2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Teclmologies (ICACCCT)

Performance Modeling On Rectangular and E-Shaped

Patch Antenna
i 2 3 4
Deepak Rana ,Varun Punia ,Surender Soni ,Anuradha Sonker
1,2,3,4E&CED,Nationallnstitute of Technology,Hamirpur, India
[email protected],2punia.1246@gmaiLcom,[email protected],[email protected]

Abstract- This paper presents a design of rectangular microstrip frequencies of the antenna. The slot length and width of the
patch antenna operating at 5.2 GHz for high-speed wireless local antenna should be carefully tuned to get the optimized
area networks (IEEE 802.11a standard) and wireless performance of the E-shaped patch antenna.
communication systems covering the 5-6 GHz frequency band.
A simple microstrip patch antenna can be modeled in the form
The design also focuses on bandwidth enhancement by
of equivalent resonant LC circuit as shown in figure l(a).
introduction of E-slots in rectangular patch antenna. The
When currents starts flow from the feeding point to the top and
simulation was performed by using CST Microwave Studio. This
paper also compares the performance of an E- shaped patch bottom edges, capacitor values are determined by these
antenna over a rectangular patch antenna. currents path length. When two slots are incorporated into the
patch. It changes the resonant feature of the circuit as shown in
Keywordss- Microstrip patch, bandwidth enhancement, slots, E­ figure 1(b). In the middle part of the patch, the current flows
shaped patch. like nonnal patch. It represents the initial LC circuit and
resonates at the initial frequency. However, at the edge part of
I. INTRODUCTION
the patch, the current has to flow around the slots and the
Microstrip patch antennas are commonly used in the length of the current path is increased. This effect can be
wireless communication systems. Several advantages have modeled as an additional series inductance �L [9]. Therefore,
been reported to use of microstrip patch antenna in the field of the equivalent model of a patch antenna is changed from a
RF and microwave. Microstrip antennas are mostly preferred in single LC resonant circuit to a dual resonant circuit.
WLAN applications due to its lightweight, low-cost and ease of
integration with microwave circuits. Rectangular patches are
very well known antennas for their analysis and design. It has
the largest impedance bandwidth compared to other types of
-eL-:
geometries. The patches are usually photo etched on the
dielectric substrate. The dielectric constants of the substrate are
normally in the range of 2.2 < Er < 12, which enhances the
fringing fields that account for radiation but higher values may
be used in special circumstances [1-2]. However standard
rectangular microstrip patch antenna has the drawback of
narrow bandwidth. The demand of bandwidth enhancement is
the important requirement for their use in wireless
communication systems. A few approaches have been
discussed to improve the bandwidth of microstrip antenna that
includes the use of thick substrate, incorporating parasitic (b)
element either in coplanar or stack configuration and slot Fig. l. (a) Equivalent circuit for rectangular patch (b) Equivalent circuit for E­
antennas [3]. The last approach is particularly attractive shaped patch

because it can provide excellent bandwidth improvement while

II. ANTENNA DESIGN
maintaining a single-layer structure to preserve the antenna's
thin and compact profile characteristic. Various slot antennas A. Design of a rectangular patch antenna
have been studied for the bandwidth enhancement [4-8]. An E­ The structure of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna is

Shaped slot patch antenna has been studied for the dual band shown in figure 2. For a rectangular patch, the length L of the

behavior in the frequency response. Two parallel slots are patch is usually 0.3Ao <L< 0.5Ao, where Ao is the free-space

incorporated to introduce a second resonant mode, resulting in wavelength. The patch is selected to be very thin such that

a dual band antenna. When a E-shaped patch is used instead of t«Ao (where t is the patch thickness). The height h of the

the conventional rectangular microstrip patch antenna then the dielectric is usually 0.003 Ao � h �0.05 Ao [2]. The antenna was
significant reduction in the size of antenna can be realized. In modeled and simulated on CST MICROWAVE Studio, which
the parametric study of an E-shaped patch antenna, slot length is a very efficient tool for electromagnetic design and analysis.
and width plays an important role to shift in the resonating The antenna was designed at the desired frequency of 5.2 GHz.

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Teclmologies (ICACCCT)

Dimensions of the patch antenna were calculated by classical Parameter Dimensions (mm)
formulas for length and width of patch as given below [1]. Length of Patch(Lp) 17.2
Width of Patch(Wp) 20
c
Length of Substrate(L,) 25
W (I)
J
= Width of Substrate(W,) 22.8
+
2fo Cerz 1) Outer conductor Diameter(D) 4.3
Inner conductor Diameter(d) l.2
Xr 4.15
Where c is the free space velocity of light and Er is dielectric
Yf 10
constant of the substrate.

Ereff =
(Er+l) + (Er-l) +
1 12
1
[ �]-2 (2)
2 2 W B. Design ofE-shape microstrip patch antenna
An E-shaped patch antenna as shown in figure 2, has been
Where introduced by inserting two parallel slots of length Lc and
Ereff= Effective dielectric constant width We and a slot in centre arm of length Lt and width Wt in
Er= Dielectric constant of substrate a rectangular patch antenna with the same dimensions as
h = Height of dielectric substrate discussed in section II A. These parallel slots were
W = Width of the patch incorporated to perturb the surface current path and responsible
for the excitation of a second resonant mode. The slot length
The dimensions of the patch along its length have been (Lc), slot width (Wc), and the center arm dimensions (WI and q
extended on each side due to fringing fields by �L, which is of the E-shaped patch controls the shift in the resonating
given as frequencies of the antenna. The length of the centre arm was
(�+O.264)
(Ereff+O.3) tuned to achieve the desired bandwidth criterion.
�L = 0.412h (W ) (3)
(Erefro.258) 'h+O.8
Patch ubstrate

The actual length of the patch (L) can be determined as

Ao
L = 2 �L (4)
2
-

Using these classical formulas, a rectangular patch of

dimensions 17.2x20 mm was designed on one side of a
dielectric substrate of thickness 3.2 mm, tr relative permittivity
2.2 and size of ground plane was taken 25x22.8mm. The
antenna with these dimensions was simulated on CST
Microwave Studio. The antenna was fed by coaxial cable with
a characteristic impedance of 50 ohm.
Coaxial Feeding Patch Ls
Fig. 3. Structure of proposed E-shape patch antenna.

Substrate
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The simulated results of the antennas are obtained using

CST microwave studio. Table 2 shows the dimensions of the

Ws E- shaped patch antenna.

TABLE 2 DIMENSIONS OF E-SHAPED PATCH ANTENNA

Parameter Dimensions (mm)
p
Slot length(Lc) 10. 5
Center arm length(Lt) 2.8
Slot width(Wc) 0. 5
Center arm width(Wt} 6.2
Ls
Fig. 2. Structure of rectangular patch antenna. Figure 4(a) shows the simulated return loss plot of a

The inner and outer diameter of co-axial probe is 1.2 mm and rectangular patch antenna at resonating frequency of 5.2 GHz.

4.3 mm respectively. For best impedance matching feeding From the plot, return loss was observed -14.5dB at 5.16 GHz

point is chosen at a distance Xf from the left edge of the patch frequency of operation. At this frequency, an impedance

and Yf from the bottom of the patch as shown in figure 2. Table bandwidth of approximately 300MHz and a percentage

1 shows the design dimensions of rectangular patch antenna. bandwidth of 6.34% were observed.
Figure 4(b) shows the simulated return loss plot of the E­
TABLE l. DIMENSIONS OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA shaped patch antenna at resonating frequency of 5.2 GHz. This

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Teclmologies (ICACCCT)

plot shows the dual band nature in the frequency response due
o
to the incorporated slots in the patch, one resonating frequency
has been observed at 5.2 GHz and second around 5.8 GHz. The
E-shaped patch has a return loss -41.14dB at 5.2 GHz
frequency of operation. It is having an impedance bandwidth of
approximately 400MHz and a percentage bandwidth of 7.69% 0 0
9 1--+-1-";",. ---;
. ,-,_-'lI200F-
. <....
. --.,.
50....
. ; ---1
.. 1O�
at this frequency. The minimum return loss of -10 dB has been '#. ,�. - . .... "
,
", , ' '. �.:,.
observed at the second resonating frequency of 5.8 GHz. At 120
,
120
the second frequency, return loss can be further minimized by
adjusting the dimensions of the E slot on patch antenna.
180

Theta I Degree vs. dBi

(a)

(a)

180

I
·
Phi Degree vs. dBi
·
(b)

5. (a) E-plane radiation pattern of rectangular patch antenna at 5.2GHz

(b) H-plane radiation pattern of rectangular patch antenna at 5.2 GHz

(b)
Fig. 4. (a) Simulated return loss plot of rectangular patch antenna at 5.2
GHz
(b) Simulated return loss plot of an E-shaped patch antenna at 5.2
GHz

Figure 5(a) and (b) shows the E and H plane radiation pattern
150 150
of a rectangular patch antenna at 5.2 GHz. E-plane pattern 180
shows the directional pattern whereas H-plane shows the
Theta I Degree vs. dBi
omnidirectional pattern. Figure 6(a) and (b) shows the E and H
(a)
plane radiation pattern of E-shape patch antenna at 5.2 GHz.
[t is also observed from figure 6(a) and (b) that the radiation
o
pattern due to the insertion of slots in the rectangular patch
antenna is unaffected.

150 210
180

Phi I Degree vs. dBi

(b)
Fig. 6. (a) E-plane radiation pattern of E-shape patch antenna at 5.2GHz
(b) H-plane far field radiation pattern of E-shape patch antenna at 5.2 GHz

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 2014 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Communication Control and Computing Teclmologies (ICACCCT)

Table 3 shows the performance parameters of both antennas. It [9] Alak Majumder, "Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Using
Coaxial Probe Feeding Technique to Operate in S-Band,"
shows that performance of an E-shaped patch antenna is better
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology
than a rectangular patch antenna. There is a significant (UETT) - Volume4lssue4- April 2013.
improvement in return loss and bandwidth at resonating
frequency of 5.2 GHz due to introduction of slots in
rectangular patch. The simulated gain for rectangular patch
antenna at 5.2 GHz was observed 7dBi and simulated gain for
E shape patch antenna was observed 7.2dBi at 5.2 GHz.

TABLE 3 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF BOTH ANTENNAS

Parameter Rectangular E-shaped Patch
Patch antenna antenna
Return Loss (dB) at 5.2 -14.53 -41.14
GHz
Bandwidth (MHz) at -10 300 400
dB reference level
% Bandwidth 6.34 7.69
Gain (dBi) 7.0 7.2

IV. CONCLUSIONS

An E- shape patch antenna has been modeled and simulated for

the improvement in bandwidth over a narrowband rectangular
patch antenna operates at 5.2 GHz for high-speed wireless local
area networks and wireless communication systems in
frequency range of 5-6 GHz. The simulated E-shape patch
antenna has a bandwidth of 400MHz at a resonant frequency of
5.2 GHz and a gain of 7.2 dBi. The insertion of slots in patch
antenna has achieved an enhancement in bandwidth by
100MHz over a rectangular patch antenna which was quiet
significant increase. The proposed method of introducing slots
provided a good improvement in bandwidth and return loss of
the antenna, without affecting the radiation pattern of the
antenna.

REFERENCES

[1] C. A. Balanis, "Antenna Theory Analysis and Design", Third

Edition, Wiley, New Jersey, 2005.
[2] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl and A.I tipiboon, "Microstrip
antenna design handbook", Artech House, Boston - London,
2000.
[3] B.-K. Ang and B.-I(. Chung, "A Wideband E-Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antenna For 5-6GHz Wireless
Communications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research,
PIER, Vo1.75, 397-407, 2007.
[4] Yang, F., X. X. Zhang, X. Ye, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, "Wide­
band E-shaped patch antennas for wireless communications,"
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49, No. 7, 1094-1100,
July 2001.
[ 5] Wong, K. L. and W. H. Hsu, "Abroad-band rectangular patch
antenna with a pair of wide slits," IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat.., Vol. 49, No. 9, 1345-1347, September 2001.
[6] Ge, Y., K. P. Esselle, and T. S. Bird, "E-shaped patch antennas
for high-speed wireless networks," IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propagat., Vol. 52, No. 12, 3213-3219, Dec. 2004.
[7] Lee, K. F., et aI., "Experimental and simulation studies of the
coaxially fed U-slots rectangular patch antenna," lEE Proc.
Microw. Antenna Propagat., Vol. 144, No. 5, 354-358, October
1997.
[8] Raft, G. and L. Shafai, "Broadband microstrip patch antenna
with V-slot," lEE Proc. Microw. Antenna Propag., Vol. 151,
No. 5, 435-440, October 2004.

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