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EDUC160: Facilitating Learner-Centered Teaching

Neo-Behaviorism
(Tolman and Bandura)
Objectives
• Analyze situations applying Neo-Behaviorist
theories
Neo-Behaviorism
•It has aspects of behaviourism but
it also reaches out to the cognitive
perspective
Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
•It has been referred to as Sign
Learning theories
•Founded on the view of Gestalt
Psychology and John Watson
Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
•His form of behaviourism stressed the
relationship between stimuli rather
than stimulus response
•Tolman said that a new stimulus (sign)
becomes associated with already
meaningful (significance) through
series of pairing
Key Concepts
• Learning is always purposive and goal-directed
• Cognitive maps in rats
• Latent Learning
• Concept of intervening variable
• Reinforcement not essential for learning
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
• It focuses on the learning that occurs
within a social context
General Principles
• Learn by observing
• Learning can occur without change in
behaviour
• Cognition plays a role in learning
• Social learning is a bridge or transition
between behaviourist and cognitivist
theories
How the environment reinforces and
punishes modeling
• Modeling
• Third person
•Imitated behaviour itself leads to
reinforcing consequences (produce
satisfying or reinforcing results)
How the environment reinforces and
punishes modeling
• Vicarious reinforcement – a model is
reinforced for a response and then the
observer shows an increase in that
same response.
Contemporary social learning
perspective of reinforcement and
punishment
• Indirect effects (not the sole or main cause)
• Influence
• Expectation of reinforcement influence
cognitive processes that promote learning
Cognitive Factors in Social Learning
• Distinction between observation and
imitation
•Attention is a critical factor in learning
• People form expectations about
consequences that future behaviours
are likely to bring
Cognitive Factors in Social Learning
• Behavior can influence both the
environment and the person
(reciprocal causation)
•Modelling – live model, symbolic
model
Behaviours that can be learned
through modelling
Conditions necessary for effective
modelling to occur
• Attention
• Retention
• Motor reproduction
•motivation

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