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13 views5 pages

8_Mathematics_Logarithms (1)

F h na to the day of the day of the day of the day of your day o the best for your day o bless u all study package or guide to the right side of the right side of the day of the day of the day of the day of

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Mathematics

Logarithms

www.testprepkart.com
Table of Content
1. Definition.

2. Characteristic and mantissa.

3. Properties of logarithms.

4. Logarithmic inequalities.

1
1. Definition.

“The Logarithm of a given number to a given base is the index of the power to which the base must be
raised in order to equal the given number.”
If a  0 and  1, then logarithm of a positive number N is defined as the index x of that power of 'a'
which equals N i.e., log a N  x iff a x  N  a log a N  N, a  0 , a  1 and N  0
It is also known as fundamental logarithmic identity.
The function defined by f (x )  log a x , a  0, a  1 is called logarithmic function.
Its domain is (0, ) and range is R. a is called the base of the logarithmic function.
When base is 'e' then the logarithmic function is called natural or Napierian logarithmic function and
when base is 10, then it is called common logarithmic function.

Note: The logarithm of a number is unique i.e. No number can have two different log to a given base.
log e a
log e a  log e 10. log10 a or log10 a   0 .434 log e a
log e 10

2. Characteristic and Mantissa.

(1) The integral part of a logarithm is called the characteristic and the fractional part is called mantissa.
log10 N  integer  fraction (ve )
 
Characters tics Mantissa

(2) The mantissa part of log of a number is always kept positive.

(3) If the characteristics of log10 N be n, then the number of digits in N is (n+1)

(4) If the characteristics of log10 N be (– n) then there exists (n – 1) number of zeros after decimal part of
N.

2
3. Properties of Logarithms.

Let m and n be arbitrary positive numbers such that a  0, a  1, b  0, b  1 then

(1) log a a  1, log a 1  0

1
(2) log a b. log b a  1  log a a  log b b  log a b 
log b a

log b a
(3) log c a  log b a. log c b or log c a 
log b c

(4) log a (mn)  log a m  log a n

m 
(5) log a    log a m  log a n
n

(6) log a m n  n log a m

(7) a loga m  m

1
(8) log a     log a n
n

1
(9) loga  n  loga n


(10) log a  n   log a n , (  0)

(11) a logc b  b logc a , (a, b, c  0 and c  1)

3
4. Logarithmic Inequalities.

(1) If a  1, p  1  log a p  0

(2) If 0  a  1, p  1  log a p  0

(3) If a  1, 0  p  1  log a p  0

(4) If p  a  1  log a p  1

(5) If a  p  1  0  log a p  1

(6) If 0  a  p  1  0  log a p  1

(7) If 0  p  a  1  log a p  1

a  m b , if m  1
(8) If logm a  b  

a  m , if 0  m  1
b

a  m b , if m  1
(9) logm a  b  

a  m , if 0  m  1
b

(10) log p a  log p b  a  b if base p is positive and >1 or a  b if base p is positive and < 1 i.e.,
0  p 1
In other words, if base is greater than 1 then inequality remains same and if base is positive but less than
1 then the sign of inequality is reversed.

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