UNIT 1:

Fundamentals of
Chemistry Part 1
Engr. Jose Nicko C. Rodriguez
 Introduction to Chemistry:
CONTENT 01 Matter and Measurements

02 Atoms and Atomic Structure

03 The Periodic Table

04 Chemical Bonding: Ionic

Compounds

05 Nomenclature of Compounds
CHEMISTRY
It is the science that describes matter
– its properties, the changes it
undergoes, and the energy changes
that accompany those processes.
EXERCISE
A. State whether the following is an extensive or intensive property:
1. Boiling Point
2. Hardness
3. Weight
4. Odor
5. Surface Area
6. Density
7. Mass
EXERCISE
B. Identify the physical changes in matter and the corresponding
transformation in state.
 Matter

MATTER
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
The material of which the
universe is composed; may
be defined as anything that Pure
Solution
Substance
occupies space and has
mass
Element Compound
STATES OF MATTER
PARAMETERS SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Volume and
Definite Variable Variable Variable
Shape

Ability to Flow Does not flow Flows easily Flows easily Flows easily

Compressibility Incompressible Very low High Compressible

Particle in Particles vibrates Particles slides Particles are in Ions and electron
motion in fixed position past each other random motion move freely

Particles are fixed Particles are Particles are Ions and electrons
Particle spacing
in regular array randomly arranged widely separated are separated
UNITS OF
MEASUREMENT
A definite magnitude of a quantity,
defined and adopted by convention
or by law, that is used as a standard
for measurement of the same kind of
quantity
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
a globally accepted system for measurements that standardizes the way we
measure and report physical quantities.
 DERIVED QUANTITIES
This are physical quantities which units are derived from the standard seven base
units.
 METRIC (SI
UNIT) PREFIXES
NAME SYMBOL FACTOR NAME SYMBOL NAME
Quetta Q 1030 Quecto q 10-30
Ronna R 1027 Ronto r 10-27
Yotta Y 1024 Yocto y 10-24
Zetta Z 1021 Zepto z 10-21
Exa E 1018 Atto a 10-18
Peta P 1015 Femto f 10-15
Tera T 1012 Pico p 10-12
Giga G 109 Nano n 10-9
Mega M 106 Micro μ 10-6
Kilo k 103 Milli m 10-3
Hecto h 102 Centi c 10-2
Deka da 101 Deci d 10-1
EXERCISE
A. The mass of earth is 5.9722x1022 kg. What is this mass in
Teragrams?
EXERCISE
B. Convert the following into their desired units.
1. 24 in → ? km
2. 35 oz → ? kg
3. 24 atm → ? mmHg
4. 57 °F → ? °C
5. 25 hp → ? kW
ATOM
It is the smallest unit into which
matter can be divided without
the release of electrically
charged particles.
ATOM
DEMOCRITUS
Atomos: “uncuttable” or “indivisible”

JOHN DALTON
Proposed the atomic theory
THE ATOMIC MODEL

DALTON’S BILLIARD
BALL MODEL
This model proposed that
all matter is composed of
atoms
THE ATOMIC MODEL
THOMSON’S PLUM
PUDDING MODEL
The atom is made up of
negative electrons that
float in a sphere of positive
charge.
THE ATOMIC MODEL
RUTHERFORD’S
NUCLEAR MODEL
Most of the alpha particles
went through the foil, but
few were deflected (gold-
foil experiment)
THE ATOMIC MODEL
BOHR’S PLANETARY
MODEL
Depicts atoms as small,
positively charged nuclei
surrounded by electron in
circular orbit.
THE ATOMIC MODEL
SCHRODINGER’S
ELECTRON CLOUD
MODEL
Consists of dense nucleus
surrounded by a cloud of
electron at various levels in
orbitals.
ATOMIC
PARTICLES
Atoms consist of three
basic particles: protons,
electrons, and neutrons.
DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM
THE ELECTRON
HUMPHRY DAVY JULIUS PLUCKER
Elements are held together in Discovered cathode rays
compounds by attractions that are
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON
electrical in nature
Determined the charge to mass ratio of

MICHAEL FARADAY an electron

Formulated laws of chemical electrolysis

ROBERT MILLIKAN
Determined the charge of an electron
GEORGE STONEY
through his oil drop experiment
Units of electrical charge are associated
with atoms
DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM
THE PROTON

EUGENE GOLDSTEIN WILHELM WIEN AND

Used cathode ray tubes to study canal J.J. THOMSON
rays which had an electrical and magnetic Determined the mass to charge ratio for

properties opposite of an electron the positive ions

DISCOVERY OF THE ATOM
THE NEUTRON

ERNEST RUTHERFORD JAMES CHADWICK

Postulated the existence of an uncharged Established the existence of neutron

particle
 ATOMIC PARTICLES
MASS
PARTICLE CHARGE
GRAMS AMU
Electron 9.109383 x 10 -28 0.0005485799 -1

Proton 1.672622 x 10 -24 1.007285 +1

Neutron 1.674927 x 10 -24 1.008665 0

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ELEMENT (X)

A
X
Represents any element in the periodic
table

ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)

The number of protons in the nucleus

MASS NUMBER (A)

The total number of neutrons and protons
Z
present in the nucleus.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element that differ in
the number of neutrons and hence their
mass number.

ATOMIC MASS OR WEIGHT

Mass of an atom based on the standard C-
12, which is assigned a mass of exactly 12
amu.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

Weighted average mass of the atomic
masses of the isotopes of the element
based on their abundance
EXERCISE
A. Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of the
20 22
following species: 11Na 11Na
17O C-14
EXERCISE
B. One isotope of a metallic element has mass number 65 and 35 neutrons
in the nucleus. The cation derived from the isotope has 28 electrons.
Write the symbol for this cation.
EXERCISE
C. Nitrogen-15 (15.000108 amu) and Nitrogen-14 (14.003074 amu)
comprises the majority of all the naturally-occurring isotopes. What
is the relative abundance of N-14?
 EARLY BEGINNING
OF PERIODIC TABLE
1829 JOHANN DOBEREINER
Proposed the Law of Triads

JOHN NEWLANDS 1863

Proposed the Law of Octaves

1864 LOTHAR MEYER

Periodic behavior among elements

DMITRI MENDELEEV 1864

Formulated Periodic Law
PERIODIC TABLE
Tabular arrangement of the
elements. This ordering shows
periodic trends. It also shows four
block.

PERIODS – Rows
GROUPS/FAMILIES – Columns
GROUPS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
QUANTUM NUMBERS
PRINCIPAL (n)
- energy, size, and distance of electron
- n = 1, 2, 3, 4 . . .
- K = 1, L = 2, M = 3, N = 4, . . .

ANGULAR/AZIMUTHAL/ORBITAL (l)
- shape
- l = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , (n – 1)
QUANTUM NUMBERS
MAGNETIC (ml)
- orientation of orbital
- ml = -l to +l

SPIN (ms)
- behavior of electron
- ms = ½ to – ½
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of the atom.

AUFBAU PRINCIPLE MADELUNG RULE

Orbitals are filled with electron in orbitals with lower n + l value are
increasing energy filled first

HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM PAULI’S EXCLUSION

MULTIPLICITY PRINCIPLE
most stable arrangement of electrons orbital must contain a maximum of
in subshells is the one with more two electron with opposite spin
parallel spins
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
VALENCE ELECTRON
- electrons which are in the highest (outermost)
energy level
- they are held most loosely

TAKE NOTE: The number of valence electrons in an

atom determines; (1) properties of the atom; and (2) the
way that the atom will bond chemically
NUMBER OF VALENCE
ELECTRON PER GROUP
GROUP GROUP NAME VALENCE ELECTRON
1 Alkali Metals 1
2 Alkaline Earth Metals 2
3 – 12 Transition Metals 1 or 2
13 Boron Group 3
14 Carbon Group 4
15 Nitrogen Group 5
16 Oxygen Group 6
17 Halogens 7
18 Noble Gases 8
EXERCISE
A. What are the possible quantum numbers given the following principal
quantum number; n = 2; n = 4; n = 7
EXERCISE
B. Identify if the following are possible set of quantum numbers.
1. n = 3 2. n = 5

l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 ml = -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

ms = ½, - ½ ms = ½, - ½
MOLECULES
an aggregate of at least two
atoms in a definite
arrangement held together
by chemical forces
LAW OF DEFINITE
PROPORTIONS
Different samples of the
same compound always
contain its constituent
elements in the same
proportion by mass.
LAW OF MULTIPLE
PROPORTIONS
If two elements can combine to
form more than one compound, the
masses of one element that
combine with a fixed mass of the
other element are in ratios of small
whole numbers.
LAW OF CONSERVATION
OF MASS
The total mass of substances
present at the end of a
chemical process is the same
as the mass of substances
present before the process
took place.
EXERCISE
A. Balance the following chemical equation
EXERCISE
A. Balance the following chemical equation
CHEMICAL BONDING

IONIC BONDS
Involves the transfer of electrons

COVALENT BONDS
Involves the sharing of electrons
IONIC COMPOUNDS
IONS
an atom or a group of atoms that has
a net positive or negative charge

CATION
ion with net positive charge; formed
when an atom loses electron

ANION
ion with net negative charge; formed
when an atom gains electron
EXERCISE
A. Write the formula of the following ionic compounds:
1. Magnesium nitride (containing the Mg2+ and N3- ions)
2. Zinc oxide (containing Zn2+ and I- ions)

3. Chromium sulfate (containing the Cr3+ and SO42- ions)

4. Titanium oxide (containing the Ti4+ and O2- ions)
MOLECULAR EMPIRICAL
FORMULA FORMULA
Shows the exact Tells us which
number of atoms of elements are present
each element in the and the simplest
smallest unit of a whole-number ratio
substance. of their atoms

STRUCTURAL shows how atoms are bonded to one

FORMULA another in a molecule.

EXERCISE
A. Write the empirical formulas for the following molecules:
1. acetylene (C2H2), which is used in welding torches
2. glucose (C6H12O6), a substance known as blood sugar
3. caffeine (C8H10N4O2), a stimulant found in tea and coffee.
4. nitrous oxide (N2O), a gas that is used as an anesthetic gas
(“laughing gas”) and as an aerosol propellant for whipped creams
EXERCISE
B. Draw the structural formula of C2H2 and H2O (NOTE: Apply the
Octet Rule)
NOMENCLATURE
OF COMPOUNDS
Hydrates
EXERCISE
A. Write the name of the following inorganic compound
1. Pb(ClO2)2
2. Na2CrO4
3. CaF2
4. P2O5
5. HI (aq)
EXERCISE
B. Write the formula of the following inorganic compound
1. Disilicon hexafluoride
2. Silver hypochlorite
3. Cobalt (II) Chlorite
4. Hypochlorous acid
5. Lithium fluoride
THANK YOU!
Engr. Jose Nicko C. Rodriguez