
IC1 TDA5251 F1 PTSSOP38
IC2 ILQ74
IC3 SFH6186
Q1 13.125MHz Telcona: C0=1,8pF C1=6.5fF, CL=20pF
S1 1-pol.
T1 BC847B SOT-23 (Infineon)
D1, D2 BAR63-02W SCD-80 (Infineon)
X1, X2 SMA-socket
X5 SubD 25p.

Data Sheet 84 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1

List of Tables
Table 2-1 Pin Definition and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 11
Table 2-2 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 18
Table 2-3 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 18
Table 2-4 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 21
Table 2-5 PwdDD Pin Operating States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 22
Table 2-6 Bus Interface Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 23
Table 2-7 Chip address Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 25
Table 2-8 I2C Bus Write Mode 8 Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 25
Table 2-9 I2C Bus Write Mode 16 Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 25
Table 2-10 I2C Bus Read Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 25
Table 2-11 3-wire Bus Write Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 26
Table 2-12 3-wire Bus Read Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 26
Table 2-13 Sub Addresses of Data Registers Write. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 27
Table 2-14 Sub Addresses of Data Registers Read. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 27
Table 2-15 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 27
Table 2-16 Sub Address 01H: FSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 28
Table 2-17 Sub Address 02H: XTAL_TUNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 28
Table 2-18 Sub Address 03H: LPF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 28
Table 2-19 Sub Addresses 04H / 05H: ON/OFF_TIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 28
Table 2-20 Sub Address 06H: COUNT_TH1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 28
Table 2-21 Sub Address 07H: COUNT_TH2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 28
Table 2-22 Sub Address 08H: RSSI_TH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 29
Table 2-23 Sub Address 0DH: CLK_DIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 29
Table 2-24 Sub Address 0EH: XTAL_CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 29
Table 2-25 Sub Address 0FH: BLOCK_PD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 29
Table 2-26 Sub Address 80H: STATUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 29
Table 2-27 Sub Address 81H: ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 29
Table 2-28 MODE settings: CONFIG register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 30
Table 2-29 CLK_DIV Output Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 35
Table 2-30 CLK_DIV Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 35
Table 2-31 Source for 6Bit-ADC Selection (Register 08H). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 35
Table 3-1 Crystal and crystal oscilator dependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 48
Table 3-2 Typical values of parasitic capacitances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 53
Table 3-3 Sub Address 0EH: XTAL_CONFIG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 55
Table 3-4 Sub Address 02H: XTAL_TUNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 55
Table 3-5 Sub Address 01H: FSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 55
Table 3-6 Default oscillator settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 56
Table 3-7 Internal Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 56
Table 3-8 Default Setup (without internal tuning & without Pin21 usage) . . . . . page 56
Table 3-9 3dB cutoff frequencies I/Q Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 57
Table 3-10 3dB cutoff frequencies Data Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 59
Table 3-11 Limiter Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 60
Table 3-12 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 61

Data Sheet 85 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1

List of Tables
Table 3-13 Sub Address 00H: CONFIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 62
Table 3-14 Default Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 73
Table 4-1 Absolute Maximum Ratings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 74
Table 4-2 Operating Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 74
Table 4-3 AC/DC Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVCC = 2.1 ... 5.5 V . . . . . page 75
Table 4-4 AC/DC Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVCC = 2.1 ... 5.5 V . . . . . page 77
Table 4-5 Digital Characteristics with TA = 25 °C, VVdd = 2.1 ... 5.5 V . . . . . . page 79
Table 4-6 Bill of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 83

Data Sheet 86 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1

List of Figures
Figure 1-1 PG-TSSOP-38 package outlines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 9
Figure 2-1 Pin Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 10
Figure 2-2 Main Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 17
Figure 2-3 One I/Q Filter stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 19
Figure 2-4 Quadricorrelator Demodulation Characteristic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 20
Figure 2-5 Data Filter architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 21
Figure 2-6 Timing and Data Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 22
Figure 2-7 Bus Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 23
Figure 2-8 Sub Addresses Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 26
Figure 2-9 Wakeup Logic States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 30
Figure 2-10 Timing for Self Polling Mode (ADC & Data Detect in one shot mode) page 30
Figure 2-11 Timing for Timer Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 31
Figure 2-12 Frequency and RSSI Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 31
Figure 2-13 Data Valid Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 32
Figure 2-14 Data Input/Output Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 32
Figure 2-15 1st start or reset in active mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 33
Figure 2-16 1st start or reset in PD mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 33
Figure 2-17 Sequencer‘s capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 34
Figure 2-18 Clock Divider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 34
Figure 3-1 RX/TX Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 37
Figure 3-2 RX-Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 38
Figure 3-3 S11 measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 39
Figure 3-4 TX_Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 41
Figure 3-5 TX_Mode_simplified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 41
Figure 3-6 Equivalent power amplifier tank circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 42
Figure 3-7 Output power Po (mW) and collector efficiency E vs. load resistor RL. page 43
Figure 3-8 Power output and collector current vs. frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 44
Figure 3-9 Sparam_measured_100M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 45
Figure 3-10 Transmit Spectrum 3GHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 46
Figure 3-11 Transmit Spectrum 300MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 46
Figure 3-12 Crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 47
Figure 3-13 Crystal Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 49
Figure 3-14 possible crystal oscillator frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 50
Figure 3-15 FSK modulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 51
Figure 3-16 FSK receive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 52
Figure 3-17 parasitics of the switching network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 53
Figure 3-18 I/Q Filter Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 58
Figure 3-19 IQ Filter and frequency characteristics of the receive system. . . . . . page 58
Figure 3-20 Limiter and Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 59
Figure 3-21 Limiter frequency characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 60
Figure 3-22 Typ. RSSI Level (Eval Board) @3V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 61
Figure 3-23 Slicer Level using RC Integrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 62
Figure 3-24 Slicer Level using Peak Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 63

Data Sheet 87 2007-02-26

 TDA5251 F1
Version 1.1

List of Figures
Figure 3-25 Peak Detector timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 63
Figure 3-26 Peak Detector as analog Buffer (v=1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 64
Figure 3-27 Peak detector - power down mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 65
Figure 3-28 Power down mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 65
Figure 3-29 Frequency Detection timing in continuous mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 66
Figure 3-30 Frequency Detection timing in Single Shot mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 66
Figure 3-31 Window Counter timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 67
Figure 3-32 Example for transmitted Data-structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 69
Figure 3-33 3 possible timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 70
Figure 3-34 BER Test Setup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 71
Figure 3-35 BER supply voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 72
Figure 4-1 I2C Bus Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 78
Figure 4-2 3-wire Bus Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 78
Figure 4-3 Schematic of the Evaluation Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 81
Figure 4-4 Layout of the Evaluation Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 82

Data Sheet 88 2007-02-26